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The article deals with temporal adverbs used in the texts of folk tales. It is pointed out that these adverbs may be concrete indicators of time (specify a certain moment or duration of an action) or serve for correlation of actions along the time axis. The paper distinguishes and describes adverbs denoting precedence, sequence, present, momentariness, repetition and result of actions.
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Multi-motivation is considered an indispensible component of a derivation description by researchers in word formation. A more in-depth study of the literature dedicated to this issue and analysis of material permitted a finding that this conviction can change if a thorough and detailed formative paraphrase and semantic analysis of the derivatives which have been treated as multi-motivation ones to date are made and if more difficult cases are subordinated to the principle of system dominance. Such an approach to the problem of the so-called multi-motivation allows its elimination since it has been wrongly sought 1) in words which have been imprecisely paraphrased, 2) in derivatives for which the direct motivation basis has been treated equally, 3) in lexemes in the description of which syntactic connectivity has not been taken into account, and 4) in all (numerous) cases where the principle of system dominance, which was postulated already in 1987, has been ignored. Remedying these deficiencies enables exclusion of multi-motivation from the morphological description.
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The article deals with the antonymic terms which were extracted from important works on the theory of literature and history of universal literature published in 1922–1942. That period is an important stage of the development of present-day Lithuanian terminology of literary science. The sources of the article are following: Literatūros teorija (The Theory of Literature) (1922) by K. Bizauskas, Stilistika (Stylistics) (1927) by M. Gustaitis, Literatūros teorija (The Theory of Literature) (1930) by J. Norkus, Įvadas į bendrąją literatūrą (An Introduction to Universal Literature) (1923) and Literatūros įvadas (An Introduction to Literature) (1931) by V. Dubas, Visuotinė literatūra (Universal Literature) (1942, 2 volumes) by J. Ambrazevičius, J. Grinius, A. Vaičiulaitis. Not only “real” literary terms (tragedija ‘tragedy‘ – komedija ‘comedy’) are antonymous, but also general terms of science and art (indukcija ‘induction’ – dedukcija ‘deduction’; realus fonas ‘realistic background’ – fantastinis fonas ‘fantastic background’) and some terms of related subject fields such as linguistics (ilgas skiemuo ‘long syllable’ – trumpas skiemuo ‘short syllable’), aesthetics (grožybė ‘beauty’ – biaurybė ‘nasty’) etc which make the integral part of literary science. In respect of meaning, antonymic literary terms belong to different groups of terms, for instance, names of features, names of the means of expression, names of the elements of text, names of the parts of writings, names of actions etc.According to expression, antonymic literary terms are either conjugate terms (derivational antonyms) (eiliuotinis epas ‘poetical epos’ – neeiliuotinis epas ‘non-poetical epos’) or non-conjugate ones (lexical antonyms) (turinys ‘content’ – forma ‘form’). Antonyms (as well as antonymic terms with opposite elements) are of the similar origin (Lithuanian or foreign) or even of the mixed origin. Terms with Lithuanian opposite elements apparently dominate in the group of derivational antonyms. Therefore the foundations of antonymy of terms are dichotomy principle and binary concepts, investigated antonymic terms more frequently are connected by contradictory opposite (originalas ‘original’ – vertimas ‘translation’) than contrary opposite (užuomazga ‘entanglement’ – atomazga ‘denouement’), vector (directional) opposite (veiksmo kilimas ‘rise of action’ – veiksmo slūgimas ‘fall of action’) or converse opposite (klausimas ‘question’ – atsakymas ‘answer’).Terminology of literary science of the investigated textbooks has not only its own antonyms (such as poezija ‘poetry’ – proza ‘prose’), which have got into common (non-terminological) usage, but also antonyms opposition of which is related with particular antonymy of general lexis (tikrovė ‘reality’ – prasimanymas ‘fiction’). Antonymy of some complex terms is based on antonymy of one-word terms (or their relatives) (compare: poezija – proza → poezijos veikalas ‘poetic work (writing) ’ – prozos veikalas ‘prosaic work (writing) ’), sometimes opposite lies with antonymy of general lexis (gerasis veikėjas ‘positive personage’ – blogasis veikėjas ‘negative personage’). Attention should be drawn to the fact that terms which had been created with antonyms of general lexis may not always be considered as antonyms (compare vyriškas ‘masculine’ – moteriškas ‘feminine’ and vyriškas rimas ‘masculine rhyme’ – moteriškas rimas ‘feminine rhyme’).Amongst investigated antonyms complex terms make up the largest group and complex antonyms with antonymic subordinate elements are more numerous than antonyms with antonymic main elements. This may be caused mostly by a non-linguistic factor – particular system of concepts.Some groups of pairs of antonyms are visible in the investigated material. Those groups consist of key (basic) literary antonyms and terms related with them, for example: poezija ‘poetry’ – proza ‘prose’, poezijos x – prozos x, poetinis x – prozinis x, poetiškas x – proziškas x (‘poetic’ x – ‘prosaic’ x); tragedija ‘tragedy’ – komedija ‘comedy’, tragizmas ‘tragedy’ – komizmas ‘comicality’, traginis x – kominis x, tragiškas x – komiškas x (‘tragic’ x – ‘comic’ x) etc.Significant changes of antonymy of literary terms during investigated 20 years period haven’t been noticed. Surely, over time one or another variant or synonym of antonymic term was chosen or opposite concepts were named by the whole other pair of antonymic terms. However the antonymy itself is constant semantic relation.
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The article deals with the terminographical aspect of the first Lithuanian dictionary of law compiled in Lithuania – manuscript Teisės terminų ir kitų reikalingų teismams žodžių žodynėlio projektas (Draft dictionary of law terms and other words necessary for courts) (1920). The dictionary was prepared by the Ministry of Justice; its main compiler was, most likely, Konstantinas Jablonskis. A number of copies of this manuscript were made, therefore a few of them have survived. This is quite a large translative Russian–Lithuanian dictionary comprising 120 pages. It has a mixed structure – terms (including other lexical and syntactic units) are presented either in separate entries or grouped into a single entry according to some common feature. The dictionary presents diverse material – terms, words and their combinations used in the language of law at that time. Grammatical expression of the data also varies – nouns, adjectives, verbs and other parts of speech are included. Some Russian terms (285 entries) were not translated, though in general the data is rich – there are nearly 3900 different entries with Lithuanian equivalents.The article describes the macro and microstructure of the dictionary, the grammatical and structural types of the data. The dictionary is not particularly well thoughtout, neither is it systematically arranged and some repetition of the data can be found. Still it has to be taken into consideration that it was compiled at a time when there was no terminographical tradition in Lithuania (there were few dictionaries of terms published); therefore its faults shouldn’t be judged strictly. This dictionary is a valuable object for the history of Lithuanian terminography.
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The article deals with folk terminology of farm buildings in respect of concepts, origin and semantic relations. The researched terms are taken from various lexicographical sources of Lithuanian folk terminology. There are 196 terms in the researched sources which name 54 different farm buildings. The majority of the terms are of Lithuanian origin, they make up nearly two thirds (64%) of all terms researched, for example klėtis (granary) ‘building for storing grain or clothes’, kluonas ‘building for storing, drying and threshing cereal’, daržinė ‘building for storing hay’. Borrowings from Slavic and Germanic languages as well as the Latvian language make up one fifth (20%), for example pavietis (Belarus. павец) ‘building for storing hay’, staldas (Germ. dial. stall) ‘building for keeping animals’, reja (Latv. rija) ‘building for storing and drying cereal’. Hybrids and terms with mixed composition, for example stojinė (Sl. stoinia and Lith. -inė) ‘building for keeping horses’, karvinis (Lith.) staldas (Germ. dial. stall) make one sixth (16%) of all terms researched.
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The paper focuses on one specific performative speech act and in particular on examining the grammatical, propositional and pragmatic meaning of a basic illocutionary act which belongs to the group of commissives in comparison with its Bulgarian equivalents and namely the verb agree. The article also presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of a database taken from the Bulgarian media discourse and BNC /British National Corpus/ of spoken language which is also needed to identify the tendency in the use of commissive speech acts cross-culturally which can be useful to make further interpretation especially with respect to politeness implications.
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The corpus-based analysis of high frequency verbs used in research articles aims at establishing the lexical core, native and non-native researchers need for publishing in medicine. The verbs, extracted from two self-compiled corpora are structured as per the established format of the research article genre. The findings showed that in the Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion sections there is great variation in the use of verbs, related to data observation, presentation, and description. Areas of difference in evaluative language and the preferred lexical structures in reporting scientific results are indicated. The predicative adjective construction is identified as a frequent strong verb substitute in the non-native scientific writing. Specific verb lists form a valuable source for the creation of teaching materials for university and PhD students.
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The word *svojь ‘one’s own’ is present in all Slavic languages and dialects mainly with a possessive meaning. The subject (possessor) is above all a person or a community, to a limited degree also animals, plants, natural phenomena, artifacts and abstract entities. The objects treated as “own” constitute concentric circles, with a person in the centre and with what belongs to him or her, starting with the body. The next circle is the nearest environment (the family and the home), then relatives, neighbours, friends, fellow countrymen, people connected through ethnic, religious or linguistic bonds (the nation or country), finally the whole humanity, the earthly world, as opposed to the “other”, supernatural world. The circles of meanings and values are investigated on the basis of Polish and Russian lexical and phraseological data.
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The article is predominantly concerned with the semantic development of the Old Slavic adjective *obьtjь, referring to a community, generality or commonality, whose Polish continuant (obcy) has become to mean ‘not belonging to the community’. It has thus approached the adjective cudzy ‘belonging to someone else’, which derives from the Old Slavic *tjudjь, and whose continuants in other Slavic languages are basic exponents of the concept of alienness or foreignness. The author also attempts to explain the meaning shift of obcy from ‘of a community’ to ‘alien, foreign’. A hypothesis is formulated according to which the meaning evolved from ‘common, general, belonging to everyone’, via ‘not mine’, then ‘not ours, not within our circle’ to ‘unknown, with which we have no connection’. The author also analyzes the semantic relationship between present-day Polish cudzy and obcy, and concludes that the two adjectives are linked through the concept of ‘possession’, differently profiled in each lexical item. Valuation inherent in the adjective obcy is also investigated. Its negative marking is revealed in context but it nevertheless derives from the word’s basic semantics.
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The paper deals with various ways of presenting information in the verbal and nonverbal components of British and Bulgarian food advertisements.: The paper deals with various ways of presenting information in the verbal and the nonverbal components of British and Bulgarian food advertisements in a number of inconsistent and discrepant manifestations which provoke wrong guesses, hypotheses and presuppositions on part of text receivers and make them change the latters’ own axis of orientation and direction of thought as the narrative develops. These manipulative techniques on part of advertising agents lead to interestingness and curiosity on behalf of potential consumers towards the plot and the story, which will inevitably bring about desired expectations.
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Modern Turkish novel developed in the 19th century, greatly inspired by the translations of foreign models. Since then, it has undergone a gradual transformation in terms of style, subject matter and innovative genres and modes of expression thanks to the potentials provided by local cultural and traditional literary sources. Of those, people’s ballads, court poetry and folkstories and songs which have celebrated the geographical, regional and natural characteristics of the homeland and which portrayed the forms of a relationship between the human and nature lie deep in the cultural memory and consciousness of the people. Such a literary climate enables novelists to weave several representations of this relationship between human and nature as a dominating metaphor or motif in their work. In this paper, I will trace the manifestations of this relationship and their artistic and literary functions in the novel Kuyucaklı Yusuf (Yusuf from Kuyucak) by Sabahattin Ali, and Ortadirek (The Wind from the Plain) by Yaşar Kemal.
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This paper combines the methodology of corpus linguistics and qualitative research in the domain of translation studies, with the aim to determine the frequency of translation shifts, i.e. the degree of departures from formal correspondence, as well as translation strategies used for the shifts. The parallel corpus consisted of two non-fiction Serbian-English translations from which 5000-word random sample sentence pairs were excerpted: Formulas of Love by Zoran Milivojević and The History of Serbian Culture by a group of authors. Each sentence pair was annotated for translation strategies and structural changes: the annotation scheme distinguished among 8 translation strategies at the word or phrase/clause level (e.g. cultural substitution) and 5 types of structural changes (e.g. voice change), based on Baker (2011). The results show that 22.85% of the source text words get adapted in the target through shifts, which may represent a piece of evidence supporting the Skopos theory.
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The semantic category of evidentiality indicates the source of the given information and, as such, it is a very important communicative strategy in journalistic language. Our objective is to identify and analyse the similarities and the differences in the coding of evidential information in Serbian and Spanish journalistic discourse. This descriptive-comparative article is based on a corpus of journalistic texts published in Politika and El Mundo on July 24th, 2017. The study is pragmalinguistic, which means that, apart from the linguistic-stylistic and semantic analysis, it includes the discourse and communicative functions of evidentiality. Our hypothesis is that direct and reported speech will be predominantly found, which the results confirm. Furthermore, this paper will show that the use of a certain linguistic resource is closely connected with this type of the genre.
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This paper analyzes comparative clauses with the meaning of equality, and it analyzes also the condense structures of this type of clauses in the novel Đakon Bogorodičine crkve, written by Isidora Sekulić. The central part of the paper deals with the clauses with conjunction ‘kao što’, ‘kao da’ or with particle ’kao’, which is an exponent of a comparative clause. The basic grammatical features of the analyzed clauses are described, and their specific semantic features are indicated. The second part of the paper analyzes the clauses with conjunctions ‘kako’, ‘kakav’ and ‘koliko’, which we also include in comparative clauses with the meaning of equality. At the end of the paper are given information on the representation of each individual comparative conjunction in the novel.
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In this paper we observe the accent shift to proclitic in the village of Batkuša, whose speech belongs to the northeastern region of the Herzegovina-Krajina dialect. This research included accent shift to proclitic of all types of words which participate in this process, and it has been observed by the types of words and the types of shift. The aim of this paper is to show how much the accent shift to proclitic in speech of the village of Batkuša is living phenomenon, in which categories it appears and to what extent, whether there is a tendency to abandon this occurrence, which linguistic and extra-linguistic factors affects its consistency, and how does it relate to situations in neighboring speeches and distant Serbian speeches. The analysis shows that the situation in Batkuša’s speech, when it comes to the intensity of the accent shift to proclitic and the categories in which it occurs, is very close to the condition familiar to most of the speeches of the Herzegovina-Krajina dialect.
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This paper qualitatively and quantitatively analyses a new type of wordforming element in Serbian, known as a splinter, used in the formation of lexical blends. The aims of the present research are: (a) to identify the most frequent splinters in Serbian blends, (b) to investigate which words or parts of words they tend to combine with and how, (c) to identify the meanings of these splinters, and (d) to explore whether the splinters show the potential to develop into new combining forms. The research is corpus-based. The examples of 172 lexical blends containing the 14 most frequent splinters are collected from several sources, including the studies and papers on blends in Serbian, the Serbian Web Corpus, and various other Internet and print sources. The analysis indicates that the vast majority of the splinters, which are segmented from nouns whose meanings they retain, combine also with nouns. Some of the splinters show the potential to become well-established bound morphemes, i.e. combining forms, through regularity in use or semantic generalisation and specialisation.
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Sinteze (1994-2008) (Ilie Moise) Maria Besse/Wolfgang Haubrichs/Roland Puhl (redactori), Lexeme care se referă la vin şi la cultura vinului: Un dicţionar cu termeni de specialitate în contextul lingvistic (Sigrid Haldenwang) Căluşul, emblemă identitară, coordonator: Narcisa Alexandra Ştiucă (Andreea Buzaş) Patrimoniul cultural imaterial din România. Repertoriu I (Ligia Fulga) Istorie, etnologie, artă: studii în onoarea lui Ioan Godea (Andreea Buzaş) Romania Occidentalis / Romania Orientalis studii în onoarea lui Ion Talos (Gabriela Panţel) Ilie Moise, Seducţia Muzeului (Maria Bozan) Vasile Ursan, Folclor din Ardeal (Cozmina Glonţa) Alina Geanina Ionescu, Icoane pe lemn şi sticlă din principalele colecţii sibiene (Constantin Necula) Carmen Banţa, Sensurile unei identităţi. Studiu de caz. Migraţia românilor în Belgia (Bruxelles) (Rodica Raliade) Ramona Preja, Tudor Jarda în Turnul de Fildeş (Zamfir Dejeu) Cibinium 2006-2008. Partea I (Anda Spânu) Publicaţiile Muzeului ASTRA (Delia Voina)
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That prepositions are not specialized to indicate a single semantic value is a fact already well-known. Their polysemy and semantic load have been highlighted in numerous studies by linguists, semanticists and logicians. The focus will be on the preposition sous, which is not always opposable to sur, often described as topological, precisely to demonstrate its "mixedness", its possibility to function either as a projective preposition or as close to the topological items. Next, I try to show that its use in circumstantial adverbials of time, cause, instrument or manner always retains its basic characteristics, described as dependence or pressure exerted by the landmark on the trajector.
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In recent years, the evolution of the French preposition en has been the subject of a significant number of studies. However, there are still theoretical and methodological perspectives that need to be explored. It is interesting to see that in other languages, for example in Spanish, en has not experienced such important changes ; and from a theoretical point of view, it is clear that there are mechanisms of linguistic change that underlie the evident semantic transformations. In this study I analyze the French and Spanish prepositions en in the light of grammaticalization and reanalysis. The aim is to study more closely the semantic changes that both prepositions show in diachrony and see whether they generate other changes in their deep structure.
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