1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų reikšminės grupės

Author(s): Aušra Rimkute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 15/2008

The catechism is a very important literary form of the Church. It teaches the basics of Christianity, its moral and ethic norms, which make the foundation for the life of a Christian. During the period of thirty three years (between 1883 and 1916) there were 86 Catholic and 11 Protestant (9 Lutheran and 2 Calvinist) catechisms published. During the period when printing in Lithuanian was prohibited catechisms were published outside the borders of Lithuania Major. Catechisms are mainly aimed at teaching children and youth, therefore they had an important role as primers in Lithuanian and as educators of the native language. According to A. Jakštas, “nearly every well-known catechist took care to prepare his own catechism. Thus the number of catechisms grew with every year; there were a lot of them written and published – each one in its own particular method, particular terminology and particular plan” (Jakštas 1923: 239). Furthermore it is obvious that compilers of catechisms had a need to explain terms of non Lithuanian origin (mostly international words). Most frequently such terms were explained using the Lithuanian equivalent – sometimes more, sometimes less successful. Variants of terms were abundant.In this article terms of religion are considered to be words and combinations of words, which name the supernatural (angelas (angel), Dievas (God), Dvasia (Spirit), velnias (devil)), rites (atnašavimas (sacrifice), mišios (Mass), pamaldos (service), pamokslas (sermon), procesija (procession)), actions related to religion (atgaila (penance), išganymas (salvation), išpažintis (confession)), Church celebrations (Sekminės (Whit Sunday), Velykos (Easter)), names of objects (grabas (coffin), kielikas (chalice), ostija (host), patena (paten)), moral principles of the Christian life, behaviour to be avoided or to be followed (atgailos atlikimas (execution of penance), gailestis už griekus (repentance of sins), išmalda (pittance), malda (prayer), tikėjimas (faith)), religious books and texts (Biblija (Bible), Evangelija (Gospel)), sacraments (Krikštas (Baptism), Kunigystė (Holy Orders), Moterystė (Matrimony), Paskutinis Patepimas (Anointing of the Sick)), sins and their kinds (apsirijimas (gluttony), godulystė (greed), vagystė (stealing), žmogžudystė (killing)) and names of persons (apaštalas (apostle), eretikas (heretic), išganytojas (Saviour), popiežius (Pope), vyskupas (bishop)) and other.

1910–1937 m. lietuviškoji statybos terminija (iš turimų išteklių)

Author(s): Robertas Stunžinas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 14/2007

This article deals with analysis of Lithuanian endogenic and old loaned building terminology of the begining of XX century according to origin, structure and development aspects. Overall 1393 terms are analyzed, i. e. 806 one-word terms and 587 composite terms.Of all one-word terms terminologized (specialized) old lexis makes up about one fifth part: akmuo (stone) JodelNorm 2, namas (house) Zubausk 9, sija (beam) Kind 14. Metaphoric and metonymic terms in early building terminology are rather rare. The majority of metaphoric terms are the result of secondary metaphoric nomination: griaučiai (skeleton) Kind 8, grėblys (raker) Šimol 71, metonymic terms are originated according to specific terminology models: lenta (board) StatM 1923 I 8.Three quarters of analyzed one-word terms are derivations. The facts of Lithuanian language dictionary suggest that a large group of derivations could have been borrowed from the folk language: dūmtraukis (chimney) Kind 16. In many cases it is difficult to decide whether derivations are terminologized simple words or newly made. In particular this can be said about transpositional abstracts of verbs and adjectives: aušimas (cooling) Ekz 4, akytumas (porosity) Šimol 20. Only a small group of derivations could be suggested as neologisms. The majority of the neologisms are compound derivations: degplytė (baked brick) Janus 19. Derivations of suffixes and endings are rather rare: slugsnis (layer) StatM 1923 I 20, riša (bunch) Ekz 6.The major part of composite terms are made with the abstracts of verbs and adjectives: patvarumo bandymas (proof of sustainability) JodelTechn 146, atsparumas gniužimui (stability to crushing) JodelTechn 90 and terminologized simple words: dirbtinis akmuo (artificial stone) Iv 7.Most of the terms which are analyzed in this article are used at present. More than a half (56%) of one-word terms are found in modern term dictionaries of building: džiovykla (drying chamber) Iv 45, STŽ 134, kietėjimas (solidification) Šimol 84, STŽ 253, muštuvas (impact maschine) JodelTechn 191, STŽ 351. A significant part of terms are historisms and archaisms: akėčios (harrow) JodelTechn 66, bebras (beaver) StatM 1922 II 18; apsloginimas (reduction) JodelNorm 2, glostimas (smoothing) StatM 1923 I 11.

Analiza komparatystyczna blogów politycznych Janusza Palikota, Ryszarda Kalisza i Jarosława Gowina

Author(s): Michal Wilk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: X/2014

The research of the Internet involves many things, also politics, especially using weblog for political actions. So author of this article analyses not only weblog as genre in all, but compare its different realisations by example of three political weblogs: Janusz Palikot, Ryszard Kalisz and Jarosław Gowin. The text is constructed by two elements. First of them tries show genre of weblog, which is not constant in all. Second element compares above weblogs. The analysis treads on two plane: first is lingual analysis, which is based on research in the titles of post, second is pragmatic analysis, which is based on research in the content of weblogs. The basic questions is: what are the similarities and differences this three political weblogs. From the analysed material results, that weblogs are similar in: imperative (commandment) elements, pursue the lingual plays, using of genre reference and thematic (topical) words in prevailing social-political discourse, styling, commentatorial character of statements, subjectivity of opinions, agitation in the texts, topicality and accompanying materials (for example photos). But weblogs are different in: vulgarity, incendiary character of posts, using interrogative titles, eclecticism and variety in weblog texts.

Asmenis įvardijantys teisės terminai 1918–1940 m. Lietuvos kodeksuose

Author(s): Alvydas Umbrasas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 12/2005

Sources for the research in this article are unofficial translations of Russian legal codes, which were valid in Lithuania between 1918 and 1940, into Lithuanian. The article analyses terms of law for naming persons. Part of these terms could be attributed to the jurisprudence, other part – to the legal practice. They are names of persons connected by the legal relations and persons performing legal functions. There were about 800 such terms found in the earlier mentioned codes. About half of them are one-word terms, a half of them – complex terms (mainly two-word terms). Terms are discussed according to their origin and word-formation.A characteristic feature of law terms of that period naming persons is their Lithuanian origin. Names of persons, which are separable in respect of word-formation, are rare in those codes, most of them are derivatives. Some of them are coined specially for the needs of law terminology, most of them are terminologized. It is quite difficult to mark strictly terminologized formations from new formations. If a derivative, which is systematically possible, did not get into the earlier lexicography, it is not possible to conclude that such word did not exist. Most of law terms naming persons are derivatives with suffixes -to-jas, -a and -ėjas, -a, which on the whole are very common and productive. It is possible that exactly because of the commonness some terms made with the suffix -tojas, -a were replaced with derivatives with the suffix -ovas, -ė. More clearly new words were made with the suffix -ininkas, -ė.The article singles out a distinctive type of law terms naming persons – substantivized participles, mostly of the passive voice of the present tense. This is quite convenient way of a short expression. Some of the terms of this type are usual until nowadays.Borrowings make quite a small part of law terms naming persons in these codes. Almost all borrowings are international words. An absolute majority of them are of the Latin origin. The Lithuanization of a very few international words differs from the present one, variations are rare. Hybrid terms are close to borrowings, though such way of naming persons in these code was not popular at all.

Būdingųjų vilniečių tarties bruožų beieškant: 25–35 metų vilniečių balsių trumpinimo polinkiai

Author(s): Daiva Aliukaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 6/2014

The article discusses the question of Vilnius variant exclusivity and covers one fragment of Vilnius as a complex microcosm: exclusivity of Vilnius variant is examined by analysing spontaneous speech among Vilnians aged 25–35. Empirical research units are variants of phonological variables /i•/ and /u•/ in unstressed positions. Applying two different research methods – one based on hearing (auditory) and an instrumental one – the parameter of duration of these long vowels was evaluated in the spontaneous speech of the interviewed Vilnians aged 25-35. The results of the auditory research and instrumental examination (instrumental checks of almost 800 variants of phonological variables /i•/ and /u•/ in unstressed positions and 384 variants in stressed positions have been carried out) demonstrate that shortened variants of variables /i•/ and /u•/ in unstressed positions are characteristic of the language of the research group. Unstressed variants of the variables under investigation cover the duration continuum range between 60 and 80 milliseconds. Duration range of the variants of variables /i•/ and /u•/ in stressed positions starts at approx. 90 ms. Duration data of variants /i•/ and /u•/ in stressed and unstressed positions was correlated and this correlation reveals that duration areas of these variants almost overlap. Transitional zone is between ~80 and 90 ms. Quantitative reduction is very apparent so it is possible to make an assumption that this tendency reflects this particular peculiarity of the language specific to Vilnians. However, it is essential to state that even after shortened variants of variables /i•/ and /u•/ in unstressed positions are present in the speech of people belonging to different generations or having different sociolinguistic portraits, this characteristic cannot be considered as a distinctive characterization of Vilnius language (Vilnius variant). Distinguishing features in variability analysis cannot be at the same time primary, i. e. distinctive, as well as tertiary, i. e. denoting, characteristic. In this research this would be the case. The value of tertiary features is characteristic of quantitative (shortened) variants of variables /i•/ and /u•/ in some dialects. Therefore methodologically it is not accurate to evaluate vowel shortening tendency of Vilnians as distinctive characteristics specific to the people of Vilnius. These features are characteristic, but they do not have a clear single-plan dividing power.

Charakteryzacja językowa postaci młodzieżowych w powieści Ludmiły Marjańskiej "Pierwsze śniegi, pierwsze wiosny" (wybrane zagadnienia)

Author(s): Iwona Skrzypczyk-Galkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: XI/2015

The object of my interest of this literary sketch is language characterization of young characters in the novel "First snows, first springs" by L. Marjańska. This work presents young people from Częstochowa in the last year of the interwar period and during the first three years of the World War II. In the novel L. Marjańska makes language stylization which underlines the belonging of the young people to the school environment. The language of characters is styled according to a nationwide pattern of contemporary language material and enriched with vocabulary of environmental groups. Language stylization in "First snows, first springs" performs many functions. First of all, the world becomes more concrete and plastic and the school environment – more colorful. In this way, it can be presented possibly the most believable picture of reality, years 1938–1942.

CILEX: Innover, Motiver, Inspirer. Un rêve devenu réalité

Author(s): Colette Pawlonka,Maciej Pospiech / Language(s): French / Issue: 1/2017

CONSONANT CLUSTER COMBINATIONS IN HADOTI

Author(s): Amitabh Vikram Dwivedi / Language(s): English / Issue: 1+2/2015

This paper describes the possible consonant clusters and sequences in Hadoti language. Previous studies in descriptive linguistics have proved that all the consonantal phonemes of a language cannot fall into the cluster and sequence system. The physiological limitations poised by the vocal organ allow only few combinations which can be pronounced with ease. As a result, only limited number of consonants come together to constitute a sequence or a cluster. Hadoti, an Indo-Aryan language, is no exception in this context as only a handful of consonants are employed to form sequences/clusters. This language is spoken in Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, and Baran districts of the Rajasthan state in the republic of India, and the data for this paper were collected from Jhalawar and Kota district. The present paper, limited as it is in breadth of scope and depth of detail, will be, I hope, a step in the direction of studying a lesser known language of West India.

Croatian non-standard invariant relativizers in European perspective

Author(s): Jurica Polancec,Ana Mihaljevic / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2016

In this paper, the authors analyze Croatian invariant relativizers (InvRels) in European perspective, with emphasis on InvRels employed in non-standard Croatian. The paper is roughly divided in two parts. In the first part of the paper, previously researched facts about InvRels are reviewed. It is demonstrated that in Croatian, InvRels are more typical of non-standard variety and with fewer syntactic restrictions when compared to standard Croatian. Sociolinguistic variation is also briefly commented on. In the second part of the paper, two previously unanalyzed features of non-standard InvRels are examined by means of the hrWac 2.0 corpus: distribution across the position relativized, and the use of resumptive pronouns with direct object. Due to the nature of corpus data, the investigation was narrowed to the InvRels šta and kaj. The paper demonstrates that the two InvRels are found in most cases with subject, and to a lesser extent with direct object relativization. Other positions relativized are rarely encountered. Resumptive pronouns with inanimate direct objects are readily omitted, while with animate direct object the omission seems fairly rare. These findings are important because they display that only subject and direct object are regularly relativized, even in non-standard Croatian. Furthermore, the major role of animacy with respect to the use of resumptive pronouns is pointed out, with a comparable tendency in Czech (Fried 2010).

Czy język stać na luksus wielomotywacyjności?

Author(s): Wanda Fijalkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 09/2016

Multi-motivation is considered an indispensible component of a derivation description by researchers in word formation. A more in-depth study of the literature dedicated to this issue and analysis of material permitted a finding that this conviction can change if a thorough and detailed formative paraphrase and semantic analysis of the derivatives which have been treated as multi-motivation ones to date are made and if more difficult cases are subordinated to the principle of system dominance. Such an approach to the problem of the so-called multi-motivation allows its elimination since it has been wrongly sought 1) in words which have been imprecisely paraphrased, 2) in derivatives for which the direct motivation basis has been treated equally, 3) in lexemes in the description of which syntactic connectivity has not been taken into account, and 4) in all (numerous) cases where the principle of system dominance, which was postulated already in 1987, has been ignored. Remedying these deficiencies enables exclusion of multi-motivation from the morphological description.

Dative of external possession in Croatian

From an areal-typological perspective

Author(s): Motoki Nomachi / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2016

External possession constructions are defined as constructions in which a semantic possessor-possessum relation is expressed by coding the possessor as a core grammatical relation of the verb and in a constituent separate from that which contains the possessum. One construction representative of this phenomenon is that with the dative case as a marker of the possessor, which is known as the dative of possession (DP) and is widely attested in European languages as an areal feature. In this article, I analyze the DP in Croatian, both its standard variety and dialects, particularly from a (micro-)areal-typological perspective, to locate the place of Croatian among Slavic, paying special attention to the correlation between the use of DP and its areal tendency. My analysis led me to conclude that Croatian occupies a place between West Slavic and Slovene, which tend to have a narrower sphere of the use of DP, and Balkanized Slavic, which has a wider sphere of it. This finding can be explained by the fact that West Slavic and Slovene are more habere-type languages than Croatian, which still preserves more esse-type language features that can be also found in the Balkanized Slavic languages.

Daugiakalbė reklama lietuviškuose žurnaluose 1993–2013 metais

Author(s): Laima Nevinskaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 3/2014

The article presents a quantitative analysis of multilingual advertising in Lithuanian magazines 1993–2013. The analysis includes those advertisements where alongside Lithuanian separate elements in a foreign language are used, and monolingual non-Lithuanian advertising. The sample included advertisements from four magazines of different profiles (a news magazine, a TV magazine, a women’s magazine, and a business lifestyle magazine) from years 1993/1994, 1998, 2003 and 2013, in total 1995 unique advertisements.A general conclusion is made that the number of multilingual advertising in Lithuanian magazines has increased. Although as early as 1993/1994 the magazines contained a fair amount of non-Lithuanian advertisements, those years were atypical, since non-Lithuanian advertisements were by Lithuanian advertisers mostly and the models of bilingual advertisements were different than the models that prevailed in the later periods. In 1998 there were less non-Lithuanian advertisements than in 1993/1994 and since then their amount was continuously increasing. The trend of increase of multilingual advertising is best confirmed not by the dynamics of its amounts in single magazines, which was different from magazine to magazine, but by its increase within separate product categories and within the flow of advertisements by Lithuanian companies.In 2013, the proportion of non-Lithuanian advertisements in different magazines, without including into this number the names of companies and products, was 11–42 percent. The use of other languages in advertisements was related to product category (the biggest amount of non-Lithuanian advertisements were in categories associated with prestige, modernity, technological progress, and certain lifestyles); country of origin (advertisements by foreign producers were more likely to contain foreign text elements); size (full-page advertisements were more likely to be bi- or multilingual); structure (monolingual non-Lithuanian advertisements predominantly contained company/product name only or company/product name plus slogan/product type). English is the most often used foreign language in Lithuanian advertisements; French, German, Italian are also used; some other languages are used in single cases only. English is used by advertisers from all countries of origin and it is used mostly to create a modern identity of the brand. Other languages, judging by the product categories they are used in, are associated with ethnocultural stereotypes of those countries.

Dėl vietos prieveiksmių bura-, ora- ir şura- vartosenos turkų kalboje

Author(s): Beata Butkeviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 7/2015

The paper deals with the Turkish deictic locative adverbs bura- (‘here’) ora- (‘there’) and şura- (‘here’, ‘there’). Some researchers (Lyons 1977, Levinson 1983, Anderson and Keenan 1985) claim that şura- occupies an intermediate position between bura- and ora-. Some others (Küntay and Özyürek 2002, 2006) note that şura- is neutral with regard to distance specifications. This investigation has identified a rather problematic usage of the deictic locative adverb şura-. Taking into account that contemporary Turkish language has gradually developed from a three-member deictic system into a two-member system, the paper attempts to more thoroughly investigate the usage of the locative adverb şura- and describe the prevailing deictic system in the Turkish language

Dvosmislenosti zbog reda riječi u hrvatskoj i poljskoj rečenici

Author(s): Neda Pintaric / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 9/2015

The autoress analyses differences and ambiguities about Croatian and Polish word order in their grammars or media. In both languages there are no precise rules about order of subordinate words in sentences, which causes ambiguit meanings. The paper consists of 4 parts: 1. description of word order in Croatina grammars; 2. description of word order in Polish grammars; 3. ambiguities during communication in Polish and Croatian media; 4. as a result of this research the autoress shows 10 rules that should be considered in the sentences without ambiguities or mistakes.

Dziedzictwo kulinarne w przysłowiach śląskich

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszala,Dorota Switala-Trybek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 78/2016

The aim of the article is to present and discuss the selected Silesian paroemias where the component is an expression that belongs to the category of cuisine, understood as ready meals, which are a product of culinary art or as everything that is associated with preparing and cooking food. The article aims to portray the image of a certain slice of reality that is preserved in the Silesian paroemias, as well as the functions that they have in the language. It is also intended to draw attention to the meanings devolved through them and to present the relation with the culture of the region.

Epo, lyrikos, dramos žanrų ir kitų klasifikacijos vienetų pavadinimai pirmuose lietuviškuose literatūros teorijos vadovėliuose

Author(s): Asta Mitkeviciene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 12/2005

This article investigates the origin, synonymy and some usage issues of names of epic, lyrics, drama genres, genre forms and kinds used in the first Lithuanian textbooks of literature theory. The material for this article was collected from all special works on the theory of literature published between two wars – Raštijos bei literatūros teorija (The Theory of Writing and Literature) (1918) and its third edition Literatūros teorija (The Theory of Literature) (1922) by K. Bizauskas, the textbook Stilistika (Stylistics) (1923 and 1927) by M. Gustaitis, three different editions of the textbook Literatūros teorija (pagrindiniai prozos ir poezijos dėsniai) (The Theory of Literature (The main laws of prose and poetry)) (1923, 1926, 1930) by J. Norkus, Prozos ir poezijos teorija (Theory of Prose and Poetry) (1925) by St. Češūnas, the fourth edition of the textbook Literatūros teorija. Poetika (The Theory of Literature. Poetics) (1938) by J. Ambrazevičius.Most of the names of epic, lyrics, drama genres and other classification units are of the foreign origin: there are two and a half times more international one-word terms than Lithuanian terms, complex terms of the mixed origin (Lithuanian and foreign origin) – make a bigger half of all complex terms and terms of the foreign origin make more than two fifths. Words of foreign origin are the elements of two-word terms one and a half times more frequently than Lithuanian words. Only three-word terms with the subordinate elements of the foreign origin are fewer than three-word terms with the subordinate elements of the Lithuanian origin.There is one feature of terms (both one-word and complex terms) in textbooks, published in the twenties of the 20th century, which was quite common at the time – variation. It was predetermined by not unified Lithuanisation of international terms or words of the foreign origin, which made the subordinate elements of complex terms.Like nowadays, two structural types of two-word terms prevail – terms with the suffix -inis and terms with a genitive of the noun.There are more synonym lines in all editions of the textbooks of literature theory than in one publication (usually there are two synonyms used in one publication). In some cases when changing synonymous terms not always the better way – the Lithuanisation – was chosen. The comparison of the synonym lines in the textbook by K. Bizauskas published in 1922 and in the work of J. Ambrazevičius dating 1938 shows that a number of synonyms was not decreasing.The first textbooks of theory of literature show some things important to the terminology of literature theory, for instance, a promiscuity in the usage of the names of epic prose genres, the usage of sakmė (saga, story) in the meaning of “pasakėčia” (fable), not hasty move from apsakymas (story) to novelė (novella), a differentiation of terms liaudiška daina and liaudies daina (folksong), a difficult way of the word atsiminimai (memoirs) into the terminology of the literature theory.

Expérience et avenir du structuralisme

Author(s): Tomáš Hoskovec / Language(s): French / Issue: 3/2017

Formy fleksyjne czasowników a formy wypowiedzi w idiostylu naukowym Joachima Lelewela

Author(s): Violetta Jaros / Language(s): Polish / Issue: XI/2015

The present paper is devoted to inflectional verb forms present in various ways of language communication in Joachim Lelewel’s scholar writings. In particular ways of language communication (speech microacts), all of which are semantically and functionally independent units and constitute to the holistic structure of scholar writing (macroact) Lelewel applies different morphological verb forms used to create i.a. specific metatextual constructions, constructions structurising historical narrative, receiver-recipient relation indicators which pursue informative-verifying as well as emotive-axiological strategies.

Funktionsverbgefüge als Einheiten im mentalen Lexikon

Author(s): Mirjana Basaric,Teodor Petric / Language(s): German / Issue: 2-3/2015

Funktionsverbgefüge (FVG) sind relativ feste Wortverbindungen. Ähnlich wie bei idiomatischen Phrasemen können wir die Gesamtbedeutung nicht vollständig aus ihren einzelnen Bestandteilen erschließen. Im Experiment wird die Annahme geprüft, dass Funktionsverbgefüge im mentalen Lexikon von slowenischen DaF-Lernern als Superlemmas repräsentiert sind und deshalb schneller abgerufen werden als freie Fügungen (FF). Das Experiment bestätigte unsere Hypothese: die ausgewählten FVG (d.h. solche mit höherem Bekanntheitsgrad) wurden nach identischen Primes schneller aktiviert als entsprechende FF.

Gydymo priemonių pavadinimai daktaro Antano Vileišio medicinos knygelėse

Author(s): Palmira Zemleviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 12/2005

This article analyses the names of treatment means (over 400) collected from sixteen books of popular medicine by doctor Antanas Vileišis (1856–1919) according to their meaning, expression and origin.In respect of meaning these names differ. Six notional groups were identified – names of medications for internal and external use, bandaging means and medical dressings, first aid means, disinfecting or anti-bacterial means, medical implements and manipulation treatment.In respect of expression the majority of names of treatment means are complex terms, mainly two-word terms (200), also there are quite few three-word terms (nearly 80). A variety of means of expression is characteristic to specific elements of those terms.In respect of origin Lithuanian words prevail, though there are quite a lot of words of foreign origin – international words and barbarisms. In some cases barbarisms were substituted with Lithuanian equivalents, though sometimes the author gives a barbarism next to Lithuanian word – presumably trying to adjust his language to the lexicon used by target readers. The abundance of borrowed words possibly has been influenced by the language, style and terminology of foreign authors, because most of doctor Vileišis books were translations of works of Russian, Polish or German authors or were prepared using such works.The names of treatment means have synonyms and variants. Most frequently two Lithuanian words or a Lithuanian word and non-Lithuanian word are used synonymously.Popular medical books by doctor Antanas Vileišis are the important source for the history of Lithuanian medical terminology.