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1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų reikšminės grupės

Author(s): Aušra Rimkute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 15/2008

The catechism is a very important literary form of the Church. It teaches the basics of Christianity, its moral and ethic norms, which make the foundation for the life of a Christian. During the period of thirty three years (between 1883 and 1916) there were 86 Catholic and 11 Protestant (9 Lutheran and 2 Calvinist) catechisms published. During the period when printing in Lithuanian was prohibited catechisms were published outside the borders of Lithuania Major. Catechisms are mainly aimed at teaching children and youth, therefore they had an important role as primers in Lithuanian and as educators of the native language. According to A. Jakštas, “nearly every well-known catechist took care to prepare his own catechism. Thus the number of catechisms grew with every year; there were a lot of them written and published – each one in its own particular method, particular terminology and particular plan” (Jakštas 1923: 239). Furthermore it is obvious that compilers of catechisms had a need to explain terms of non Lithuanian origin (mostly international words). Most frequently such terms were explained using the Lithuanian equivalent – sometimes more, sometimes less successful. Variants of terms were abundant.In this article terms of religion are considered to be words and combinations of words, which name the supernatural (angelas (angel), Dievas (God), Dvasia (Spirit), velnias (devil)), rites (atnašavimas (sacrifice), mišios (Mass), pamaldos (service), pamokslas (sermon), procesija (procession)), actions related to religion (atgaila (penance), išganymas (salvation), išpažintis (confession)), Church celebrations (Sekminės (Whit Sunday), Velykos (Easter)), names of objects (grabas (coffin), kielikas (chalice), ostija (host), patena (paten)), moral principles of the Christian life, behaviour to be avoided or to be followed (atgailos atlikimas (execution of penance), gailestis už griekus (repentance of sins), išmalda (pittance), malda (prayer), tikėjimas (faith)), religious books and texts (Biblija (Bible), Evangelija (Gospel)), sacraments (Krikštas (Baptism), Kunigystė (Holy Orders), Moterystė (Matrimony), Paskutinis Patepimas (Anointing of the Sick)), sins and their kinds (apsirijimas (gluttony), godulystė (greed), vagystė (stealing), žmogžudystė (killing)) and names of persons (apaštalas (apostle), eretikas (heretic), išganytojas (Saviour), popiežius (Pope), vyskupas (bishop)) and other.

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1883–1916 metų katekizmų religinių vietų pavadinimai

Author(s): Aušra Rimkute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 19/2012

Names of places related to religion comprise about five percent of religious terminology used in catechisms published in 1883–1916. These words name various liturgical places important to believers such as buildings (bažnyčia (church), šventykla (church), katedra (cathedral)), their parts and spaces (altorius (altar), aukuras (altar), choras (choir), klausykla (confessional), koplyčia (chapel), sakykla (pulpit), zakristija (vestry)), places of burial (kapinės (cemetery), katakombos (catacombs)), afterlife (dangus (heaven), rojus (paradise)), miraculous or important religious events, for instance, visitations (dykynė (wilderness)), punishment or purification (pragaras (hell), skaistykla (purgatory)), and other places. According to their origin names of places related to religion used in catechisms published in 1883–1916 can be divided into Lithuanian (44 percent; aukuras (altar), dangus (heaven), pragaras (hell), klausykla (confessional), sakykla (pulpit), skaistykla (purgatory), šveitykla (purgatory), šventykla (church), vienuolynas (monastery), tėvainystė (heaven)), non-Lithuanian: a) international words (8 percent; altorius (altar), konfesionalas (confessional), presbiterija (presbitery)), b) old borrowings (12 percent; bažnyčia (church), koplyčia (chapel), rojus (paradise), zakristija (sacristy)), c) barbarisms (30 percent; atklanės (hell), pekla (hell), čysčius (purgatory), svietas (world)) and half- Lithuanian words (6 percent; altorėlis (altar), karalystė (kingdom), vyskupija (diocese)).

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1910–1937 m. lietuviškoji statybos terminija (iš turimų išteklių)

Author(s): Robertas Stunžinas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 14/2007

This article deals with analysis of Lithuanian endogenic and old loaned building terminology of the begining of XX century according to origin, structure and development aspects. Overall 1393 terms are analyzed, i. e. 806 one-word terms and 587 composite terms.Of all one-word terms terminologized (specialized) old lexis makes up about one fifth part: akmuo (stone) JodelNorm 2, namas (house) Zubausk 9, sija (beam) Kind 14. Metaphoric and metonymic terms in early building terminology are rather rare. The majority of metaphoric terms are the result of secondary metaphoric nomination: griaučiai (skeleton) Kind 8, grėblys (raker) Šimol 71, metonymic terms are originated according to specific terminology models: lenta (board) StatM 1923 I 8.Three quarters of analyzed one-word terms are derivations. The facts of Lithuanian language dictionary suggest that a large group of derivations could have been borrowed from the folk language: dūmtraukis (chimney) Kind 16. In many cases it is difficult to decide whether derivations are terminologized simple words or newly made. In particular this can be said about transpositional abstracts of verbs and adjectives: aušimas (cooling) Ekz 4, akytumas (porosity) Šimol 20. Only a small group of derivations could be suggested as neologisms. The majority of the neologisms are compound derivations: degplytė (baked brick) Janus 19. Derivations of suffixes and endings are rather rare: slugsnis (layer) StatM 1923 I 20, riša (bunch) Ekz 6.The major part of composite terms are made with the abstracts of verbs and adjectives: patvarumo bandymas (proof of sustainability) JodelTechn 146, atsparumas gniužimui (stability to crushing) JodelTechn 90 and terminologized simple words: dirbtinis akmuo (artificial stone) Iv 7.Most of the terms which are analyzed in this article are used at present. More than a half (56%) of one-word terms are found in modern term dictionaries of building: džiovykla (drying chamber) Iv 45, STŽ 134, kietėjimas (solidification) Šimol 84, STŽ 253, muštuvas (impact maschine) JodelTechn 191, STŽ 351. A significant part of terms are historisms and archaisms: akėčios (harrow) JodelTechn 66, bebras (beaver) StatM 1922 II 18; apsloginimas (reduction) JodelNorm 2, glostimas (smoothing) StatM 1923 I 11.

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A Cross-Cultural Study On White Colour Idioms In Turkish And English: Conceptual Metaphor Theory In Focus

Author(s): Gökçen Hastürkoglu / Language(s): Turkish,English / Issue: 1/2017

This study aims at investigating how similar and different the embodied cognition of Turkish and English speakers is by providing a systematic description of Turkish and English white colour idiomatic expressions and by analyzing them within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory through which the cognitive motivations behind the idiomatic expressions can be demonstrated. In order to do so, a large-scale corpus study based on specialized dictionaries on idioms in Turkish and English was carried out and a table was presented for each language illustrating the idiomatic expression, its meaning, its translation for the Turkish part, and the underlying conceptual metaphor or metonymy. After this cognitive analysis, it was revealed that despite some similarities in the cognitive mappings of the idioms in Turkish and English, the connotations of white colour idioms in two genetically unrelated languages vary because of cultural, historical, religious, or customary matters.

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Addressing the notions of convention and context in social media research

Author(s): Marina Grubišic / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2017

The aim of this paper is to discuss two fundamental pragmatic notions, convention and context within the framework of communication on social media. By presenting an overview of theoretical perspectives on the two notions and analyzing concrete examples from Twitter we put forward the importance of the dynamic and constant synergy between convention and context in communication on social media, but also in communication in general. Examples of tweets (Twitter posts) will show that the core principles of traditional communication – conventionalization and contextualization – remain strong and are visible in concrete realizations through new ‘communicative items’ such as hashtags (i.e. #onokad) and handles (i.e. @username). The technology behind the media opens up new avenues of creativity for the participants (users, speakers), yet the creativity remains situated within ‘contexts’ (micro- and macro-level) and perpetuated (or dismissed) through mechanisms of ‘conventionalization’. Pragmatics is shown to be a highly relevant and appropriate scholarly field for comprehensive research into language and communication on social media.

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Algunas reflexiones sobre la „Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Fonética y fonologia” (2011)

Author(s): Jerzy Szalek / Language(s): Spanish / Publication Year: 0

The publication by Tomas Navarro Tomas of two fundamental books pertaning to Spanish phonetics („Manual de pronunciación española” (1918) y „Manual de entonación española” (1944) gave rise to the appearance of more publications dealing with the description and functioning of the Spanish phonetic and phonological systems. All the subsequent publications – which were based on Tomas Navarro Tomas’ books – attempted to develop, define more precisely and verify the theses formulated by the Father of Spanish phonetics. The author of this article presents a new important book which is indubitably an exceptional publication and constitutes a breakthrough in Spanish linguistics. His remarks are confined to the Spanish segmental system and phonetic change. The book came into being as the result of a close cooperation between 22 academies of the Spanish language („Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Fonética y fonologia”, vol. 3, 2011).

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Analiza komparatystyczna blogów politycznych Janusza Palikota, Ryszarda Kalisza i Jarosława Gowina

Author(s): Michal Wilk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: X/2014

The research of the Internet involves many things, also politics, especially using weblog for political actions. So author of this article analyses not only weblog as genre in all, but compare its different realisations by example of three political weblogs: Janusz Palikot, Ryszard Kalisz and Jarosław Gowin. The text is constructed by two elements. First of them tries show genre of weblog, which is not constant in all. Second element compares above weblogs. The analysis treads on two plane: first is lingual analysis, which is based on research in the titles of post, second is pragmatic analysis, which is based on research in the content of weblogs. The basic questions is: what are the similarities and differences this three political weblogs. From the analysed material results, that weblogs are similar in: imperative (commandment) elements, pursue the lingual plays, using of genre reference and thematic (topical) words in prevailing social-political discourse, styling, commentatorial character of statements, subjectivity of opinions, agitation in the texts, topicality and accompanying materials (for example photos). But weblogs are different in: vulgarity, incendiary character of posts, using interrogative titles, eclecticism and variety in weblog texts.

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Angelo ir velnio pavadinimai 1800–1882 metų katekizmuose

Author(s): Aušra Rimkute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 21/2014

Names of the angel and the devil make a small group of terms of religion in Lithuanian catechisms published in 1800–1882. The article deals with the names of the angel (angelas, ×Aniolas, archangelas, ×archaniolas, kunigaikštystės, ponystės, galybės, wyresnybės, serapinai, kerubinai, sostai, ×tronai, angelas Dievo, ×aniolas Dievo, geras ×aniolas, šventas ×aniolas, Angelas sargas, etc.) and the names of the devil (velnias, antikristas, šėtonas, biesas, ×čertas, kipšas, juodasis, nelabasis, piktasis, prakeiktasis, žaltys, ×levas, ×ledokas, kelmas, pikta dvasia, piktas ×aniolas, kaltasis ×aniolas, prakeiktas ×aniolas ir kt.) taken from the catechisms of the above period. One-word and complex terms in respect of their origin are grouped into terms of Lithuanian origin, non-Lithuanian origin (international words and loan-words) and mixed origin.

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Anglų–vengrų kalbų lazerių fizikos terminų bazės DictionELI kūrimas

Author(s): Ágota Fóris,Eszter B. Papp / Language(s): English / Issue: 22/2015

The paper aims to introduce a Hungarian cooperative project that had the aim of collecting English and Hungarian terminology for laser physics, and making it publicly available in a terminological database and a terminological dictionary. The collection and publication of English and Hungarian terminology for laser physics can be considered an objective in Hungarian terminology policy of laser physics. (On terminology policies see Guidelines for Terminology Policies, 2005; on Hungarian terminology policy, see Fóris, Sermann 2010; Fóris 2011; Fóris, Papp 2011.) Work on laser terminology is best carried out through the cooperation of field experts and linguists, more precisely with the collaboration of laser physicists and terminologists, which is appropriate to coordinate the process and publish the results.

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Application Of Translation Rubrics In Literary Translation Classes

Author(s): Özlem Sahin Soy / Language(s): Turkish,English / Issue: 1/2017

Literary translation, although under different titles, is included in the curricula of most of the education institutions that have Translation studies departments. Assessing the competence of the students in literary translation classes is generally done through codes of practice since most of the rubrics on translation focus on issues such as grasp of information, ease of translation, use of language, grammar rules etc. Apart from this, literary evaluation requires a deeper assessment for each genre depending on its specific properties of form and content. This paper aims to discuss the use of translation assessment rubrics for literary translation courses and investigate whether a more improved style for each genre of literature can be proposed for this purpose. To this end, general approaches to assessment of translation competence and rubrics offered by different institutions are surveyed and their applicability to literary translation courses discussed. In the end, a comprehensive rubric for literary translation courses will be presented.

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Asmenis įvardijantys teisės terminai 1918–1940 m. Lietuvos kodeksuose

Author(s): Alvydas Umbrasas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 12/2005

Sources for the research in this article are unofficial translations of Russian legal codes, which were valid in Lithuania between 1918 and 1940, into Lithuanian. The article analyses terms of law for naming persons. Part of these terms could be attributed to the jurisprudence, other part – to the legal practice. They are names of persons connected by the legal relations and persons performing legal functions. There were about 800 such terms found in the earlier mentioned codes. About half of them are one-word terms, a half of them – complex terms (mainly two-word terms). Terms are discussed according to their origin and word-formation.A characteristic feature of law terms of that period naming persons is their Lithuanian origin. Names of persons, which are separable in respect of word-formation, are rare in those codes, most of them are derivatives. Some of them are coined specially for the needs of law terminology, most of them are terminologized. It is quite difficult to mark strictly terminologized formations from new formations. If a derivative, which is systematically possible, did not get into the earlier lexicography, it is not possible to conclude that such word did not exist. Most of law terms naming persons are derivatives with suffixes -to-jas, -a and -ėjas, -a, which on the whole are very common and productive. It is possible that exactly because of the commonness some terms made with the suffix -tojas, -a were replaced with derivatives with the suffix -ovas, -ė. More clearly new words were made with the suffix -ininkas, -ė.The article singles out a distinctive type of law terms naming persons – substantivized participles, mostly of the passive voice of the present tense. This is quite convenient way of a short expression. Some of the terms of this type are usual until nowadays.Borrowings make quite a small part of law terms naming persons in these codes. Almost all borrowings are international words. An absolute majority of them are of the Latin origin. The Lithuanization of a very few international words differs from the present one, variations are rare. Hybrid terms are close to borrowings, though such way of naming persons in these code was not popular at all.

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Au-delà des canons pour un renouveau du théâtre chez Jean Tardieu

Author(s): Emilia Munteanu / Language(s): French / Issue: 1/2016

La tâche du chercheur qui se propose de déceler les points convergents des créations dramatiques des années cinquante n’est pas des moins ardues vu leur caractère diaïrétique en matière de style, de thématique, d’esthétique. Néanmoins, ce qui fonctionne comme sunagôgê chez les auteurs dramatiques de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle c’est leur refus des paradigmes essoufflés du théâtre qui les a précédés. Bien qu’il soit moins célèbre que ses illustres contemporains (Ionesco, Beckett ), Jean Tardieu les rejoint par la création d’une oeuvre dramatique à valeur de métathéâtre et par son paratexte autographe. Rien que la lecture des titres (La comédie de la comédie, La comédie du langage, La comédie du drame) des volumes tardiviens nous lance déjà dans la démarche de cet auteur qui annonce son intention de dénoncer les paradigmes du vaudeville, les procédés faciles d’un « théâtre digestif », les conventions linguistiques, non pas par simple volonté destructrice des canons puisque son théâtre propose le renouveau de la scène par la béance des « failles du mécanisme théâtral » (selon Jorge Lavelli in Tardieu, 2003, p. 912) ou à l’aide des signes d’autres systèmes de modélisation secondaires.

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Augalų vardų darybos būdai Janilo Ilsterio publikacijose

Author(s): Linda Kurmina / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2012

The initial stages of botany terminology formation have been dealt with in numerous works (Vīksna 2002; Vimba 2001; Piete 2008) and its first achievements have most frequently been attributed to the botanist, teacher and poet Jānis Ilsters (1851–1889), who in 1883 published the first botany book in Latvian Botānika tautas skolām un pašmācībai (Botany for folk schools and self-instruction) (Ilsters 1883). This work only contained rather few most widespread names of plants, accompanied by more detailed descriptions.

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Baltijos šalių floros lietuviškų ir latviškų augalų genčių vardų vedyba

Author(s): Solvita Labanauskiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 18/2011

This article is a continuation of the article published in the 17th issue of Terminologija. It aims to discuss three groups of derivates naming Lithuanian and Latvian plant genera – suffixal derivates, ending derivates and prefixal derivates – and to establish their similarities and differences. Research source was three volume publication Flora of the Baltic Countries (1993–2003), prepared by teams of authors from Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian universities and academies of science. It describes plants growing in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia – cryptogams and phanerogams (excluding moss).Most of Lithuanian and Latvian plant genera names listed in Flora of the Baltic Countries are derivates. The tendencies of plant genera name-formation in the two languages are somewhat different. Compounding is the most productive way of name formation in Latvian, but the second most productive way in Lithuanian.Lithuanian plant genera names are usually made with suffixes. Such names make up 50 % of all formations found. In Latvian botanical nomenclature suffixal derivation is the second most productive way of name formation. 27 % of derivates naming Latvian plant genera were suffixal derivates. The most frequent underlying words of Lithuanian and Latvian plant genera names with suffixes are nouns; adjectives and verbs are less frequent.The largest number of plant genera names in the two languages was made with the same suffix – Lithuanian -enis, -enė and Latvian -enis, -ene. In both languages there are plant genera names made with diminutive suffixes; -ītis, -īte, -iņš, -iņa, -tiņa, -ulis, -ule in Latvian and -utis, -utė, -aitė, -ytė, -(i)ukas, -(i)ukė, -ikė in Lithuanian. Such suffixes are more common in Latvian. A specific characteristic of Latvian suffixation is the usage of two suffixes: -el- + -iņš, -el + -īte or -en- + -īte.Lithuanian botanical nomenclature has a greater variety of suffix derivatives than Latvian. Thirty less productive Lithuanian suffixes and only five Latvian were used to form only one or a few derivates.Hybrid suffix derivates are not characteristic to either language. A couple of hybrid derivates consisting of international root and Lithuanian suffix and only one similar derivate with Latvian suffix were found.Ending derivation is the third most productive way of deriving plant genera names in Lithuanian. 11 % of derived Lithuanian names were made with endings -a, -as, -ė, -is, -ys or -(i)us using nouns, adjectives and verbs. Such derivates make up only 1 % of derived Latvian plant genera names. Their underlying words are nouns or adjectives.Lithuanian and Latvian plant genera names with prefixes in the analysed source are rare (2 % of all Lithuanian derived names and 4 % of Latvian). Lithuanian plant genera names are prefixed with ant-, be-, po- or pro- and Latvian names have prefixes ap-, bez- or pa-. Plant genera names with prefixes in both languages are made only from nouns.

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Bemerkungen zur Problematik der baltischen Ortsnamen westlich der Weichsel

Author(s): Darius Ivoška / Language(s): German / Issue: 74/2016

The question of the boundaries of the area inhabited by the Balts remains the topic which brings the specialists of different areas, especially historians, linguists and archaeologists, into a discussion. The attempts to identify the exact borders of the non-existing Baltic tribes are only based on modest language testimonials of the nation and archaeological findings by interpreting and evaluating the abundance of scientific works related to them. The article aims at presenting original facts of onomastics, in other words, new oikonyms as well as new variants of the already discussed toponyms which can provide new information for the research related to the area inhabited by the Baltic nations westwards from the Vistula river.

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Bergerová, Hana; Vaňková, Lenka et al. 2015. Lexikalische Ausdrucksmittel der Emotionalität im Deutschen und Tschechischen

Author(s): Anita Pavic Pintaric / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2017

This is a bok review of: Bergerová, Hana; Vaňková, Lenka et al. 2015. Lexikalische Ausdrucksmittel der Emotionalität im Deutschen und Tschechischen

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Besonderheiten der Funktionsverbgefüge in der deutschen Konzernsprache

Author(s): Borislav Marušic / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2018

Die wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen der Fachsprachen sind von weittragender Bedeutung, denn die Fachsprachen weisen nicht nur die Abweichungen von der Gemeinsprache auf semantischer Ebene, wie allgemein gemeint wird, sondern auch auf syntaktischer und pragmatischer Ebene auf. Das Gleiche gilt für die deutsche Konzernsprache, eine Varietät des Wirtschaftsdeutschen. Dieser Beitrag hat zum Ziel, die Funktionsverbgefüge des Forschungsgebiets deutsche Konzernsprache nach ihrer Frequenz und morphologischen Typen zu untersuchen. Wir gehen von der Hypothese aus, dass die Frequenz der FVG in der deutschen Konzernsprache nennenswert höher ist, verglichen mit derjenigen aus der deutschen Gemeinsprache. Zugleich erwarten wir eine Abweichung gegenüber der deutschen Gemeinsprache, was die Frequenz der morphologischen Typen betrifft. Falls es bei den endgültigen Ergebnissen zu einem entgegengesetzten Resultat käme, würde uns das suggerieren, dass dieses Gebiet des Wirtschaftsdeutschen keine spezifischen Merkmale in diesem Sinne aufweist. Die Bestätigung der ursprünglichen Hypothesen würde diese spezifischen Besonderheiten der FVG in der deutschen Konzernsprache betonen.

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Būdingųjų vilniečių tarties bruožų beieškant: 25–35 metų vilniečių balsių trumpinimo polinkiai

Author(s): Daiva Aliukaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 6/2014

The article discusses the question of Vilnius variant exclusivity and covers one fragment of Vilnius as a complex microcosm: exclusivity of Vilnius variant is examined by analysing spontaneous speech among Vilnians aged 25–35. Empirical research units are variants of phonological variables /i•/ and /u•/ in unstressed positions. Applying two different research methods – one based on hearing (auditory) and an instrumental one – the parameter of duration of these long vowels was evaluated in the spontaneous speech of the interviewed Vilnians aged 25-35. The results of the auditory research and instrumental examination (instrumental checks of almost 800 variants of phonological variables /i•/ and /u•/ in unstressed positions and 384 variants in stressed positions have been carried out) demonstrate that shortened variants of variables /i•/ and /u•/ in unstressed positions are characteristic of the language of the research group. Unstressed variants of the variables under investigation cover the duration continuum range between 60 and 80 milliseconds. Duration range of the variants of variables /i•/ and /u•/ in stressed positions starts at approx. 90 ms. Duration data of variants /i•/ and /u•/ in stressed and unstressed positions was correlated and this correlation reveals that duration areas of these variants almost overlap. Transitional zone is between ~80 and 90 ms. Quantitative reduction is very apparent so it is possible to make an assumption that this tendency reflects this particular peculiarity of the language specific to Vilnians. However, it is essential to state that even after shortened variants of variables /i•/ and /u•/ in unstressed positions are present in the speech of people belonging to different generations or having different sociolinguistic portraits, this characteristic cannot be considered as a distinctive characterization of Vilnius language (Vilnius variant). Distinguishing features in variability analysis cannot be at the same time primary, i. e. distinctive, as well as tertiary, i. e. denoting, characteristic. In this research this would be the case. The value of tertiary features is characteristic of quantitative (shortened) variants of variables /i•/ and /u•/ in some dialects. Therefore methodologically it is not accurate to evaluate vowel shortening tendency of Vilnians as distinctive characteristics specific to the people of Vilnius. These features are characteristic, but they do not have a clear single-plan dividing power.

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Cases of Racism against the Majority: Examples from the Bulgarian and the British Press

Author(s): Desislava Cheshmedzhieva-Stoycheva / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

The paper explores the linguistic means of promoting the discourse of racism against the majority in Bulgarian and British nationalistic newspapers in a comparative perspective. The object of analysis is mostly nationalistic publications from Bulgaria and the UK with references to the national press when applicable.

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Charakteryzacja językowa postaci młodzieżowych w powieści Ludmiły Marjańskiej "Pierwsze śniegi, pierwsze wiosny" (wybrane zagadnienia)

Author(s): Iwona Skrzypczyk-Galkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: XI/2015

The object of my interest of this literary sketch is language characterization of young characters in the novel "First snows, first springs" by L. Marjańska. This work presents young people from Częstochowa in the last year of the interwar period and during the first three years of the World War II. In the novel L. Marjańska makes language stylization which underlines the belonging of the young people to the school environment. The language of characters is styled according to a nationwide pattern of contemporary language material and enriched with vocabulary of environmental groups. Language stylization in "First snows, first springs" performs many functions. First of all, the world becomes more concrete and plastic and the school environment – more colorful. In this way, it can be presented possibly the most believable picture of reality, years 1938–1942.

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