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ŚWIAT WARTOŚCI SENNIKA LUDOWEGO

Author(s): Stanisława Niebrzegowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/1996

In the folk genre of minimal texts which include dream images and their explanations one can find the world of values shared by members of the folk culture. It can be reconstructed by capturing a system of oppositions. In general, something which is alive, young (new, fresh), light (white), clean, fat, ripe, undivided, healthy, dressed, raw and made of metal is explained as something good, or in more concrete terms as life, health, young age, wealth, bumper harvest, mutual understanding, a welcome guest, happiness, joy. On the other hand, what is dead, old (stale), dark (black), dirty, thin, unripe, divided, ill, naked, cooked, or made of paper, is manifested in reality as something bad, more specifically as death, illness, old age, poverty, bad crops, quarrel, an unwelcome guest, unhappiness, sorrow etc. At the top of the “ladder of values” extracted from the genre of minimal texts which include dream images and their explanations one can find practical values, connected with securing the basic existential needs. The analysis of the explanations, then, corroborates the hypothesis that in the centre of the folk model of values there is life and its protection.

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Блискозначне именице 'основа' и 'темељ' и методе њихове семантичке диференцијације

Author(s): Jelena Perišić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 50/2019

The ability of individual lexemes to appear in different contexts, providing variable semantic realization, is often a result of their insufficiently specified semantics, and for this reason they are called semantic underspecified lexemes. Given the fact that the meaning of underspecified lexemes is determined based on the immediate environment in which they appear, collocations are a worthy minimal context to explore their meaning. In this paper we will examine the examples of collocations with lexemes ‘osnova’ and ‘temelj’, in order to determine their meaning, the degree of matching of their semantics and a conceptualization of terms denoted by these nouns. Before proceeding to the study, we will present the results of earlier research on this topic – research of Milka Ivić on semantic underspecification of lexeme thing and the research of Rajna Dragićević of lexeme ‘osnova’. Unlike the Rajna Dragićević who examined semantic underspecification of lexeme ‘osnova’ using a conceptual analysis, in this research we will primarily use collocation method, which is developed in Serbian linguistics by Boris Hlebec. A basic hypothesis is that the results of the use of these methods will coincide to a large extent, and that is an assumption which R. Dragićević states in her study. Corpus research represent collocation with lexemes ‘osnova’ and ‘temelj’, registered in the Corpus of Contemporary Serbian language made at the Faculty of Mathematics in Belgrade.

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Metafore istine u srpskom jeziku

Author(s): Jovana Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 50/2019

This paper discusses the conceptualization of the abstract notion lexicalized as truth in order to establish the conceptual metaphors as mechanisms of comprehension. The research rests on the postulates of the conceptual method, one of the crucial tools for examining meanings in cognitive linguistics. The research is being conducted on the Corpus of contemporary Serbian (SrpKor), from which three hundred different examples of a contextualized lexeme will be extracted, and the functional affiliation of the selected examples will be observed. A statistical analysis will be conducted, which involves insight into the frequency of the conceptual metaphorsʼ source domains. Finally, the elements in the conceptualization of this abstract notion which reveal cultural peculiarities of native speakers will be analyzed.

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Dezvoltarea limbajului: procese cognitive implicate, evaluare şi intervenţii educative

Author(s): Vasile Radu Preda / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2020

The development of language: cognitive processes involved, assessment and educative interventions. This studyis an interdisciplinary approach for development of language and learning strategies, based on theconstructivist theory, linguistic theory and differential pedagogy. For language development is necessary: a) agood assessment of language with psychological procedures, methods and instruments; b) early stimulationsof the linguistic abilities (phonological and phonemic awareness, phonological segmentation, verbal memory)and of oral, reading and writing communication with speech-therapy methods and educative personalizedprograms

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Преформулативни конектори резимирања (сажимања) у француском и српском језику

Author(s): Anđela D. Vasiljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 21/2020

This paper deals with the contrastive analysis of one particular type of reformulative non-paraphrastic connectives in French and Serbian. Given that connectives represent an important phenomenon of both textual cohesion and coherence, we try to identify different values and properties of so-called ”recapitulative” connectives (according to C. Rossari’s classification). First, we propose a theoretical framework about the evolution of transphrastic and textual studies in the past few decades. Our research is based on а qualitative and a contrastive analysis of the examples extracted from the monolingual and parallel corpus of French and Serbian. Moreover, in the central part of the paper, we outline the similarities and differences between morphological and semantic structures of French recapitulative connectives bref, en un mot, en résumé, en somme and their Serbian correspondents. Finally, the main purpose of such work is to provide several possibilities of translation into Serbian of the mentioned connectives, while taking into consideration eventual syntactic, stylistic or pragmatic constraints.

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Bierwiaczonek, Bogusław. 2013. Metonymy in Language, Thought and Brain

Author(s): Mario Brdar / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Review of: Bierwiaczonek, Bogusław. 2013. Metonymy in Language, Thought and Brain. Sheffield: Equinox, pp. iv + 291. ISBN 9781908049346.

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Od znaczenia do konceptu: pragmatyczno-kulturowe aspekty specyfikacji semantycznej

Author(s): Aleksander Kiklewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2020

The author discusses theoretical issues of functional semantics, especially such directions of the contemporary anthropological linguistics as ethnosemantics and cognitive semantics. The diversification of the content of a lexical meaning under the influence of external, mainly pragmatic and cultural, factors is the primary object of interest here. Therefore, the author considers the degree of semantic specification of lexical units at various levels of interpersonal communication: both general and subcultural. As assumed by the contemporary cultural linguistics, a concept is considered to be a category of representation of knowledge encoded in language signs. The author gives arguments in favour of the view that the opposition of the (lexical, general) meaning and concept is gradual and concerns the scope of semantic information encoded in the sign in accordance with adaptive requirements.

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Promoting Urban Digital Culture through Metaphoric Representations

Author(s): Gabriela Andrioai / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2020

Urbanization gradually generated new needs and resources which, in their turn, led to a significant increase in technological innovation. As a consequence, digital transformations marked a radical change in the way people rethink and reorganize today’s society. Such transformations have not only shaped our lives but also influenced our cognitive status. We intuitively conceive and develop new concepts on the basis of metaphor. As a means of cognition, metaphors help us conceptualize things. The visual representations of what we perceive play a very important role in the way we conceptualize one mental domain in terms of another. By linking language to thinking and visual images, cognitive metaphor theory opens up the possibility for metaphor to serve as a vital methodological tool in investigating metaphoric representations.

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Aspects Of Media Presentations On Russians: Yet Another Spy Story In The Media

Author(s): Desislava Cheshmedzhieva-Stoycheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

The paper presents some aspects of media presentations on a particular ethnic group which in the western psyche brings up associations with Socialism, Cold War Era, wealth, as well as of criminals, and last but not least, as the deadliest secret agents. In particular, the paper dwells on the cases of poisoning of Russian ex-spies in the UK as reflected in the media. The focus is on the way a Bulgarian, a British and a Russian newspaper present the case of the attempted murder of Sergey and Yulia Skripal with Novichok in Salisbury paying attention to the main topics put forward in the media discourse on spies. Some of the coverage of the Bulgarian trace, i.e. Emilian Gebrev, in the case is also analysed.Using CDA as the main method of analysis, the paper looks into the language used to present the whole case, the voices that get heard on the case, the focus of presentation of each media discourse along with the effect all these have on the general population. The paper argues that although articles on the topic are mostly informative and familiarize the general public with the life of spies with all its enchantment, setbacks, and negative or positive consequences, they also reveal the ongoing struggle for political dominance between today’s super powers, the existing ethnic/ national and social stereotypes, and finally stir panic, as despite some overt activities the whole activity remains largely clandestine and spies look just like normal people.

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Exploring Smell From A Cognitive Perspective In English And Bulgarian (A Corpus Study)

Author(s): Svetlana Nedelcheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

Perception is universal for human beings but linguists are interested whether it is conceptualized the same way in different languages. The focus of this article is the concept of smell and how it is linguistically coded in English and Bulgarian. Such cross-linguistic meanings have not been systematically investigated when they appear in context. This study is corpus-based to capture, on the one hand, the conceptual organization of smell and, on the other hand, the structure of more abstract concepts. The study applies the cognitive perspective to interpret the conceptual metaphors in the domain of smell. The interplay of senses is used to enhance the “linguistic codability” of perceptions. Smell, which is on the whole understudied, together with touch and taste, offers a wide variety of metaphoric interpretations not only within one language but also across languages. The range of usage that is readily observable in the corpus reveals that this type of data must form the basis for empirically grounded studies of semantics. Moreover, these data suggest that cross-linguistic analogy in polysemous meanings may rely not only on universal cognition, but also on the universal experiences of social interaction.

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Проблемы выявления и анализа межъязыковых параллелей в русской и болгарской юридической терминологии (на материале уголовного законодательства России и Болгарии)

Author(s): Ol’ga Barabash,Antonia Pencheva,Maxim Mitrokhin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2020

The article argues the need for systematization and complex description of formally matching interlanguage correspondences of Slavic and non-Slavic origin, in which at least one lexical unit belongs to the legal terminology of the Russian or Bulgarian language. Identified are the main theoretical and methodological problematic issues associated with the study of this phenomenon, proposed are ways for overcoming them - also using automated methods of processing natural language. The analysis of the formally coincident units, identified in the criminal legislation of Russia and Bulgaria, allows drawing preliminary conclusions about the types of interlanguage parallels in Russian and Bulgarian legal terminology and outlining prospects for their study in future.

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Međusobni utjecaji gramatike, semantike i pragmatike

Author(s): Mirela Omerović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 31/2020

Review of: MIRELA OMEROVIĆ - Ismail Palić, Gramatika, semantika i pragmatika rečenice, Institut za jezik, Sarajevo, 2019

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Jestem z wami sercem i myślami. O sposobach komunikowania empatii w dyskursie (studium przypadku)

Author(s): Marta Helena Falkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The article is a part of a more extensive linguistic project exploring the concept of ‘empathy’ and its exponents in the present-day Polish (Falkowska 2012, 2017, 2018). The analysis is based on a corpus compiled out of Polish media texts concerning the tragic Nanga Parbat expedition (January 2018). Selected Internet posts and social media comments have also been included. I focus on empathy understood along the lines set by Kuno (1987), i.e. the speaker’s identification with one of the scene’s participants, and I aim at depicting the linguistic means that are applied in order to communicate the speaker’s empathy towards a scene participant. The study employs Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar model (1987, 2009) and the cognitive discourse analysis framework (Hart 2014), with special reference to the notions of empathy, empathy hierarchy and point of view.

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Gatunek mowy:

Author(s): Przemysław Łozowski,Marta Wójcicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

Artykuł stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na postawione w tytule pytanie. Puntem wyjścia jest przegląd językoznawczych koncepcji gatunku mowy o nachyleniu strukturalnym, funkcjonalnym, wreszcie kognitywnym oraz próba odniesienia kognitywnej koncepcji prototypu Ronalda Langackera do wyżej wymienionych ujęć wyrosłych na gruncie polskiej tekstologii. Jako egzemplifikacja analizowanych koncepcji gatunku służą dwie współczesne wersje o Kopciuszku. Na ich przykładzie autorzy starają się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, dlaczego należą do gatunku bajki w świetle przywoływanych koncepcji oraz co nowego, w zakresie genologii, przynieść może aplikacja koncepcji Ronalda Langackera. // The article revolves around the title question, starting with a brief overview of the major accounts of what the speech genre can possibly be in structurally, functionally-, and, finally, cognitively-oriented accounts. The latter are identified specifically with Ronald Langacker’s understanding of the prototype, and are here related/compared to the conceptions in selected Polish genre studies. The material basis and the source of exemplification are found in two modern versions of the Cinderella story. The main bulk of argumentation has to do with the research question of why, how, and to what extent these two modern versions can still be considered a Cinderella tale in the light of the respective accounts, and what new perspectives Langacker’s conception of the prototype can bring if applied to speech genre studies.

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„Coming out” czyli „wychodzenie z szafy”:

Author(s): Anna Wyrwa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

Artykuł przedstawia analizę porównawczą językowych obrazów świata „wyłaniających” się z polskich i angielskich tekstów prasowych relacjonujących coming out polskiego księdza. Wykorzystany tu model językowego obrazu świata wg Jamesa Underhilla (np. 2011) zakłada wielowymiarowość tego zjawiska, obejmującego nie tylko zakodowany w systemie danego języka sposób postrzegania i konceptualizowania rzeczywistości, ale także wymiary osobisty, ideologiczny i związany z perspektywą mówiącego. Analiza tekstów na ww. temat w odniesieniu do tych właśnie wymiarów pozwala określić, na ile wyłaniające się z nich obrazy są do siebie podobne, a na ile różne. Zebrane artykuły prasowe traktują o tym samym wydarzeniu, ale ponieważ powstały w dwóch różnych kontekstach kulturowych, należy spodziewać się odmiennych oglądów sytuacji. Analiza porównawcza rzuca światło na istotę tych różnic oraz prowadzi do refleksji nad ich uwarunkowaniami. // The article presents an analysis of linguistic worldviews emerging from the Polish and English press articles reporting on the coming out of a Polish priest. James Underhill’s (2012) model of the linguistic worldview used for the analysis assumes multidimensionality of this phenomenon that embraces not only the dimensions of world-perceiving and world-conceiving encoded in language systems but also the dimensions of personal world, cultural mindset and the perspective of the speaker. The analysis of the press articles in relation to these dimensions reveals similarities and differences between the linguistic worldviews emerging from the articles. The newspaper articles collected for the analysis deal with the same event but because they have been created in two different cultural contexts, a different view of the world should be expected. The comparative analysis sheds light on the nature of these differences and reflects on their circumstances.

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Komunikacja a Teoria Modeli Relacyjnych

Author(s): Jerzy Świątek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Artykuł podejmuje kwestię roli modeli poznawczych czy też ram doświadczeniowych wkomunikacji, a szczególnie w dyskursie perswazyjnym. Jedną z takich ram są modele relacyjneopisujące uniwersalne mechanizmy podejmowania decyzji społecznych. Ponieważ modelerelacyjne odnoszą się do ostatecznych kryteriów podejmowania wszelkich decyzji, są one alboimplicytnie przyjmowane przez uczestników aktów komunikacyjnych albo też są negocjowane.Jeżeli zaś nie są one negocjowane, a uczestnicy aktu komunikacyjnego prowadzą dyskurs wramach różnych modeli relacyjnych to perswazja zasadniczo nie jest możliwa. // The article focuses on experiential frames of reference and cognitive models that serve as abasis for communication. In particular, the author points out that the so called relational modelsare an indispensable frame of reference in persuasive discourse. For persuasive discourse to besuccessful the participants must either implicitly assume a shared model or negotiate it. Thenegotiation, usually in the form of metacommunication, is a necessary prerequisite for positiveor expected outcomes. Otherwise, if participants fail to negotiate a model, they actually talk atcross-purposes, sometimes even without realizing it.

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Konsiliencja, czyli o porozumieniu między naukami w trzecim tysiącleciu

Author(s): Elżbieta Chrzanowska-Kluczewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1&2/2016

Konsiliencja (termin wywodzący się z logiki indukcyjnej a „zmodernizowany” w latach 1990-tych przez E. O. Wilsona, twórcę socjobiologii) odnosi się do odwiecznego marzenialudzkości o unifikacji wiedzy z wszelkich dziedzin – od nauk ścisłych, poprzez naukispołeczno-ekonomiczne, aż do humanistyki a nawet sztuk wizualnych. Jest to poszukiwaniewspólnego systemu dla całokształtu wiedzy ludzkiej, oparte na wierze w jedność natury iuporządkowanie świata. We współczesnej nauce znalazło odzwierciedlenie w Ogólnej TeoriiSystemów, naukach hybrydycznych i studiach interdyscyplinarnych. Autorka dowodzi, żemetodologiczne poszukiwania współczesnego językoznawstwa, które zajmuje miejscecentralne w stosunku do wielu nauk, mogą wskazać nam drogę ku konsiliencji poprzezposzukiwanie kategorii o wielkiej ogólności (konieczność kontra przypadkowość, modelmatematyczny kontra model niematematyczny, struktura gry, itp.). Ostatecznie konsiliencjajest pytaniem o możliwość wypracowania wspólnego języka i wspólnej problematyki dlanaukowców w obliczu postępującej wąskiej specjalizacji i szczegółowości w badaniach. // Consilience (the term originating in inductive logic and “modernized” in the 1990s by E. O.Wilson, the creator of sociobiology) refers to the age-long dream of humanity that one day all branches of learning will see their unification – from the sciences, through social and economic studies, to humanities and even visual arts. Thus, consilience is a search for a common system that would underlie the totality of human knowledge, rooted in the belief in the unity of nature and orderliness of our universe. It has found its reflection in the General Systems Theory, hybrid disciplines and interdisciplinary studies. The author argues that the methodological quests of modern linguistics, which occupies a central position in relation to several disciplines, can direct us towards reaching consilience by focusing on categories and concepts of great generality (necessity vs. contingency, mathematical vs. non-mathematical modelling, the structure of game, etc.). Ultimately, consilience raises a question as to the feasibility of working out a common language and a common set of problems for all scholars and scientists despite the progressing narrowness of specialization and minuteness of research.

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Faces of Contemporary Cognitivism

Author(s): Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 1&2/2016

The paper focuses on a comparison of the concepts of language and language studies as presented in contemporary cognitivism and expounded by Ronald Langacker, George Lakoff and Charles Fillmore in their versions of Cognitive Grammar on the one hand and by Noam Chomsky in his Minimalism Program on the other. The theoretical concepts and hypotheses that are discussed relate to the concept of modelling and the locus of linguistic meaning, place of intentionality in the philosophy of language and linguistic theory, the nature of language and cognitive abilities as well as the proper theme of linguistic inquiry. The status of public(shared) language and the position of meaning and semantic theories in linguistic description are dealt with in the next part. Problems evolving from those diverse views on language such as verifiability on the one hand and the methodological constraint on the other conclude the discussion. Referred to are also the generative as opposed to cognitive models of language acquisition and, consequently, diverse methodologies as used by scholars of these persuasions.Conclusions show those aspects of Chomsky’s generativism and Cognitive Linguistics that seem incompatible and those that can be perceived as converging.

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Dzieje innych miłości, czyli o nieprzekładalności bezwzględnej w tekstach o wartościach w sztuce

Author(s): Teresa Bałuk-Ulewiczowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1&2/2016

Autorka stawia pytanie o nieprzekładalność „absolutną”, czyli o to, co nie dociera do obcojęzycznego odbiorcy translacji. Na podstawie albumu o zabytkach kultury polskiej przechowywanych w Bibliotece Narodowej w Warszawie, w wersji angielskiej tłumaczonej z polskiego oryginału i mogącej służyć za wzór znakomitego przekładu, ukazuje, jak teksty odnoszące się do sztuki narodowej mogą zawierać takie pułapki dla tłumacza. Mimo doskonałego wykonania przekładu, u docelowego odbiorcy z innego kręgu kulturowego tłumaczenie nie wywołuje tych samych reakcji na specyficzne, inherentne wartości tekstu pierwotnego, doznawanych przez czytelników należących do społeczności kulturowej tekstu wyjściowego. // The author asks whether there is such a thing as “absolute” untranslatability. In other words, do situations occur in which the full translatability of a text is prevented no matter how good the translation and how skilful the translator? She examines the English translation of a volume on national heirlooms, items of Polish heritage preserved in the National Library in Warsaw. This translation may be regarded as a benchmark for quality, yet it turns out that recipients not belonging to the Polish cultural milieu will not be able to respond emotionally in the same way as natives to the cultural values inherent in the original text.

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Morfološke pogreške u diskursu djece s PJT

Author(s): Diana Arapović,Maja Anđel / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2003

The notion of Specific Language Impairment (SLI) refers to children whose language skills are in disproportion with their chronological age and their non-verbal skills, for unknown reasons and in any (one or more) part of their linguistic development (Bishop, Adams I99I ). SLI children may have phonological and pragmatic language difficulties, but the most affected part of grammar in SLI children seems to be morphosyntactic. Morphology is the part of the language in which the grammar of a language system becomes clearly perceptible, therefore it is especially important when we try to assess the level of language skills. In this paper we have tried to present the level of morphology acquisition in children with SLI, taking into consideration the morphological complexity of the Croatian language. We have examined morphological errors in 5 I children with SLI, age from 4,2 to 8. Our results show that most errors appear, in categories of inflexion and congruency, i.e. inappropriate case endings for nouns, auxiliary omissions for verbs and morphological incompatibility of noun+adjective combinations. These results suggest that children with SLI are not able to communicate the contents of information and accomplish its correct grammatical form at the same time.

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