THE DICHOTOMY IMPLICIT / EXPLICIT LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE IN THE CONTEXT OF SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING

Author(s): Mariana Gotseva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The article looks into the dichotomy implicit/explicit learning and knowledge in the context of learning English as a second or foreign language, strongly influenced by the findings of experimental and cognitive psychology studies. The dichotomy originated in cognitive psychology, which differentiates between implicit and explicit learning and treats them as distinct processes, related to separate memory systems. Human beings do certain things, such as walking or making simple utterances in their mother tongue, with little insight into the nature of the processes involved, i.e. they are learned implicitly, just like birds learn to fly. Other abilities, such as calculating, playing chess or using a computer, depend on knowing how to do them, i.e. they are learned explicitly. Both cognitive psychology and language learning studies have been trying to work out what aspects of L2 can be learned implicitly and what mechanisms of explicit learning are available to learners. Second Language Acquisition (SLA) researchers, in their turn, have focused on the identification of the processes involved in the two types of learning, the ways in which they could be manipulated through instruction, and the type of knowledge resulting from these processes. The article also reviews how the dichotomy has been treated and interpreted by various fields of study, in an attempt to clarify its meaning and application to research in second language acquisition.

Децата знаят и разбират повече, отколкото могат да кажат (интервю с проф. Мила Вълчанова)

Author(s): Maya Padeshka / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

Перформативи и метаконстативи

Author(s): Atanas Anov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

Studying speech acts is an interesting method in the study of language. This article adopts J. L. Austin’s understanding of speech acts and it aims to present his ideas for performatives and to introduce new notion “meta-constatives”. To accomplish this goal first we will briefly introduce analytic philosophy’s context, with which we can explicate philosophy of ordinary language, speech acts and in particular performatives. In the second part of the article meta-constatives will be presented. The later are utterances, with which we can show how things in the world must be. In the second part of the article we will also turn our attention towards imperative sentences, through which we build meta-constatives. Also, a relation between performatives and meta-constatives will be created. Finally, the article points out differences between meta-constatives and imperatives.

“Everyone Says I-Love-You” An Analysis of the Declaration of Love

Author(s): Rafał Nahirny / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Ludwig Wittgenstein’s and John L. Austin’s studies have offered a new concept of language. Should one, in the light of The Philosophical Investigations and How to Do Things With Words, limit himself or herself exclusively to investigating the manner in which feelings are spoken about, whilst remaining tacit as to the very nature of feelings? Can love be talked about using the language of analytic philosophy? The Author’s quest is one forgiving replies to those queries; to this particular end, declaration of love is made subject to detailed analysis from the standpoint of Wittgenstein’s concept of linguistic games and Austin’s speech act theory.

Styl jako praktyka i forma pamięci zbiorowej

Author(s): Marta Wójcicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Przedmiotem artykułu są relacje między stylem językowym a pamięcią zbiorową. Styl,ujmowany semiotycznie i antropologicznie, stanowi jedną z form pamięci zbiorowej, obok typutekstu kultury, odmiany, a także gatunku tekstu. Styl jest wyrazem, świadectwem przeszłości.Ze stylu indywidualnego, np. uznanych pisarzy, odczytać można ich obraz rzeczywistości, wtym także przeszłości. Styl jest więc nośnikiem zarówno pamięci indywidualnej danego pisarza,jak też świadectwem przeszłości, w której żył i tworzył. Style typowe stanowią lustroodzwierciedlające właściwe dla danej epoki konwencje wyrażania. Styl przechowuje więcobraz przeszłości, indywidualnej i zbiorowej, jest środkiem dotarcia do niej oraz sposobemwyrażania przeszłości oraz mówienia o przeszłości i jej niewerbalnych nośnikachwspółcześnie. Styl funkcjonalny ukazano więc jako praktykę oraz formę pamięci zbiorowej:komunikatywnej lub kulturowej. Styl potoczny stanowi praktykę wcielania, podczas gdypozostałe style funkcjonalne są praktykami zapisu. Pamięć komunikatywna przekazywana jestprzez środki i wartości typowe dla stylu potocznego, pamięć kulturowa związana jestpraktycznie ze wszystkimi stylami funkcjonalnymi, w zależności od treści pamięci. // The subject of the article are relations between a language style and collective memory. Thestyle, semiotically and anthropologically presented, is one of the forms of collective memoryalong with a type of culture text, variety and text genre as well. On the one hand, the style isan expression, evidence of the past. From an individual style of e.g. recognized writers one caninterpret their image of reality, including also the past. Thus the style is a means of conveyingboth individual memory of a particular author and evidence of the past he used to live in andcreate. Typical styles are the mirrors reflecting conventions of expression appropriate for agiven period. Thus, the style stores the image of the past, individual and collective, and is ameans of reaching it, a way of expressing and talking about it, including its contemporary nonverbal means. Thus, a functional style has been presented as practice and the form ofcollective memory: communicative or cultural. A colloquial style is the practice ofincorporating, whereas other functional styles are practices of recording. Communicativememory is conveyed by means and values typical for the colloquial style, while cultural memoryis practically associated with all functional styles, depending on the contents of memory.

Lingwista wobec języka uczuć

Author(s): Elżbieta Laskowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1&2/2016

Celem referatu jest zebranie dotychczasowych sposobów rozumienia zagadnienia języka uczućprzez lingwistów oraz zaproponowanie sposobu opisu języka uczuć. Zagadnienie to byłoprzedmiotem zainteresowania takich badaczy jak Wierzbicka, Grabias, Nowakowska-Kempna,Awdiejew, Habrajska, Pajdzińska, Data. Biorąc pod uwagę poziomy języka, uwzględniane wgramatyce komunikacyjnej, autorka rozważa zjawiska nazywanie uczuć oraz ich wyrażania.Nazywanie mieści się na poziomie ideacyjnym, Wyrażanie – na poziomie interakcyjnym.Badając wypowiedzi pod względem języka uczuć, zauważyć można, że nie zawsze łatwo jestwskazać granicę między wymienionymi poziomami. Trudności te związane są przede wszystkimz dwiema kwestiami. Pierwsza z nich polega na wykorzystaniu nazw uczuć do ich wyrażania,mamy wtedy do czynienia z wyrażaniem uczuć za pomocą ich nazywania. Druga kwestia toemotywne nacechowania nazw uczuć albo też emotywne nazywanie reakcji mogącychświadczyć o uczuciu. Analiza wypowiedzi, zawierających nazywanie i wyrażanie uczućdowodzi, że w różnych odmianach języka omawiane zjawisko występuje w bardzo różnychzakresach i przejawia się bardzo zróżnicowanymi środkami językowymi). // The goal of the paper is collecting hitherto existing ways of understanding the concept of the language of feelings by linguists and suggesting a way of describing the language of feelings.This question was the subject interest of such researchers as Wierzbicka, Grabias,Nowakowska-Kempna, Awdiejew, Habrajska, Pajdzińska, and Data. Taking into account the levels of a language, included in communication grammar, the author considers naming of feelings and expressing them. The naming is contained in the ideation level, the expressing –in the interaction level. Examining utterances with reference to the language of feelings one can notice that it is not easy to show a borderline between the mentioned levels. The difficulties are mainly connected with two questions. The first one consists in using the names of feelings for expressing them, in which the feelings are expressed by naming them. The second question is the emotive marking of the names of feelings or emotive naming of reactions which can manifest the feeling. The analysis the utterances including naming and expressing feelings proves that the phenomenon in question occurs in various scopes and manifest in diverse means of language.

Interferența paradigmei și modelului de învățare pentru formarea competențelor de comprehensiune

Author(s): Marcel Bâlici,Nadejda Bâlici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

The research tries to highlight the confluences between the constructivist paradigm of the learning process cantered on construction/ deconstruction and the reconstruction of the mental representations with the help of the cognitive components, as well as the learning model based on the ACISSI conceptual structure. The terminological delineation of the ACISSI acronym (algorithms for configuration and integration/ insertion of stratified structures of learning/ understanding) will be clarified from the perspective of the application of the concept of system of contents, through a strategic didactical architecture to the symbiosis created by the integrative vision: learning paradigm/ learning model/ valorisation of the formative attributes of the content systems, starting from the ACISSI concept and highlighting the role of motivational blocks in coherence with the principles and criteria for the application of the methodological set. At the same time, the paper will clarify the aspects related to the use of other types of texts than the colloquial/ functional, artistic and the criteria for the selection and adaptation of these texts. A key element of this research is represented by the description of the model circumscribed to the track of the comprehension competence, from the perspective of the stages of the learning units: acquisition – development of a basis of cognitive components, at the level of exploration of the knowledge resources.; Introspection – acquisition of the different aspects of knowledge; Modification – overall vision on the studied resources, and themed elaboration of a cognitive project; Presentation of the results – integration of the learning model in the community reality.

УПОТРЕБИ НА ПАРЕМИИ В СЪВРЕМЕННИТЕ МЕДИИ

Author(s): Vladimir Penchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 22/2023

The article focuses on the uses of folk paremiology in the modern Internet space. Special attention is paid to the role of proverbs and sayings and their place in news, commentary discourse, as well as in entertainment programs. The author examines a specific proverb and its functions in a modern context by juxtaposing traditional and current manifestations of folklore.

СРЕДСТВА ПАРАЈЕЗИЧКЕ ЕКСПРЕСИВНОСТИ У ПИСАНОМ ДИСКУРСУ: АНАЛИЗА ПРИМЕРА У "DEJAME QUE TE CUENTE…" ХОРХЕА БУКАЈА

Author(s): Gorana Zečević Krneta / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 79/2022

En este trabajo se analiza la presencia y modos de manifestación del paralenguaje en Déjame que te cuente... del escritor y psiquiatra argentino Jorge Bucay. Tres son las razones que nos llevaron a elegir este libro: el título del libro lleva puntos suspensivos que llegan a ser uno de los pilares de la expresividad artística; luego, es una obra llena de diálogos que refleja en papel la estructura típica del discurso oral; y la tercera razón, el autor, además de ser escritor, es un médico psiquiatra y psicoterapeuta, lo que implica una mayor capacidad de matizar la narración con medios no verbales. Bucay utiliza todos los recursos disponibles para diversificar su expresión y hacer reflexionar al lector. Esta intención del narrador se ve ejemplificada a través de muchos elementos paralingüísticos, comunicativamente relevantes. En nuestro análisis partimos de las clasificacones elaboradas por Poyatos (1998, 2002a, 2002б), Antúnez Pérez (2005, 2006) y Panić Cerovski (2017), pero hacemos notar que algunos parámet- ros del análisis deben ser reconsiderados de acuerdo con el canal comunicativo al que pertenecen. Establecida la diferencia entre el tipo visual y el auditivo de los medios de expresividad paralingüística, los resultados del análisis sacan a luz diferentes elementos de tipo visual, entre los cuales destacan los elementos tipográficos y la organización espacial del texto. Los signos de puntuación, interjecciones y vocalizaciones representan las transcripciones de los parámetros auditivos, conque se consideran como elementos paralingüísticos de tipo auditivo. El silencio como ausencia del sonido se manifiesta en la obra tanto al nivel paralingüístico (puntos suspensivos) como al nivel lingüístico (el sustantivo silencio). Se toman en consideración también las descripciones ver- bales que, pese a su realización verbal en la obra, tienen una función primariamente paralingüística gracias a la relación que se establece entre el signo y lo designado.

ИДЕОЛОШКА (ЗЛО)УПОТРЕБА ЈЕЗИКА: ЈЕЗИЧКО-СТИЛСКА АНАЛИЗА ПОЛИТИЧКИХ СЛОГАНА

Author(s): Marija Ž. Nenadić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 79/2022

The paper provides a linguistic analysis of political slogans. The corpus material includes political slogans of this year‘s general elections held on April 3, 2022. The aforementioned syntactic constructions are classified into two categories– slogans with a predicate constituent and slogans without a predicate constituent. Using qualitative methodology, we endeavor to provide a thorough description of excerpted linguistic units in order to determine their stylistic and pragmatic potential. The analysis concludes that the dominant feature of these linguistic expressions are stylistic figures of repetition – alliteration, assonance, and consonance – but in some instances, other marketing strategies have been implemented that contribute to the retention of statements. Nevertheless, we suggest that interviewing native speakers would provide a better insight into the pragmatic nature of the examined material.

METHODS OF RESEARCH OF THE PERSUASIVE DISCOURSE APPLIED IN SOCIAL CRISIS SITUATIONS

Author(s): Viorica Lifari,Stella Grama / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2023

The present paper explores the cognitive side of persuasive discourse and the role of power in it. The main purpose of the article is to put into discussion various models of Critical Discourse Analysis which were formulated by linguists from the domain and to present a general picture of methods that refer to discourse analysis. We focus on the inter-disciplinary aspect of the discourse analysis which covers different perspectives: linguistic, cognitive and socio-linguistic. Also, we emphasize the similarities and the differences between different branches of discourse analysis such as critical linguistics, the historical approach of discourse analysis and the cognitive one. By synthesising and comparing these methods we aim at developing a comprehensive and integrate model of discourse analysis, which will reflect the interaction between discourse, cognition and the social context.

L’INTERROGATION DANS LE DISCOURS DE LA BANDE DESSINÉE : VALEURS LINGUISTIQUES ET ÉNONCIATIVES

Author(s): Lamiae Slaoui / Language(s): French Issue: XVI/2024

This article deals with the values of questioning in comics discourse. The term “value”, which has a linguistic character, manifests itself in the form of particular, linguistic and enunciative aspects, which gives to the said discourse a meaning and guides its interpretation. In many cases relating to this type of discourse, linguistic processes support its content. In this respect, we evoke linguistic functioning where questioning is both a linguistic process and a marker of a dynamic situation which governs the understanding of the reactions and emotions of the characters. Just as the notion of subjectivity and modality is essential since it stimulates more reflection on the field of pragmatics, and in no way exempts the urgency of analyzing the questions as speech acts. This is why it is supposed to study the functions of questioning, which have gone beyond linguistics to arrive at the field of didactics, hence the need to stop at the means which govern the functioning of this type of speech.

ЗА НАЧИНА НА САМООПРЕДЕЛЯНЕ НА „НАШЕНЦИТЕ“ В ОБЛАСТТА СРЕДСКА ЖУПА, Р. КОСОВО

Author(s): Iliyana Garavalova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The article is interpreting the problem about the way of self-distinction of the Bulgarian minority in the area Sredska Jupa, located on the territory of Kosovo Republic. It is well preserved due to the mountain terrain and the natural isolation of the region and its origin leads back to the years of pros-perity of the First and the Second Bulgarian kingdom. The interest, which the language of the people from the region inflicts, is due to not only the compilation of archaic signs with modern tendencies in the development of the Bulgarian language, but with the possibility that through its research to be outlined the western border of the Bulgarian linguistic area too. The research is based fully on new linguistic material, collected on place during seven years while conducting courses of Bulgarian language, History and Literature for the candidate students from the area.

Свободните словесни асоциации и тяхната (не)достатъчност при изследването на менталния лексикон

Author(s): Velka Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The present paper makes an attempt to analyze cognitively certain types of free verbal associations. It further dwells on the issue of their IN / EFFiciency viewed as an empirical basis in the vocabulary research in Bulgarian language ontogenesis domain. The paper particularly focuses on 9 associative articles taken from the Associative dictionary of 100 Bulgarian children at the age of 5-6 [Popova 2000] and from BULGARIAN NORMS IN VERBAL ASSOCIATIONS (BNVA) [Gerganov 1987].

Рецензия на книгата на: Стефка Петкова-Калева „Феноменология на празното в езика и речта (върху материал от българския и руския език). Избрани трудове.“ Шумен: УИ „Епископ Константин Преславски“, 2024. 177 с.

Author(s): Velka Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

In memoriam Стефка Янчева Петкова-Калева (1961-2023)

Author(s): Irena Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

Bohemizmy czy latynizmy? Jak potwierdzać lub wykluczać pośrednictwo przy zapożyczeniach

Author(s): Jan Jakub German / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2024

The paper focuses on Old Polish loanwords of Latin origin connected to religious terminology. Many works on this topic assume that most of these loanwords were borrowed via Czech mediation. However, in recent years, the thesis about the Czech origin of Polish Christianity has been disputed. In this paper I discuss the types of arguments that can be used to confirm or exclude the possibility of Czech mediation for the discussed loanwords: phonetic, morphological, semantic, orthographic, chronological, and extralinguistic arguments. Each type of argument is described, followed by examples from the Old Polish material and evaluated (ex. gr. the phonetic argumentation is generally more useful and compelling than orthographical). In the conclusions I point out the difficulties concerning the study on the possible Czech mediation (relatinization, similarity between Old Czech and Old Polish), and I give examples of loans where mediation can neither be ruled out nor confirmed using any of the arguments mentioned in the article.

AN ATTEMPT AT OBJECTIFYING THE TWOFOLD NATURE OF THE EGO SELF RELATIONSHIP IN TOPÂRCEANU’S POETRY

Author(s): Clementina Alexandra Mihăilescu,Stela Pleșa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

George Topârceanu’s poetry is a good opportunity for studying the twofold nature of the human being, offering a double opening: towards his sensitive soul and towards language. The poet’s sensitivity reverberates in his way of approaching the twofold nature of the human being that oscillates between the rational ego and the authentic self with its psychotraumatic experiences. As concerns the language employed to tackle human issues, it demonstrates the ability of the poet to choose simple, expressive words and adequate linguistic patterns through which every passionate reader could develop expressive abiltities to render his authentic spiritual experiences. Gaston Bachelard and Liviu Rusu represent the instruments for analyzing the poems entitled The Inferno and The Traveller’s Ballad.

JOSÉ SARAMAGO, BLINDNESS

Author(s): Ramona Buruiană / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

The dystopian novel Blindness (1995) is a parable about humanity, about finding the lost meaning. The writer subjects the individual to a process of returning to himself, by suppressing a sense. Put into this exercise of survival, man rediscovers his ephemeral condition in the deepest scatological zone, redefining himself morally and spiritually. Thus, the epidemic of “white evil” manages to rehabilitate the social function of people, subordinate to each other through this infirmity. The free, nonconformist style, suitable for observing sordid reality, invites meditation on existence, and the aesthetic value resides precisely in the provocation of the loss and rediscovery of the Self in the encounter with the Other.

PRAGMATICS IN FOOD ADVERTISING

Author(s): Andreea DINU / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

Pragmatics has a very important role in understanding how advertising texts communicate and persuade beyond explicit messages. This paper investigates the frequently used strategies in food advertisements to influence the consumer's behavior and fasten decision-making processes. Through a qualitative approach, the current paper analyzes a diverse corpus of digital media food advertising texts. Implicature, presupposition, deixis, speech acts, and relevance are identified and analyzed by highlighting how these strategies create emotional responses, reinforce cultural values, and establish common assumptions between advertisers and consumers.This research proves that implicature is generally used in suggesting benefits and qualities that are not directly stated; presuppositions deepen the assumption about the health advantages or the quality offered by a product without claiming it. Deictic expressions and speech acts create personal relevance and psychological closeness through commands and invitations. Relevance theory shows how advertisers optimize the communicative impact. The study contributes to pragmatics, advertising, and consumer behavior by explaining how pragmatic strategies operate as powerful tools.