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The system changes undertaken in Poland, and introduced by the pension reform(1999), violated the fundamental values of the pension system, such as the system stability, its predictability, protection against the risk of poverty in old age, and even the certainty of receiving your benefit. The changes affected in particular the young generation of the Poles who, being threatened with high and persistent unemployment and insecure employment, have lost the ability to raise capital for the old age pension for a large part of their career. This betrayed the young people’s trust in the state, its institutions, structures and rules. More and more often young people do not see any sense in the existence of the public pension system. The loss of trust in the country makes it difficult to build social capital for strengthening social bonds and the formation of citizenship, whereas it is conducive to making decisions about economic emigration.
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The author of the paper addresses the issues of social aspects of transformations of work associated with the requirements of a flexible labor market. The phenomenon of flexible employment was analyzed in relation to the employees’ needs concerning the balance between the professional and personal spheres. Particular attention was paid to the issue of the entering the labor market by a new Generation Y. The first part presents the theoretical basis of the analyzed issues based on literature. The main part of the article was devoted to the presentation of the results of the author’s own research. The collected empirical material relates mainly to the issues such as flexible employment, characteristics of a flexible employee, the need of balancing professional and personal life.
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The main purpose of the article is to reconstruct scientific meaning of the term ofcrisis. The text begins with a short reference to the latest financial breakdown of 2008. Because of the collapse of Lehman Brothers Bank, since October 2008 the term crisis has been widely used in public and academic discourse. In recent years, research into economical collapse has become very popular. The addressed issue is a part of many scientific books and scholar analysis. Simultaneously, the term of crisis is often used in everyday life – as a general idea of crash and devastation. Despite its popularity, the phrase ‘crisis’ is indefinite. Therefore providing an academic definition of this phenomenon presents the major difficulty. To solve this problem, several accredited theoretical points of view on crisis may be synthesized.
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The principal aim of the herein paper is to describe selected consumer competencesand the degree of their occurrence among young consumers. The achievement of the assumed goal was possible thanks to the application of the method of critical analysis of the national and international literary sources relating to consumer competences and the methods of quantitative analysis. As a result of theoretical analysis, the significance of consumer competences was illustrated in terms of fulfilling the role of a consumer in contemporary society. In turn, the results of empirical research were aimed at assessing the scope of consumer competences demonstrated by young consumers. This referred to the competences associated with sustainable consumption, the utilization of consumer goods in the process of image creation, their utilization as an attribute of a given social position, and adjusting the patterns of consumption to the consumer goods available in the market offer. What is the practical implication of the carried out research is the emphasis on the necessity to take into account the shaping of consumer competences in consumer education.
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The main focus of the analysis carried out in this article is the relationship between a voter and a consumer as a political actor, which is only one of many elements of the process of political communication. The application of marketing techniques while recruiting political decision makers, like all techniques of persuasion, is thought to be of the interest of the sociology of politics in general, and the sociology of political behavior in particular. The issue of voter as a consumer of political communication should primarily be considered as the influence of persuasion, or unfortunately sometimes even more or less sophisticated manipulation, on the political behaviour of citizens. While studying political phenomena, sociology must not be restricted to the analysis of social structures, the organization of political parties and the professionalization of politics, but shall also make a direct reference to a real social behaviour. Electoral behaviours are subject to sociological, psychological and economical research.
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Socio-economic changes in contemporary Polish society, including changes in themedia market after 1989, contributed to a lot of changes in the field of behavioural patterns typical of women presented in the pages of women’s magazines, and consequently in the sphere of women’s consumer behaviour. Western consumption patterns spread on the majority of inhabitants of the cities, especially young women who were involved in the process of socialization in the years after 1989. The article presents the main social roles of women (including stereotypes of social roles) presented in women’s magazines and their relationship with the consumption behaviour of women. Modern consumer society offers the possibility of creating one’s own identity and fulfilling social roles through the sphere of consumption, which is reflected in the magazines for women.
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The development of digital technology and new forms of not hierarchical, networked communication at the turn of the 20th century induced sociologists and cultural theorists to announcing the declining of social space, both in terms of the geographical and axiological dimensions, due to the creation of new, independent social movements. The global free culture movement, involving both the creation of free software and free sharing of knowledge and information, has become one of these global movements. The author of the publication presents the processes of institutionalization occurring in the projects of the Wikimedia Foundation, co-organized in the framework of the free culture movement. These processes on the one hand lead to the relative closing up of the members of groups belonging to regional cultures, especially those who speak the same language, on the other hand to encouraging interregional cooperation. Common enterprises undertaken by partners from East-Central Europe are not only contribution to the free culture movement, but may also point to emphasizing the common identity of prosumers of post-socialist societies.
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The article deals with the role of fully conspiratorial information relevant for thefunctioning of institutions related to security. What is the subject of discussion is prioritiesfor information classification, and types of confidential information and secrets. The role of information classification may be defined as, on the one hand, a tool to achieve organizational objectives, and on the other hand, a specific modulator of communication that cannot be based only on the publicness and total ‘transparency’ of the organization.
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This paper examines the semi-strong form of efficiency of theNigerian capital market. Such examination is made in the context of whether information impounded in previous stock prices reflect current prices through the input and output index. Data for the study were from secondary sources and it spanned from 2005-2013. The population for this study encompasses all the companies that traded in the period of January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2013. All these companies are ranked according to their capitalization and a random sampling technique was employed to select the companies that have the capitalization values above the average value. Thus, about 80 companies qualified for this sample size. The study made use of transfer function model to estimate the market index which is represented by the output index and the computed selected securities represented by the input index which is tantamount to published information. Findings from the paper showed that publicly published information captured by the input index commands significant effect on the stock market represented by the output index hence making the Nigerian stock market to be semi-strong inefficient.
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This paper presents an analysis of the Indian management concepts in view of the changing world order while establishing their inter relatedness with the theories and practices developed in the West. Being followed by the leaders and entrepreneurs of the country right since the Vedic ages, the ancient Indians had developed their own management systems with the help of which they successfully carried out their business affairs. It is the hypothesis that the practices thus cultured and the concepts thus evolved, are relevant across the boundaries of time and space, and shall be immensely helpful for the organizations of the west as well. In this paper they have examined the organizational and other managerial skills in the works of spiritual- social reformers and other political leaders fromIndia. The Indian perspective on management is based on the Purushartha (a key concept and denotes the four proper aims of a human life). It was the base model of management in ancient time which has been followed by management thinkers and leaders of India.
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Property tax valuation and assessment for low-income housingremain a challenge for real estate assessors, developers, property managers, andlocal governments. This paper reported the research findings on the use of valuationmethods for real estate tax abatement in low-income properties gathered fromreal data. Based on data from income statements and balance sheets of client’sproperties, valuation models for low-income housing versus market-price housingwere proposed and the major variances were compared. From the examination ofthe major valuation methods used by states and localities, evidence was found toexplain 1) How the fair market value method failed to apply to the tax assessmentin Massachusetts that requires market-price value for property assessment purpose,and 2) why the income approach is pre-ferred in the asset valuation of low incomehousing. The findings showed the effectiveness of income approach in the absenceof statutory mandates in the State of Massachusetts where a disparate body ofcase law is used. The paper shined light on valuing real estate encumbered withrestrictions for assessment purposes, especially for properties vulnerable to changes in property taxes. It further suggested the need for a legislative resolution for clarity and consistency in valuation of low income housing.
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The SMEs (Small and Medium-sized enterprises) are an essentialcomponent of the world’s economy. They represent more than 95% of the globalexisting companies and they largely contribute to the jobs creation inside manycountries. In Morocco for example, the SMEs represent the large majority of activecompanies in the market (95%) and contribute to 40% of private investments andto 30% of exportations.The aim of this paper is to perform a systematic and recent literature review todetermine the different theories of the internationalization of SMEs. The selectedtheories are treated from three major perspectives (traditional perspective, network perspective and emergent perspective).In addition, this paper discusses the Moroccan recent politic of integration in Africaand the eventual adhesion of the country to the Economic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS). This adhesion will offer more opportunities to theMoroccan SMEs in West Africa.
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Economic activity is kept stable by means of explicit and implicit contracts. These contracts, in turn, carry the confidence of economic decision makers as far into the future as the free market will trust them. A change in the trust of an implicit contract leads to a decline in economic activity; if that decline, while unexpected, is manageable, the resulting macroeconomic downturn will be a recession. If, on the other hand, the negative changes are beyond what the present system of explicit and implicit contracts can manage, the recession can escalate into a depression. The line between a recession and a depression is more easily crossed when government fails as an above-market carrier of confidence.
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The 21st century economic and social context brings about unprecedented challenges in the field of education, raising, more acutely than ever, issues related to the effective criterion of competitiveness and the extent to which graduates are equipped with the skills required in the operational context of educational markets that often exceeds national boundaries, becoming international. Education will be focused in this regard especially on the preparation, as far as possible, the experts and staff with high qualifications for leading-edge sectors, able to ensure the viability of the various educational institutions and to validate the place they occupy in the market competitive tenders as educational. The present article discusses the risks and challenges that contemporary education is currently facing in a politically, economically, technologically fast changing world.
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The efficacy politic of the federal government in United States, concerning the Health Care System and the Health Expenditures, develops a "fingerprint" in the optimization of the values regarding the Life Expectancy.
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Each major pedagogical orientation brings with it a set of certain potential actions, a potential that becomes reality at the level of invariably at the level of educational reality. Assuming a certain pedagogical educational paradigm is thus equivalent to the transposition into practice of a certain type of experimental research and promoting a particular way of conceiving and modeling of human nature. In a world characterized by contradicting realities, by turmoil, fast developing technologies, discussing and deciding on the most appropriate educational paradigms should be a core process in the attempt of conceiving the educational vision and objectives of tomorrow. The present paper aims at discussing the role of educational paradigms within the framework of contemporary educational strategies.
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The "high artillery" of the medical innovations, concerning the Medical Devices and the MedTech, determines the "accelerator boom" of these "Top Management Product" on the United States and Germany markets.
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For joinig the Economic and Monetary Union, the intermediate objective for Romania is the fulfilment of the requirements of the Treaty of Maastricht which provide the obtaining of concrete results regarding the deficits/budget surpluses, public debt, inflation, the interests rates and the exchange rates.
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In order to decide on an education necessity, one has to answer the question “What and who do we organize a certain educational process or system for and why do we organize it in a certain way and not otherwise?”. In order to decide on an education necessity one must also answer the question “What social problems does the educational process or system we devised solve?”. The problem of permanent vocational training is important in sustaining the vocational conversion of the working class. A change of views and mentality is desirable regarding vocational training, in the sense that people need to be more aware of the importance of permanent learning, more motivated in order to broaden their horizon and more willing to develop their professional skills.
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