Nezaposlenost i dugotrajna nezaposlenost doseljenih u Hrvatsku

Author(s): Valerija Botrić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2016

Migration issues in Croatia have been mostly discussed in relation to the recent increase in emigration, in particular related to the emigration of young and highly educated persons. However, active migration policy should consider immigration dynamics as well. In the framework of long-term prospects of the Croatian labour market, and taking into consideration the advanced effects of the demographic aging process, the issue of active immigration policy is expected to become more important in the future. The main goal of the paper is to analyse the existing position of immigrants on the Croatian labour market. Important characteristics of the Croatian labour market in recent years have been a high unemployment rate and high share of long-term unemployment. The effects of these adverse conditions are manifold, not only at the level of the economy (in terms of under-utilisation of available resources), but also at the level of affected individuals. Regarding individuals, the consequences of long-term unemployment frequently incorporate increased distance from the labour market due to the (perceived) loss of skills. The aim of the paper is to investigate individual characteristics that predict either unemployment or long-term unemployment of the immigrant population in Croatia.The empirical analysis is based on the Labour Force Survey conducted by the Croatian Central Bureau of Statistics. Due to the data source used, the immigrant population is not defined on the basis of their nationality or citizenship. It entails all persons who were born outside Croatia and currently have permanent residence in the country. The second condition is directly related to the nature of the sample used for the Survey, where the sample frame relies on permanent residency. This implies that any short-term circular migrations (due to, for example, increased labour market during the tourist season) are probably not covered by the data. To the extent that this is important for the labour market outcomes of immigrants in Croatia, the scope of the results is limited.In order to assess the effects of the crises on the labour market outcomes of immigrants in Croatia, the empirical analyses have been separately performed for two distinct years: the first one (a pre-crisis year) being 2007 and the second one (a crisis year) is 2012. The second analysed year refers to the period of deep economic crisis in Croatia, which had profound effects on the labour market. Thus, there is special interest whether the predictors of unemployment status have changed as a consequence. The choice of the unemployment status predictors is based on the standard set of individual characteristics, limited by their availability in the Labour Force Survey.Descriptive analysis has revealed that there are important differences in the sample structure between the two analysed years. The average age of immigrants is higher in the year 2012, and they are more concentrated in urban areas. In both years, employed and unemployed immigrants are most likely to have upper secondary education. The structure of their occupations has significantly changed. While in 2007 the higher percentages of immigrants were employed craft and related trade workers, in 2012 their employment was higher in service and sales workers and professionals. The increased share of the unemployed with elementary occupation, as well as craft and related trade workers, and plant and machine operators occurred during the same period.Due to the binary nature of dependent variables, empirical analysis rests on the probit methodology. The additional benefits of binary predictors have been utilized by exploring the size of the estimated marginal effects. The analysis for the 2007 (pre-crisis) year has identified the following significant predictors of the unemployment status for immigrants in Croatia, listed in the decreasing marginal effects order: positive predictors: service and sales occupation and persons older than 55 (in comparison to 35‒44)negative predictors: skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers and male persons.The analysis for the 2012 (crisis) year has identified the following significant predictors of unemployment status for immigrants in Croatia, listed in the decreasing marginal effects order:positive predictors: elementary occupations, plant and machine operators, persons aged 15‒24 (in comparison to the reference age cohort 35‒44), craft and related trade workers, service and sales workers, persons older than 55 (in comparison to the reference age cohort);negative predictors: skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers and persons living in urban areas.The analysis has revealed that traditional predictors of labour market outcome status have also been significant for the immigrant population in Croatia. It also reveals that they change over time. The occupation of the immigrant is more important in the crisis, which is probably related to the adverse demand effects of specific economic activities. Additionally, age has gained increased importance in the crisis, which is similar to the experiences of the domicile population. The second segment of the analysis was focused on long-term unemployment. Unemployment is considered to be short-term if the person is in that status for less than a year (in accordance with the long-term unemployment definition used by the Eurostat) and very long-term if the person is in that status for more than two years. Descriptive statistics reveals that there is a higher share of persons with lower secondary education in the long-term unemployment sample, while the highest share, regardless of the duration of the unemployment, is reserved for upper secondary education. The data also reveal that the share of unemployed immigrants registered as unemployed at the public employment service increased in the crisis year, regardless of the duration of the unemployment. It is also interesting to note that the share of immigrants without prior working experience decreased in the crisis year, also regardless of the duration of their unemployment. Both factors indicate more active search in the crisis period and suggest demand constraints on the labour market, which has affected both the domicile and immigrant population. In order to determine significant predictors of very long-term in comparison to short-term unemployment, the same empirical strategy has been applied. The analysis for the 2007 (pre-crisis) year has identified the following significant predictors of long-term unemployment status for immigrants in Croatia, listed in the decreasing marginal effects order:positive predictors: lower secondary education (in comparison to upper-secondary education), persons older than 55 and persons in the 45‒54 age cohort (in comparison to the reference 35‒44 age cohort).The analysis for the 2012 (crisis) year has identified the following significant predictors of long-term unemployment status for immigrants in Croatia, listed in the decreasing marginal effects order:positive predictors: persons without prior working experience and persons older than 55 (in comparison to the reference age cohort);negative predictors: age cohorts 15‒24 and 25‒34 (in comparison to the reference age cohort), being married or cohabitating, male persons.Comparing the results for 2007 and 2012 it seems obvious that the most important difference is related to first-time job seekers. The crisis has created a population without previous working experience that has become long-term unemployed. Since the long-term unemployed are, in general, considered by employers as persons with lower employability, this is a serious issue that deserves policy actions. When considering future policy actions related to immigration, results for the most recent year are more important. The analysis in the paper has shown that certain occupations (elementary occupations, services and sales workers, crafts and related workers, and plant and machine operators) are connected with increased probability of being unemployed for the immigrant population. This clearly shows that it is important to identify the activities of future increased labour demand and supplement this information with skills and competencies in order to support active immigration policy. Furthermore, the higher probability of unemployment for the young and the old suggests that it is important to design specific measures to target the more active inclusion of this population in the labour market activities. Relying on prime-age population will not yield sufficient efforts to revive the labour market.The results in the paper show that there are important differences in the predictors of labour market status of immigrants that have evolved in the course of the profound effects the latest economic crisis has had in Croatia. The identified predictors of unemployment or long-term unemployment for immigrants seem to be mostly similar to those of the domicile population. These results imply that the crisis has affected both population subgroups similarly, and that no additional segmentation of the labour market has occurred in that respect. However, the analysis has also pointed to the specific subgroups of both immigrant and native population (like the old, the young, persons without prior working experience), that seem to be adversely affected by the crisis. The results presented strongly suggest that active immigration policy should also incorporate labour market policy measures and that these should be developed in parallel.

Od producenta do konsumenta: determinanty transportu żywności w XXI wieku

Author(s): Aleksandra Górecka,Maria Zych Lewandowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

The aim of the paper was to present main factors influencing development of worldwide transporting food. We underlined problems of creating more and more complex food supply chains. Moreover, we pointed out food production regionalization as the reasons for the current trend of increasing the volume and length of food transport. As a summary, we presented possible solution to the problem of environmental effects of food transport which can be implemented by customers, producers and also transport companies.

Extortion racketeering in the agricultural sector

Author(s): Atanas Rusev / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2016

Относно методиката на преподаване на учебната дисциплина „Екологично право“ в юридическите факултети на Република България

Author(s): Georgi Penchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

This scientific study refers the methods of teaching the subject „Environmental law“ in the law faculties of the Republic of Bulgaria. The attention is on some of its сharacteristics, giving general conclusions and recommendations about the examined legal regulations and the doctrine.

Застраховане на космически рискове в контекста на опазването на околната среда

Author(s): Irena Markova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The study describes the insurance as a mechanism for increasing national security in the state policy on environmental protection against space risks. Their wide range figures out the scientific relevance of our analysis. On the one hand, these risks affect the development of the space industry, and on the other, the development of the international space insurance market. So, we could classify them considering the insurance point of view. The results emphasise the importance of space risk insurance, considering environmental protection at the micro and national levels.

Правен режим на експлоатацията на хидрогеотермалните ресурси и опазването на водите

Author(s): Mihaela Dotsova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

A special legal regime expands the proportion of energy derived from renewable sources, regulating the extraction and use of hydro-geothermal resources for energy production from geothermal sources. Several acts introduce this frame so far (the Renewable Energy Sources Act, the Underground Resources Act, the Water Act). However, their effectiveness is still debatable due to the different concepts they imply. Focusing on this, the article examines the contradictions, different terminology, and questions some legislative decisions.

Относно необходимостта от актуализация на санкциите по Закона за опазване на околната среда

Author(s): Nadezhda Hristova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Despite the invaluable role of the world ocean in many aspects of human existence, namely environmental, economic, cultural, social, and scientific, the pollution of the high seas remains an on-going concern. The soft law instruments and practices such as education and prevention of pollution from dumping of plastic waste are ineffective to tackle the problems of the world ocean in a comprehensive manner. For that reason, the international legal instruments in environmental law and the law of the sea, are a crucial tool for offering and effective solution to the problem of polluting the world ocean. In that regard, the international conventions in force are the most important instruments which can produce the necessary legal effects. The transnational nature of the pollution of the world ocean calls for the necessity to develop a respective international framework of protection. The new Global Treaty on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of High Seas Biodiversity adopted in 2023 (‘The High Seas Treaty’) has developed such, but the question with efficiency is still pending since it is not yet in force. Together with the Law of the Sea Convention, those are the two crucial international legal instruments that will offer protection of the important marine areas beyond national jurisdiction. While the Law of the Sea Convention tackles main issues of the sustainable use of non-living resources in the high seas, the High Seas Treaty further develops the protection over living resources of the areas beyond national jurisdiction and protects the marine ecosystems from diminishing biodiversity as a result from pollution. However, the main problem with the new treaty is its ratification by at least 60 countries so that it can come into force and provide the so urgently needed protection of the world ocean from pollution.The present study analyses the sanctions provided for violating the Environmental Protection Act’s provisions. It especially examines and criticizes its part about administrative penal liability. It proposes de lege ferenda to improve the Act, adding sanctions against violators to avoid corrupt practices and improve public management in environmental protection.

Правна рамка на използването на автоматизирани превозни средства във Франция

Author(s): Ralitza Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Automated vehicles are intended to enhance road safety, foster mobility of elderly and disabled people, raise cost effectiveness in transportation sector, etc. At the same time the development, testing, deployment, and use of automated vehicles poses serious threats to human life and fundamental rights. Thus, a variety of legal issues arise – regulation of safety requirements, civil and criminal liability, data protection and privacy, security against cyberattacks. The present paper analyses the legal framework for the use of automated vehicles in France. The scope of the regulation, the safety requirements as well as the criminal liability associated with the use of automated vehicles are discussed. Based on the analysis, conclusions are made regarding the need of elaboration of automated vehicles regulation in Bulgaria.

Поглед към административноправните режими на лечебните заведения

Author(s): Nina Chilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Medical institutions carry out their specific activities following various administrative law regimes, which the Medical Institutions Act mainly sets up, and the legislator has provided registration and authorisation regimes related to different requirements and conditions so far. The analysis of the health care legislation, albeit with certain specificities, supports the principle view in the doctrine that the registration regime, given the requisites to fulfil, is lighter than the licensing one; the respective authority acts under a bound competence. On the other hand, the authorisation or licensing regime is principally more onerous since the authority issuing the license or the authorisation decides at its discretion.

Трудният просперитет: недоволството и противниците на зърнения бум от 1846 – 1847 г. в османските Балкани

Author(s): Andrea Umberto Gritti / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

This article seeks to shed light on the opposition sparked by the expansion of grain exports in the Ottoman Balkans during the late 1840s. It addresses key issues in the historiography of institutional and social transformations in the Ottoman Empire during the reform (Tanẓîmât) era. Specifically, it examines the impact of suspending compulsory grain payments to the state and introducing free trade on the population’s food consumption. Drawing on a collection of documents from the Ottoman archives in Istanbul and the Italian diplomatic archives, the article explores how the administration managed emerging supply challenges and the growing opposition among the population to exporters’ activities.

Визия за формиране на дигитални компетентности в обучението на учители по история и география

Author(s): Maya Vasileva,Katya Misheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

What digital competencies are required by secondary school education, and what is the response of higher education in the context of history and geography teacher training? A number of arguments can be put forward, justifying the relevance of such questions at the current stage. In view of this, the article presents a scientific justification and a comparative analysis of the vision for the formation of digital competences, on the example of Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”. The analysis is based on semi-structured interviews with teachers preparing future teachers in both subjects. The scope of the sample of teachers covers over 70% of the disciplines, distributed by types: pedagogical, psychological, methodical, ICT-based disciplines and teaching practices. The collected data from the conducted interviews are summarized according to thematic directions: development of general digital competencies, development of digital pedagogical competencies, pedagogical approach, training practices, limitations related to educators’ practice, and main conclusions.

A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE: COMPENSATION ASSOCIATED WITH MOTIVATION IN HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Author(s): Oana-Andreea Ghiță-Pîrnuță / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

The present study aims at analyzing an important issue in human resources management, namely, human motivation, which is a complex aspect regarding the management of organizations. Motivation is associated with money, compensation or salary as an essential element of the organizational culture. In this paper the salary is perceived through the lense of several motivation theories, such as: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg’s dual factor theory, Adams’ equity theory of motivation, Vroom’s expectancy theory, Alderfer’s ERG theory, McClelland’s acquired needs theory, Edwin Locke’s goal setting theory, Schein’s analysis of the behavioral sciences, Skinner’s reinforcement theory, Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory in order to highlight how money, salary or compensation can influence the employees’ performance. The salary can be perceived as a motivating factor and people represent the most important resource of the organization within the framework of the human resources management.

THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRY ON CLIMATE CHANGE

Author(s): Silvia Elena Isachi / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

This paper aims to analyze the impact of the industrial sector on climate change, identifying the main sources of emissions, their effects on the environment and the solutions available to reduce industrial pollution. Climate change is one of the biggest challenges, and the industrial sector is responsible for approximately 30-40% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The main sources of industrial emissions include the burning of fossil fuels for energy, chemical processes specific to certain industries (such as cement production and metallurgy), and inefficient waste management. In order to reduce the impact of the industrial sector on the environment, strategies for transitioning to a low-carbon economy are needed. These include the adoption of clean technologies, the use of renewable energy sources, increasing energy efficiency and the implementation of stricter regulatory policies, such as carbon taxes and emissions trading systems.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES AT THE LEVEL OF ROMANIA - THE TRANSITION FROM THE PRESENT TO THE FUTURE

Author(s): Alina Georgeta Ailincă / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

In addition to stability and sustainability, the development of a country is certainly a priority. To support development, the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of Romania (NRRP) is a fundamental element of supporting the development and modernization of our country. For Romania, the NRRP can bring substantial funds from grants and loans. The total allocated budget of the NRRP is 28.53 billion euros, of which less than 10 billion euros have already been absorbed by Romania to date. In this context, it is also important to see the current state of the main economic and social parameters of Romania and what steps need to be taken in order for our country's development objectives to be achieved.

ASPECTS OF BILATERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN ROMANIA AND SUDAN IN 1972 AND 1973

Author(s): Bogdan Iulian Ranteş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

The present paper aims to analyze the relations between Romania and Sudan between 1972-1973. These years are important because, we can say, that is when the relations between them truly began. At the beginning, a brief history of Sudan until independence and the first echoes of them in the Romanian press in the 19th century will be made. Then, the way in which relations between the two countries developed from the moment Sudan gained independence from 1956 to 1972 will be presented. Next, Ceaușescu's visit to Sudan in 1972 and Nimeiry's visit to Romania in 1973 will be analyzed. We will also present the main objectives of cooperation between the two countries established during the two visits, the most important being the participation of the Romanian state in the construction of the Parliament building in Sudan, which began in 1973 and ended in 1978.

CONSUMERISM AS IDEOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. A CRITICAL CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Ion Jean / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

The historic moment when man began to think of himself, free from the tutelage of divine authority, represents a turning point in the reconfiguration of human life in its most complex aspects. This moment has generated a series of paradigm shifts: from a focus on materialistic parameters to the development of humanistic perspectives for understanding self-meaning and the society in which one lives; essentially, a radical reconsideration of who we are, why we exist, and what we should become. In this self-rethinking revolution, human creativity has birthed machinery, technology has become a tangible tool for improving living conditions, and consumption has evolved into an ideology of fulfilment, satisfaction, and self-validation in this new world. The article aims to highlight the premises and consequences of consumerism as a deviation from the spiritual understanding of life.

Determinants of Successful Femvertising in the Lingerie Industry: A Case Study on VS Collective and Aerie Real

Author(s): Francisca Carvalho,Alexandre Duarte / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2024

With the rise of the feminist movement in recent years, many brands began to adhere to the movement’s values, launching campaigns focused on inclusion, diversity, and women’s empowerment, which became known as femvertising. However, there is a lack of research exploring how brands that adhere to similar feminist principles in their respective advertising are received differently by the public. This study aims to fill this literature gap and contribute to the growing body of research by investigating how femvertising principles are incorporated into the advertising strategies of Victoria’s Secret and American Eagle Outfitters (AEO). To this end, this study relies on a comparative analysis of these two prominent brands within the lingerie industry. The findings of this study reveal that a key marker of authenticity, and therefore one of the main determinants of the success of a feminist campaign, is the coherence of advertising messages with the brand’s corporate practices, products, and social initiatives.

Introducing Artificial Intelligence in Education: Threats and Challenges (Following the Example of Bulgaria)

Author(s): Maria Kazakova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly impacted the world in the last three years with the emergence of the Cognitive Crisis, altering not only the way we communicate but also how we learn and teach. Its influence extends to every aspect of public life, including education. This article explores the concept of artificial intelligence, the current regulatory framework for AI, its growing integration in education, and the potential threats and challenges linked to its implementation in the education sector. By taking an analytical approach to the normative framework of artificial intelligence and examining strategic documents related to its application, the author aims to address the extent to which AI has penetrated education, as well as the possible risks and obstacles associated with its adoption. This analysis involves a comparison between the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) and the Summary Innovation Index (SII) of Bulgaria and other EU member states, focusing on the correlation with well-prepared human capital. The article concludes by exploring whether artificial intelligence serves as a universal solution and provides insights on how to incorporate it into education effectively.

Рейтинговите системи на университетите в САЩ и в България – прилики и разлики

Author(s): Albena R. Ivanova,Radka Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

Education holds a significant role in every individual‘s life. In today‘s globalized world, there are ample opportunities to choose educational institutions for young people to pursue their studies, regardless of their location. Various systems have been established to evaluate universities and colleges, providing rankings that reflect the level of achievement and prestige of these institutions. While each system has its own set of criteria, they are diverse. This article aims to compare the rating system of higher education institutions in Bulgaria with the evaluation and ranking systems used in the USA. It is worth noting that some American universities and colleges are considered among the most prestigious educational institutions worldwide.

Финансова лексика за финансова грамотност (Интерпретация на „Национална стратегия зa финансова грамотност на Република България“)

Author(s): Rossitsa Toncheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

Financial literacy is a significant variable for the sustainable development of modern economies, which operate on the paradigm of “free market play” and structurally developed on monetary system. In this context, there is an urgent need for financial education that aligns with contemporary economic conditions. This study examines the vocabulary used in the document titled “Financial Literacy Strategy of the Republic of Bulgaria” from the perspective of its specialized financial lexicon. The primary aim of the research is to analyze the terminology framework of the document and its accompanying texts to assess whether they effectively fulfill their primary function of providing a clear and precise narrative. The central thesis is that the proposed definitions deviate from the standards of specialized financial language, thereby undermining their linguistic accuracy, making the vocabulary unsuitable for normative use and significantly limiting the document’s ability to achieve its stated goals.