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The problem of the origin of tukantsi, the first Bulgarian settlers in Budjak remains already for a long time a controversial question. The article, which is the result of a complex research of the authors, demonstrates that the inhabitants of the valleys between Stara planina and Sredna Gora called Karadza Dag (Sarnena Sredna Gora) are the earliest Bulgarian immigrants in Southern Bessarabia in modern times. The article is based on different sources: acts and statistics from the archival collections of modern Ukraine and Moldova and materials from field studies accomplished by the authors in the period between 2012 and 2014, in Budjak and Sredna gora (photo documents, oral and written narratives). The updated statistical documents, together with the narratives, the folklore, graphic and other types of sources not only allow to confirm the hypothesis of the South Bulgarian origin of the tukantsi from the region of Karadza Dag, but also reflect the direct continuity, the direct genetic link between Budjak and the Balkans during the nineteenth century.
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This paper will analyse the identity construction processes of the migrants’ communities in the context of the European Union. Based on the fieldwork developed with the Bulgarian community settled in Castile and Leon (Spain), this article will explore the strategies of identity management in order to succeed in the integration process. First of all, we will take into account the local strategies of community development consisted on the promotion of associations. Secondly, we will analyse the way the local population reassume the global discourses of Interculturalism promoted by the European Union. Thirdly, we will consider how far these facts affect the migrants’ communities. Bulgarian community developed a wise identity management strategy that enables them to be integrated in the local society without losing their own traditions.
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This article presents the results of the study "Ecovillages as a form of internal emigration: motivation and prospects of expansion", which was conducted by ZIRCON Research Group in Autumn 2012. This research studies new phenomenon of alternative rural settlements (in particular, ecovillages and kin estates settlements). These settlements are considered as countercultural movement. Yet, they have potential to generate innovative practices related to sustainable development of society and nature. The article aims to answer the question whether the ecovillages and kin estate settlements can be transformed from marginalized to influential social phenomenon. The authors also investigate the peculiarities of these settlements and their meanings for participants: are these settlements a way of internal immigration because of political reasons or a transfer to well-being and quality of life?
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The article analyzes the elements of a crime that provides for the responsibility for the failure to assist a sick person. Based on the analysis of the current criminal law and the existing scientific data, we present our own vision of the problem. We propose making changes to Article 124 of the Criminal Law of the Russian Federation, i.e., it is recommended to define the nature of medical assistance and to add a note where necessary that specifies the concepts of medical assistance and medical workers.
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This study draws on fashion and culture theories to explore the influence of visual sharing culture on social media in fashion. The objective is to interpret the perceived creative values and the meanings of such cultural phenomenon from the perspective of fashion media industry in Hong Kong. In-depth interviews, in the exploratory semi-structured format, were adopted in which 20 fashion image producers in Hong Kong were interviewed regarding their increasing involvement in professional fashion image making and blogging. Among the 20 respondents, 12 respondents were younger generation of image producers with experience around 3 years, while 8 respondents have been in the industry for 15 years in average. The findings of this research indicated that the nature of visual oriented social media platform supports a new communication model between the new generation of fashion image producers and image audience. It is evident that there is a new trend for young fashion lovers to become successfully engaged in the industry as career bloggers who can create their styles and express their ideas through fashion imaging and sharing. On the other side, the professionalism and authenticity of the young generation of fashion bloggers are sometimes in questions. The finding is significant to further academic studies on the value of fashion visual communication on social media, and to business sectors, in which this study provides insight for young fashion lovers for career development.
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SLOVENSKÝ ŠTÁT 1939 – 1945, PREDSTAVY A REALITA. ČESKÉ, SLOVENSKÉ A ČESKOSLOVENSKÉ DĚJINY 20. STOLETÍ IX. ARS MONTANA. UMĚLECKÝ A KULTURNÍ TRANSFER V OTEVŘENÉM PROSTORU ČESKO-SASKÉHO KRUŠNOHOŘÍ NA PRAHU RANÉHO NOVOVĚKU (1459–1620). 19th BIENNIAL BALKAN AND SOUTH SLAVIC CONFERENCE ON LINGUISTICS, LITERATURE AND FOLKLORE. HOSŤOVSKÉ PREDNÁŠKY NA KA TEDRE HISTÓRIE FF UP JŠ. XVIII. ARCHÍVNE DNI V SLOVENSKEJ REPUBLIKE. HOLOKAUST NA ÚZEMÍ DNEŠNÉHO JUŽNÉHO SLOVENSKA. DISKUSNÉ VEČERY ÚSTAVU PAMÄTI NÁRODA A KATEDRY HISTÓRIE FF UPJŠ V KOŠICIACH. VÝUČBA REGIONÁLNYCH DEJÍN NA ZÁKLADNEJ ŠKOLE – FORMY, METÓDY, KONCEPCIE, SKÚSENOSTI. THE GREAT WAR: REGIONAL APPROACHES AND GLOBAL CONTEXTS. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE OCCASION OF THE FIRST CENTENNIAL OF THE BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR ONE.
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The paper is divided into two parts together thematically related. The first part informs about fires occurring in Košice in 16th century on the basis of the literature, but most of the archival documents. The largest space is devoted to probably one of the biggest fires in the city dating to April 1556. The effort is not limited only to lay damages caused by this and other fires, but also points on the situation in the city after disaster, on the required financial and material assistance for the city from the emperor and from towns of Pentapolitana. The second part provides an insight into the incidence of arson in Košice, as one of the crimes against property, where output a specific perpetrators different management considerations and motives. It provides an informations about punishing offenders under the then existing regulations and laws. For both parts of the contribution the archival research was conducted in the Košice City Archives, to show the lesser known facts of the history of the city, as fires and other disasters have remarked economic and social face of this and later periods.
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Medieval towns were not an isolated island, but a living organism with intense interactions with its environment. From a demographic point of view they were dependent on the flow of people from beyond its walls. The town needed new people to its natural development and functioning. In the example of five Slovak towns (Bratislava, Trnava, Bardejov, Prešov, Košice), we have shown how immigration and immigrants contributed to their demographic picture. The main sources for exploring this question were the registers of new burghers and also the tax registers. These sources, however, do not register low-income inhabitants forming a significant part of the urban population. Therefore, on the basis of their analysis, we can not form a realistic picture of the immigration. German patriciate played a leading role in researched towns, what is reflected by the data coming from the registers of the burgher rights acceptance. They provide evidence that the burgher rights were granted mostly to the persons of German nationality (except Trnava). The regular trade contacts with foreign countries have led to the immigration of foreigners mostly of German origin. Location of the city and its surrounding neighborhood with different ethnicity played also its role.
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Košice represents an atypical European town in the 16th century. Unfortunately, due to numerous destructive events, relatively small number of documents has been preserved from this period. The testaments, which originated in particular period, were selected as the source for the reconstruction of everyday life. The primary aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing research on the townspeople of Košice in the 16th century. Secondly, the possible difficulties that might arise during the research of the topic are being listed. The final part of the paper contains specific examples of the life experience of the selected inhabitants of the town.
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The aim of this paper is to provide an overview over the last wills as the historical sources. The first part of this work consists of the overview of published relevant works; it also summarised the well-known facts about purpose and creation of the last wills. The paper describes its form, possible use as well as their development. The emphasis is put on the concrete manuscripts originated from the region of Kraków from the 17th and 18th century. The last part of paper is dedicated to specific section of testament – the invocation.
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In research on ethnic minority families, the topics of marriage migration and filial support to the elderly have generally been studied separately. This article argues that the two phenomena are linked, as older immigrants are better able to receive family support when children-in-law arrive as marriage migrants, leaving behind their own parents in their country of origin. On the basis of interviews with 39 first-generation immigrants from Turkey who are aging in Denmark, the study argues that the substantial family support which these older immigrants receive depends on the ability of their children and children-in-law to divide such support between them. In the host country context in which women generally work, however, the failing health of older immigrants may lead to considerable family strain. To honour filial obligations, some families make use of an option to seek to have daughters or daughters-in-law employed by the authorities to provide family support.
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The paper discusses elements of a crime encroaching on the basics of free market, fair competition. The elements and features of this type of crime, as well as the practice of applying the above-stated norm, are analyzed. Current trends in the legal policy of foreign countries concerning the field of antitrust legislation are studied. The statistical data on accountability for crimes against competition in Russia are considered. Weaknesses are identified in the legal technique of criminal legislation regarding the relations associated with the activity of economic entities. The dependence of effective law enforcement for preventing, eliminating, and restricting competition on the commensurate and adequate correlation between the norms of civil, administrative, and criminal legislation is proved. The need to strengthen the cross-sectoral links of antitrust legislation is substantiated.
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Not very long ago, scholars saw it fit to name a new and quite widespread phenomenon they had observed developing over the years as the “judicialization” of politics, meaning by it the expanding control of the judiciary at the expenses of the other powers of the State. Things seem yet to have begun to change, especially in Migration Law. Generally, quite a marginal branch of the State's corpus iuris, this latter has already lent itself to different forms of experimentations which then, spilling over into other legislative disciplines, end up by becoming the new general rule. The new interaction between the judiciary and the executive in this specific field as it is unfolding in such countries as the UK and Switzerland may prove to be yet another example of these dynamics.
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Compared to its past structure, Turkey is now a country with low levels of fertility and mortality. This junction that Turkey now has reached is associated with a number of risks, such as an ageing population, and a decreasing working-age population. The antinatalist policy era of Turkey was followed by a period of maintenance, yet the recent demographic changes formed the basis of a pronatalist population policy from the government’s view. This study discusses the link between demographic change and population policies in Turkey. It further aims to position Turkey spatially in relation to selected countries that are in various stages of their demographic transitions with different population policies, using a multidimensional scaling approach with data on 25 selected countries from the UN. The analysis is based on a 34-year period, 1975-2009, so as to better demonstrate Turkey’s international position on a social map, past and present. Our findings suggest that Turkey’s position on the social map shifted towards developed countries over time in terms of demographic indicators and population policies.
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A through analysis of immigrant workers’ experiences and perceptions of discrimination is important. Because such analysis provides insights in understanding the economic and social failures in the labour markets and help developing solutions. Moreover, such analysis sheds light on the root causes of discrimination and enables us to make comparisons between immigrant and local groups and provides data for experts and policy makers. This article draws on a field research conducted in London between 01/09/2014 and 01/09/2015. The focus of the study is to determine Kurdish, Turkish and Cypriot immigrant workers’ experiences and perceptions of discrimination in the labour markets in London. The aim of this study is to present the experiences of discrimination of male and female the immigrants who find a job or set up a business, work and quit their job or are dismissed from their work. The article also discusses the discrepancy between their discrimination experiences and the perceptions of discrimination. This article argues that the migrants from Turkey and Cypriot are exposed to discrimination within and outside the ethnic economy. Discrimination for the immigrants, in many cases, arises from a combination of variety of determinants such as immigration, gender, ethnic and / or religious affiliations, foreign language capacities, education etc. Discrimination experiences and perceptions are different among male and female immigrants. For immigrant women, individual discrimination is accompanied by gender-based discrimination and other forms of social (structural) discrimination.
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The paper deals with issues related to identification of the causes of formation of independent legal regulation of the housing relations in Russia, description of the development of housing legislation, and influence of the doctrine on this process. During the post-revolutionary period, the burden of solving the housing problem was taken by the state, which is reflected in the regulations. The normative material was then intensely accumulated and served as the basis for further codification of housing legislation. Originally, the legislator demonstrated a comprehensive approach to the regulation of housing relations. Subsequently, however, the focus shifted mostly to the normalization of tenancy agreements in the codification acts of civil legislation. After having been established in 1977, the constitutional right of citizens to housing became a prerequisite for housing legislation. Thus, the basics of housing legislation and the Housing Codes of the Union Republics developed. During the period of transition to market relations in the housing area, normative legal acts were published. They were intended for the adaptation of the institutions of the Soviet housing legislation to the recent political and socio-economic conditions that were in effect until the adoption of the new Housing Code. It is emphasized in the paper that the historically doctrinal research in this area has been always directed at finding the most appropriate legal regulation of housing relations. The conclusion is made that the modern housing legislation is a stable complex array of regulations, having the ability to adapt to the changing political and socio-economic conditions.
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The paper analyzes the place of hiring contracts in the system of civil law. The relevance of this problem is justified by the current situation in the system of civil law when the hiring contract can be concluded between economic entities and physical persons, thereby giving them identical legal status. We consider this situation as contradicting to the economic nature of relations between consumers. The aim of this research is to identify the correct place of hiring contracts in the system of civil law and, thus, to spot certain measures to be applied in order to ensure fulfillment of the liabilities of contractors, as well as to protect their rights. Attention is also paid to the specific rules of legal regulation of hiring contracts. The hiring contract is bilateral in its nature (since two sides take part in it), commutative (each side offers something to its partner), concensual (the contract is concluded when both sides reached their agreements), and public (the lessor cannot deny concluding a hiring contract if they possess the property to be rented). These properties of hiring contracts determine their consumer nature. The results obtained during the analysis allow making the following conclusions: the hiring contract should be exclusively consumer-oriented, being considered only as the contract between consumers and not providing any possibility to use a hiring property for entrepreneurial activities; the distinctive feature of the hiring contract is the impossibility of its prolongation, which ensures protection of the rights of consumers when the lessor aims to impose an extra period of rent.
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The paper deals with the problem of interaction between the concepts and discussions about the goals of the Comintern policy in China that developed since the middle of the 1920s. On the basis of the works written by the Soviet sinologists (A.Ya. Kantorovich, B.K. Radek, and E.S. Varga) and covering the specific, different from Western feudalism, pre-capitalist social system of China as an example, a tendency is revealed toward more detailed and economically substantiated approach of the Soviet historians to analysis of the past and present of China, its economy and social relations. Most participants of the analyzed discussions did not belong to the academic community. They proclaimed the method of historical materialism as the main method of research, as well as the leading role of the Marxist theory, but these discussions demonstrated that conclusions made by the participants contradicted each other. The development of Soviet sinology was preceded by the open discussion that took place in the Communist Academy in the 1920s–1930s. Despite the apparent loss of the idea of “Asian mode of production”, the adoption of which meant a special path of China’s development as an instrument of the foreign policy, the discussion continued shifting from the problems of the current policy into the area of history.
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The development of each territorial unit is connected with the influence of many factors, among which on the one hand, a vital role plays the effect of public authorities in creation of a proinnovation environment for the market players which are localized within it and on the other hand - for all those who are potentially interested in the allocation of their resources in these particular area. The method and nature of the impact of both governmental and local administrative bodies for the development of the SME sector constitutes a major challenge for local authorities whose support (at various levels of its functioning) is expected by the entrepreneurs. The paper discusses selected issues related to the cooperation of small and medium-sized enterprises within the region of Lodz with public authorities in order to strengthen and/or re-build the potential of the economy within the represented spatial unit.
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