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How Entrepreneurial Orientation Stimulates Different Types of Knowledge in the Internationalisation Process of Firms from Poland?

Author(s): Agnieszka Głodowska,Marek Maciejewski,Krzysztof Wach / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Objective: The aim of the article is to verify how entrepreneurial orientation affects different types of knowledge in various stages of internationalisation of Polish firms. Research Design & Methods: The research method applied in the paper is the critical analysis of prior studies as well as a survey conducted on a sample of 355 businesses from Poland. The research is based on the previously known typology of knowledge: market knowledge and experiential knowledge. Findings: On the basis of the research, it can be concluded that entrepreneurial orientation plays a key role in the use of knowledge in internationalisation of Polish firms. Higher entrepreneurial orientation determines a more intensive use of knowledge on various stages on internationalisation. Network knowledge is used in the initial as well as mature internationalisation. Entrepreneurial knowledge is intensely used on the stage of mature internationalisation. Market and sociocultural knowledge is by far more explored in the initial internationalisation stage. Implications & Recommendations: The study identified the gap in the literature regarding entrepreneurial orientation and knowledge in the internationalisation process. Obtained results have useful value for business practice, especially for managers thinking of going international. Contribution & Value Added: An added value of this paper and at the same time a new view of the studied problem is the inclusion of knowledge and its role in the internationalisation process determined by the influence of entrepreneurial orientation.

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Economic Potential of Internationally-Oriented Patenting Activity in Russia

Author(s): Irina Ervits / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Objective: This article investigates the dynamics of internationally-oriented patenting activity in Russia, with the objective of exploring the link between innovation and entrepreneurship in an emerging economy. Research Design & Methods: By using the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) statistics, we create a typology of PCT applicants. Patent categories are compared based on their technological footprint, measured as consequential patent references. Findings: The article reveals a shortage of domestic companies engaged in internationally-oriented innovation in Russia. The majority of international patent applications published by WIPO in 2013 were filed by individuals. Russian companies, as well as individual applications, demonstrate lower technological impact, measured as citations, than foreign subsidiaries operating in Russia. Implications & Recommendations: The innovation capability of Russian business, small or large, must be prioritised and strengthened via creating the right incentives and providing a stable institutional and infrastructural foundation. Contribution & Value Added: This project discovers the weak role of the domestic private sector in international patenting, which points to the imbalanced nature of the Russian national innovation system (NIS).

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Organisational Learning in Startup Development and International Growth

Author(s): Jurgita Sekliuckiene,Rimgailė Vaitkienė,Vestina Vainauskiene / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

Objective: This article explores the conceptual link between the development stages of a startup and organisational learning with the aim to conceptualise the practices of organisational learning levels emerging in specific life cycle stages of a global startup. Research Design & Methods: This article presents a review as well as a synthesis of the extant literature. The research integrates the theories of organisational learning and international entrepreneurship, and offers a conceptual framework that reveals interactions between the constructs in question. Findings: The results suggest that the ontological level and the processes of organisation learning can vary in global startups at different life cycle stages. In addition, the research findings also indicate that, for a global startup, for a successful transition from one cycle to another, learning processes of cyclical entrepreneurship learning have to take place. Implications & Recommendations: The findings of the study have implications in particular for global startup founders and their team members who would like to establish entrepreneurial businesses. Organisation learning practices should be applied in enterprises from the very beginning of the bootstrapping phase with the goal to develop a culture of learning and sharing knowledge when developing the startup idea. Contribution & Value Added: The originality of this work lies in proposing a conceptual framework that examines the organisational learning in startup development and international growth and a set of important considerations for further research, as well as contributing to the literature on international entrepreneurship.

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The Assessment of Key Business Risks for SMEs in Slovakia and Their Comparison with other EU Countries

Author(s): Mária Hudáková,Matej Masár / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

Objective: The essence of this article is to identify statistically the most serious entrepreneurial risks defined by SME owners and managers in Slovakia based on the empirical research conducted in 2017 and to identify the most serious market risks and their sources (causes) depending on the company size and the duration of doing business. Research Design & Methods: Using empirical research methods and statistical methods, the authors investigate the dependence between the risks perceived by managers and owners of SMEs and the duration of business activity and the size of an enterprise. Findings: Based on the results, we can say that market risks that negatively affect the SME entrepreneurial environment are considered to be the most serious risks in all countries. The overall research results in individual countries underline the importance of dealing with the assessment of entrepreneurial risks and their sources in SMEs. Implications & Recommendations: The owners or managers of SMEs should be able to apply the risk management process in enterprises using appropriate methods and tools to identify changes timely in case of adverse development of business environment. The application of enterprise risk management leads to an improvement in business performance and also cost saving. Contribution & Value Added: The task of this article is to make the need of implementing the risk management in SMEs through a relevant study more transparent, to compare and evaluate the results of the area being solved in individual countries.

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Determinants of Investment Attractiveness of Polish Special Economic Zones

Author(s): Tomasz Dorożyński,Janusz Świerkocki,Wojciech Urbaniak / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

Objective: The objective of this article is to explain why some Special Economic Zones in Poland have attracted more foreign and domestic investment than others. Research Design & Methods: Referring to the OLI paradigm, we identified 25 variables which might impact the stock of investment in each individual SEZ. They were divided into three groups: zone’s investment climate, investors’ opinions and region-level factors. We used correlation and regression analyses to check dependencies. Findings: The investment climate mattered most. Regional level characteristics were the least important. Foreign investors were more concerned than domestic ones about the location factors we considered. There is clearly a closer correlation between SEZ reputation and the number rather than the value of investment projects. It may mean that small investors pay more attention to the opinions which circulate in business circles and that big companies probably rely on their own evaluation of a SEZ’s investment climate. Implications & Recommendations: Special Economic Zones in less developed parts of Poland can successfully compete for capital if they are well managed. Tax reliefs are secondary for choosing a particular zone. Supply factors count much more. The most important factors for attracting FDI were: outlays on the provision and modernisation of zone infrastructure, the number of towns and cities, overall investment attractiveness of voivodeships, as well as labour resources and costs. Contribution & Value Added: Location advantages and their significance for domestic and foreign investors were rarely examined at the SEZ level.

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Praktyka crowdfundingu w kulturze na przykładzie serwisów PolakPotrafi.pl i OdpalProjekt.pl

Author(s): Małgorzata Skowrońska,Maciej Białous / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

Crowdfunding of cultural projects based on small but numerous amounts of money paid to the initiator via dedicated Internet platforms is an increasingly common phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to describe the mechanisms of supporting cultural projects on Polish crowdfunding websites and to determine the nature of this type of fundraising. The text presents the results of the preliminary study, which involved the weekly monitoring of 84 projects launched on PolakPotrafi.pl and OdpalProjekt pl. The collected data was analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. The authors arrive at numerous conclusions, including that the success of crowdfunding for cultural projects to a large extent depends on the relatively high donations of more than a dozen funders than on the power of the “crowd” supporting projects with symbolic payments. It was also determined that what is the most crucial to the ultimate success of the collection is the first three days from the project launch on the website. The dynamic increase in contributions during this period significantly boosts the chances of success. According to the authors, the factors with an indirect impact on the success of crowdfunding initiatives include the donors’ need of being a patron and maintaining social bonds.

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„Najciekawsze projekty rodziły się tam, gdzie nie było sztucznych ramek” - O urynkowieniu edukacji‚ emancypacyjnej wartości sztuki‚ projektyzacji i zagrożeniach dla dziedzictwa kulturowego z prof. Zygmuntem Baumanem1 rozmawiają Małgorzata Ćwikła, ...

Author(s): Michał Zawadzki,Anna Góral,Małgorzata Ćwikła,Zygmunt Bauman / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

O urynkowieniu edukacji‚ emancypacyjnej wartości sztuki‚ projektyzacji i zagrożeniach dla dziedzictwa kulturowego z prof. Zygmuntem Baumanem1 rozmawiają Małgorzata Ćwikła, Anna Góral i Michał Zawadzki.

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Od egalitarności do inkluzywności. Hejt jako następstwo komercjalizacji internetu

Author(s): Ewelina Dziwak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (237)/2019

Changes that took place after the commercialization of the internet resulted in a number of negative consequences. Online communication has significantly reduced the form of language in favour of increasing the degree of its pauperization. The hidden judgments and critical opinions resulted in the transformation of words into real acts of aggression that internet users encounter on a daily basis. The main goal of the article is to introduce hate speech in the context of the commercialization of the internet. Based on literature studies and her own observations, the author presents hate speech as a mediatised phenomenon. An overview of Polish studies on hate speech that was later followed by the analysis of the internet history, led to the conclusion that psychological factors and inclusivity is one of the reasons for the existence of hate speech. As a result of the widespread use of the internet and the commodification of its resources and controversial messages that went beyond generally accepted norms, hate speech increased in popularity. This contributed to the emergence of many negative phenomena in mass communication, hate speech among others.

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АГРАРНА РЕФОРМА И КОЛОНИЗАЦИЈА У ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ 1918-1941

Author(s): Gojko Malović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2003

Review of: Богдан Лекић, АГРАРНА РЕФОРМА И КОЛОНИЗАЦИ ЈА У ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ 1918-1941, Удружење ратних добровољаца 1912-1918. њихових потомака и поштовалаца и Службени лист СРЈ, Београд 2002,596. Review by: Gojko Malović

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Hegelova konstitucija filozofije ekonomije

Author(s): Alpar Lošonc / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5-6/2006

The author emphasized the double-character of the social philosophy of Hegel concerning the epochs of Antiquity and Modernity. In accordance with the analysis in this paper the philosophy of the economy proved to be the main field for the articulation of this specific position. Hegel`s philosophy of economy is based on the normative facticity within the structure of modernity and it accentuates the communal character of freedom supported by the welfare state. As constrasted with the reading of Fukuyama, Hegel`s social philosophy demonstrates the borders and the utopian character of liberalism.

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Перспективи формування інноваційно-інтегрованих структур в економіці регіону

Author(s): Oksana Storozhuk,Oleksii Zaiarniuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1 (34)/2018

The paper presents the results of research of regions companies’ integration preconditions in the regional agroindustrial cluster. It is shown that regional cluster act as a key tool for the development of regional economies. SWOT analysis was carried out and revealed the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to create regional agroindustrial cluster. Results of the SWOT-analysis have allowed defining strategic directions of clusterization of the rural area providing progress of territory through cooperation, integration on the basis of the scientifically-methodical approach. There are some weaknesses of creation of innovation-integrated structures. First of all are deficit of financial resources and high cost of credits. Other weakness is lack of cooperative ties between enterprises, higher education, public organizations. Participants of a regional agro-industrial cluster are justified. Prerequisites necessary to ensure the sustainable functioning of innovative integrated structures of the agroindustrial complex of Kirovograd region were discovered and investigated: innovative development of the agroindustrial sector, modernization of fixed capital, introduction of energy-saving equipment and technology, activation of intellectual resources, optimal combinations of market mechanisms and state regulation of the economy. The proposed method involves the use of available data for analysis, and takes into account the most important factors of the preconditions of clusterization. Therefore, it is universal for using. The practical application of this technique will allow a reasonable preliminary selection of regions in which the most favorable prerequisites for the formation of clusters are available. The regional innovation policy will play a main role in the process of creation and development of cluster. Prospects for further research will consist in the study of successful foreign experience in the formation of regional innovation policy for the creation and development of cluster.

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Зародження банківської кредитної системи в Російській імперії та Наддніпрянській Україні у другій половині XVIII – на початку ХІХ ст.

Author(s): Mikhailo Orlyk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1 (34)/2018

Lending plays an important role in the socio-economic development of the most countries. The urgency of lending issues is increasing every year, owing to the desire of the business to attract additional financial resources, and individuals to increase living standards. At the same time, activation of lending is economically important and beneficial not only for borrowers, but also for banking institutions and for stabilizing and developing the country's economy as a whole. His role today is growing significantly in Ukraine, despite the financial and economic instability and the deterioration of macroeconomic indicators.The purpose of the research is to study banking and credit system in the Dnieper Ukraine at the initial stages of the banking system in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XVIII century and an analysis of the scientific thought contemporaries of the studied era.It was found, that the first attempts by the governments of the Russian Empire in the area of bank lending had certain difficulties that negatively affected the state's economy. The main problems that have emerged in the banking sector of the economy were often related to rigid State regulation, narrow confines of self-regulation and poorly conceived reforms that were carried out. Banks as one of the key elements of the economy should react quickly to economic and political trends, and undue state pressure has led to the bankruptcy of the above banks. A significant problem was the lack of interest of the bank's managers in developing and promoting their institutions, which in the future prompted them to abuse of corruption. No less important problems for the development of bank lending in the Russian Empire of the XVIII century were its weak economic school and ignoring global practice in lending.

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Сучасні аспекти нормування праці управлінського персоналу на промислових підприємствах та в наукових організаціях

Author(s): Oleksandr Kovalenko,Olena Stanislavyk,Kateryna Tanashchuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1 (34)/2018

In the article modern aspects of work rationing of administrative personnel at the industrial enterprises and int he scientific organizations are considered. It is established the categories of administrative personnel, which are marked out by various researchers. The nature of administrative personnel’s work and a role of work rationing in economic activity of the enterprise are covered. The main problems in the field of work rationing of administrative personnel at the industrial enterprises and the reasons, which cause them are designated. Factors and extent of influence on work rationing of administrative personnel of the industrial enterprises of the Southern region are investigated. Elements of control system of work rationing at the industrial enterprises are considered. Requirements for improvement of work rationing system of administrative personnel at the industrial enterprises are formulated. Methods and ways of setting standards of work in the sphere of research and development of the scientific organizations are investigated.It is established that the standardization of research work should not be limited only to the norms of labor input, especially in the normalization of applied research work of theoretical nature, where evaluating the labor input objectively can be quite difficult. Research work should be evaluated according to its results, norms of the number of results of labor and norms of quality of results of labor should be present in the structure of norms. It is proposed that within the framework of the applied research work of theoretical nature, the symbiosis of the expert method, which proved its potency in the analysis of complex non-formalized problems and the statistical method, that is, on the basis of the accounting of similar experience in conducting kinds of works / obtaining the results of work in previous scientific research projects of scientific organization has been used. The conclusion is drawn that the costs of rationing should be comparable to the results of normalization, and the accuracy of the development and set standards of work should be ensured with the minimum possible costs for this process.

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Роль грошово-кредитної політики України у забезпеченні економічного зростання в умовах цифрових трансформацій

Author(s): Antonina Bazyliuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1 (34)/2018

It is substantiated the need to rethinking of the monetary policy of the NBU on the basis of achieving the targets of accelerating economic growth and increasing the productivity of the economy, comprehensively attracting breakthrough digital opportunities, including in the financial sector of the economy.It has been proven that Ukraine has a range of negative trends hampering economic development, which causes the spread of such negative phenomena as: debt growth, blocking domestic investment, increasing dependence on credit resources and increasing of its price, increasing of import dependence, spreading of the social inequality and labor migration. It has been substantiated that the preservation of the existing conservative monetary policy does not meet the needs of accelerating economic growth, which in the conditions of digital transformation acquires tangible opportunities.In the process of research, the main tasks of technical and technological renewal of production and increasing in labor productivity were identified, the achievement of which should be promoted by the monetary policy of the NBU. It is revealed that for the Ukrainian central regulator there is a growing need to solve the problem of developing a cashless society and determine its own position regarding to the possibilities of using crypto currencies not nominated in national currency, which can erode the sovereignty of the NBU.The article proves that the rethinking and modernization of the NBU monetary policy should be carried out taking into account the dominant non-monetary nature of the transformation processes in the Ukrainian economy in conjunction with other economic policy measures, which will provide the prerequisites for accelerating economic growth.

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Державна фінансова підтримка розвитку інноваційної діяльності в Україні

Author(s): Nataliia Shalimova,Оlena Magopets / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1 (34)/2018

The purpose of this study is to assess the state of the state financial support for the development of innovation activities in Ukraine and to identify, on this basis, the priority directions of transformation of financial instruments aimed at activating innovation activity.It is determined that the state financial support for the development of innovation activities is carried out through the use of direct financial support instruments and indirect financial support instruments. Direct financial support instruments are: budget financing, financing of state-owned scientific institutions, financing of state-owned innovative financial and credit institutions, grants, government contracts, state guarantees,preferential loans. Indirect financial support tools include: tax breaks, customs incentives, business incubators,science parks, intellectual property and copyright protection, and the development of innovative infrastructure.The study of the current state of state financial support for the development of innovation activity in Ukraine suggests the passive participation of the state in the financing of innovation activities. As sources of direct state financial support for innovation activity are the funds of state and local budgets, their deficit results in low efficiency of using direct financial support instruments. Given the limited budgetary resources available,the government's focus should be on the implementation of progressive instruments of indirect state financial support that have proven effective in leading economically developed countries. It is established that tax incentives are the most widespread instruments of indirect state financial support and stimulation of innovation activity in world practice.Granting of tax privileges should be aimed at: expansion and (or) development of innovation activity of business entities, carrying out of scientific research and scientific and technical works, use and commercialization of their results; introduction of innovations; modernization of production; encouragement of long-term capital investment in innovative projects, programs, technologies, both domestic and foreign investors,including institutions of the banking sector through the provision of preferential loans to actors of innovation.The priority directions of reforming tax legislation in Ukraine, aimed at ensuring the development and activation of innovation activities, can be: providing a tax credit for research and development; introduction of special depreciation regimes; tax holidays; establishment of a system of tax rebates.

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Udržitelnost hmotného kulturního dědictví z perspektivy ekonomických a sociálních dopadů

Author(s): Andrea Štolfová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2019

Support of culture and sustainability of tangible cultural heritage are strongly debated issues due to their economical, cultural and identity-shaping outreach. Culture belongs to publicsector, therefore, is financed from state resources. The question often asked is: Does it makesense to promote culture? The factual argument about the purpose of promoting culture and itseffects is complex, but it is not impossible. The first part of the paper presents the results of theeconomical and social impacts of the conducted research in the field of culture. If we narrow down the view of the tangible cultural heritage protected by the Czech state, we get to 44,000 objects in the Czech Republic that have the status of cultural monuments. With this amount, the state’s financial support is either dispersed to small amounts or it is higher, however, one-off. Therefore, another important criteria for supporting monuments is their sustainability, which is closely related to the functional use of monuments. A significant number of them has lost its original role and it is important to choose a new one in order to preserve the monument for the next generations. The variables that influence the selection of the new purpose of the monuments are discussed in the second part of the article.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF SUPPLIER EVALUATION IN SHORT SUPPLY CHAINS

Author(s): Gáborné Szűcs Beáta Pató,Fanni Kiss / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The consideration of supply chains can foster the viability and maintainability of local producers. The formation and retention of the market may be complicated for local producers; therefore it is advisable to take the creation of supply chains into consideration. Constant feedback and evaluation is highly important to maintain successfully operating short supply chains and supplier evaluation forms could act as the starting point of these chains. These forms reflect the strengths and weaknesses of suppliers, based on which the correction of mistakes can be done and the performance of suppliers may be enhanced. The aim of this study is to examine the role of supplier evaluation form and relationships between customers and suppliers in short supply chains, from a local producer’s point of view through a case study. The scientific relevance of this study is to draw particular attention to short supply chains which are and will be of high importance considering local economies. As the case study reveals, it is recommended for the members of short supply chains to use supplier evaluation forms.

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INSTITUTIONAL EFFICIENCY, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, AND THE PREMISES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Author(s): Augustin Ignatov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The development gap between the “Old” and “New” member countries of the European Union is an important problem challenging the efficiency and strength of the European single market. In this regard, a subsequent question arises: which actions in the policy making must be undertaken, by both national and supranational authorities, to stimulate cohesion in the EU and which directions should be followed? The present paper tries to answer this question considering the perspective of the Eastern European nations and their economic development premises analysing the aspects of governmental participation in the economy and the influence of entrepreneurship upon long run competitiveness. The research results explicitly underline that entrepreneurship in the Eastern European nations is a determinative driver of long-term economic competitiveness due to its favourable impact upon the formation of human capital, enhancement of innovation potential and overall intellectual resources of nations. The effects of governmental participation in the economy upon the economic growth premises are heterogeneous including on the formation of physical and intellectual capital. Consequently, it was reached the conclusion that the Eastern European Nations should prioritise entrepreneurship since it is capable of boosting human capital creation and, at the same time, they should improve the institutional quality to minimise the factors undermining the business including corruption and red-tape, etc. In such a way, the Eastern European countries can overcome, in the long run, the development gap with the Western EU states and raise their economic potential.

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INDUSTRIAL SECTOR GROWTH, MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, AND CORRUPTION IN THE SUB SAHARA AFRICA

Author(s): Adewale Atanda Oyerinde / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The study investigates the impacts of macroeconomic performance and corruption on the industrial growth of the SSA. The industrial sector is seen as the engine of the economic development of any country and hence policies that will promote the growth of the sector cannot be over emphasized. The study investigated effects of macroeconomic variables such as exchange rate, economic growth, inflation rate and unemployment rate as measures of economic performance in the SSA on the industrial sector growth. Also quality of institutions effects on industrial sector is investigated using control of corruption as proxy. The preliminary diagnostic results show that Panel Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags P-ARDL is appropriate for the estimation and the results show that both macroeconomic performance and corruption have significant impacts of the industrial sector growth in SSA. However, an exchange rate that will encourage domestic production, minimum inflation, and unemployment rates, will guarantee sustainable growth in the industrial sector, while tightening grip on control of corruption.

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Šta je institucija?

Author(s): John R. Searle / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2018

Kad sam bio dodiplomac u Oxfordu, učili smo ekonomiju gotovo kao da je riječ o prirodnoj znanosti. Predmet ekonomije može se razlikovati od fizike, ali samo na način na koji se predmet hemije ili biologije razlikuje od fizike. Stvarni rezultati su nam predstavljeni kao da su znanstvene teorije. Dakle, kada smo učili da je ušteda jednaka ulaganju, onda se to učilo istim tonom glasa kao što neko uči da je snaga jednaka masa puta ubrzanje. I naučili smo da racionalni poduzetnici prodaju tamo gdje dodatni trošak odgovara dodatnom prihodu na način na koji smo nekoć naučili da se tijela privlače na način koji je izravno proporcionalan proizvodu svoje mase i obrnuto: proporcionalan kvadratu udaljenosti između njih. Ni u jednom trenutku nikada nije bilo sugerirano da je stvarnost opisana ekonomskom teorijom ovisna o ljudskim uvjerenjima i drugim mentalnim stanjima na način koji je bio potpuno drugačiji od stvarnosti koja je opisana u fizici ili hemiji. [...]

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