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Specialized databases for spectrum managament research, analysis and forecasting of the effects of working electromagnetic fields

Author(s): Georgi Petrov,Anushka Stancheva,Vasil Kadrev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

This article discusses the development and use of specialized databases built to gather information related to the radio frequency spectrum management and monitoring in the context of testing the performance of electromagnetic fields created by a wide range of devices and systems. Operational system architecture described by authors share their experience in the field of creation and use of these databases tools for comparison of frequency and coverage plans, and predicting the electromagnetic waves distribution for various fixed and mobile radio services. The actual problem has two sides, the first is related to broadcasting towers and base station transmitters, the second is related to hand held mobile terminals working in complex electromagnetic environment and close to human body.

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Количествена теория на обратната връзка - приложение и възможности в областта на робастното управление

Author(s): Vesela Karlova-Sergieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

Automation as engineering practice suggests that there is a choice of working methods. To capture management process of automated production, one cannot rely solely on the routine of specialist operator. What is needed is a theory that allows for the design of a system to manage the production process, taking into account factors that characterize this process. The application of quantitative theory of feedback leads to clarification of the issues of compromises imposed by the actual working conditions stemming from fundamental concepts - sustainability, quality, change of the parameters of the object, interference level, complexity of the regulator and bandwidth.

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Критерий на система за управление на непрекъсваемостта на бизнеса в телекомуникационните структури

Author(s): Kristian Tomov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

This work addresses the issues of forming appropriate criteria for a business continuity management system in telecommunication structures and guidelines regarding its effectiveness. The results are based on an analysis of typical incidents and examples of existing internationally recognized standards. Presented is a sequence of process continuity management steps, a scheme for reactions to different types of incidents, an approach to analyzing the impact on the business operations and the development of a crisis and recovery business continuity model.

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Разработка на модел на интегрирана вътрешна управленска система (ИВУС) и алгоритъм за оценка на оперативната ефективност

Author(s): Kristian Tomov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

The issue of creating and implementing integrated internal management systems is very topical (IICS) for the governance of telecommunications and information technology structures . The use of an IICS for the corporate governance should be considered, as this would be an essential solution to the open questions on the efficient management especially in international companies. In the practice of research, analysis and audit of IICS many practical approaches based on international applied standards are used. This paper proposes a IICS model, a methodology and an algorithm for the evaluation of its operating efficiency.

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AN INVESTIGATION OF THE DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN COUNTRIES

Author(s): Kazeem Abimbola Sanusi,Daniel Francois Meyer,Adewale Samuel Hassan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The controversy whether the “fear of floating” or the “fear of capital mobility” determines a country’s foreign reserve holdings is an ongoing research debate. This issue remains unresolved in global economic and finance studies. This study has the aim to contribute to the ongoing debate by probing the determinants of foreign exchange reserves in Southern African countries. This study makes use of the annual data sets over the period of 26 years from 1990 to 2015, with the application of the ARDL approach within a panel econometric framework. Variables included in the model are foreign reserves, capital inflows, exports, inflation, exchange rate and imports. The empirical findings show the existence of cointegration amongst the studied variables. The findings show that exports, inflation rate, exchange rate and imports are significant determinants of foreign reserve holdings in the long run and with all the variables having positive impacts, except for import demand. Meanwhile, capital inflow was found to be a non-significant determinant of reserve holdings in the long run. Evidence from the short-run analysis shows that all the independent variables, with the exception of exchange rate, do not significantly determine reserve holdings. The study concludes that “fear of floating” rather than “fear of capital” is a significant driver or determinant of foreign reserves in Southern African countries.

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PUBLIC DEBT AND PRIVATE CONSUMPTION IN ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES: IS THERE EVIDENCE FOR RICARDIAN EQUIVALENCE?

Author(s): Suhal Kusairi,Vinus Maulina,Farah Margaretha / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The study analyses the effect of public debt on private consumption. It indirectly tests whether a Ricardian equivalence proposition exists in differentiated financial development for the yearly data of 18 Asia Pacific countries from 1990 to 2017 using dynamic heterogeneous panel data analysis. The results allow concluding that public debt and private consumption have a long-term co-integrated relationship, and in the general approach, Ricardian equivalence does exist in both long and short term. This implies that an increase in public debt does not increase private consumption because consumers expect governments to raise taxes to service debt such as principal and interest payments. But under the traditional approach Ricardian equivalence does not exist, thus, public debt does affect private consumption. In addition, income, capital accumulation, government expenditure, real interest rate and inflation have a positive effect on private consumption. The key implication of these results is that financial development does not provide evidence for the existence of Ricardian equivalence as it does not have a different effect for different countries.

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APPROACHING VALUE FOR MONEY TO ASSESS VIABILITY OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROJECTS

Author(s): Dinh Thi Thuy Hang / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The aim of this paper is to evaluate whether decision-making to pursue a Public-Private partnership model is feasible to finance a project. In order to clarify this issue, this paper carries out an analysis based on an objective method, which is quantitative Value for Money (VFM) assessment. A case study of Trung Luong-My Thuan project in Vietnam is employed to explore the validity of the method. The research result proves that there is 99 percent probability that PPP is an appropriated model to implement this project. Additionally, the stimulated VFM output is positively sensitive to construction cost overrun risk, while it is negatively sensitive to traffic demand inaccuracy.

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ACADEMIC MOBILITY AND FINANCIAL STABILITY: A CASE OF ERASMUS STUDENT EXCHANGE PROGRAM

Author(s): Gulbakyt Kabanbayeva,Maria Gureva,Peter Bielik,Grzegorz Ostasz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Globalization and digitalization have dramatically changed higher education more than any other sphere of social or economic life. Constant flow of information and free access to all possible data, news, and topics, valuable and fake alike, imposed many challenges for the stakeholders in higher education worldwide. Lecturers and students worldwide became closer thanks to the new technologies, yet they also are drifting apart enclosed in single information bubbles. It is surprising that this digital epoch is seeing an increase in academic mobility worldwide. It appears that young people are willing to leave the comfort of their homes and social networks in order to experience the academic life and culture of other countries. It appears that this trend might also have considerable economic impacts on both sending and receiving countries. Our paper investigates the link between academic mobility and financial stability. We focus on the case study of academic exchange Erasmus program funded by the European Union (EU) and its impact on the financial stability of the Eurozone based on the criteria of the Optimum Currency Area (OCA). Our findings suggest that academic mobility indirectly improves financial stability in four fields: First of all, it enhances future labour mobility. Second, it decreases path-dependence and homogenizes policy preferences. Third, it induces more intensive trade relations. And finally, it increases international solidarity which is very important for such multi-national complex projects as the EU.

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DOES EFFICIENCY OF THE NORDIC PENSION SYSTEM EVOLVE AFTER CRISIS?

Author(s): Marcin Brycz / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

This study examines efficiency of the pension system in the Nordic countries in comparison to other European counterparts using efficiency indicators proposed by Chybalski (2016). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to check weather Nordic Countries forms a cluster – it is possible to extract Nordic Countries from European Countries by their pension system efficiency before and after 2008 crisis. PCA was applied to the year 2008 and 2013 to investigate whether 2008-financial crisis changed pension system efficiency. According to our analysis pension systems in Iceland, Norway and Sweden are very efficient in terms of labour market and forms a cluster both before and after financial crisis. Denmark and Finland don’t differ significantly from the rest of analysed European countries.

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HIGHER EDUCATION AS A FACTOR OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Vyacheslav Volchik,Anna Oganesyan,Tadeusz Olejarz / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

In the context of globalized markets and localized R&D structures, tertiary (also called higher or university) education becomes one of the main factors facilitating economic performance. In the face of globalization and digitalization, substantial institutional changes, reforms and merges of universities represent a challenge for the higher education in the 21st century. These changes go hand in hand with economic development and global economic growth as far as higher education significantly impacts economic performance of regions and countries. European Union (EU) also faces these challenges and therefore has to promote higher education policies and invest into tertiary education in order to increase the level of human capital of its citizens with the purpose of achieving competitiveness on the global markets and higher economic growth. Our paper focuses on the reforms in higher education that are currently taking place worldwide and employ best practices occurring in universities throughout the world. In particular, we show that higher education has a positive impact on the economic performance as well as on the individual social and economic performance. We employ an empirical model that demonstrates the tertiary education has a significantly positive economic outcome for local citizens, EU citizens and third-country nationals on the example of the Federal Republic of Germany, EU largest economy and a major hub for higher education. Moreover, we compare the situation of immigrants from the EU and non-EU countries and their level of returns to higher education. Overall, it appears that current system of higher education requires deeper institutional reforms that would both reflect opening up of the EU to migrants from various non-EU countries with implication for its labour market, and recent trends in higher education. Our results might prove to be resourceful for researchers, academics, educators, policy-makers as well as for the stakeholders in higher education.

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Społeczny bilans transformacji - Dyskutują: Rafał Bakalarczyk, Maria Libura i Krzysztof Mazur oraz Katarzyna Jabłońska i Zbigniew Nosowski („Więź”)

Author(s): Rafał Bakalarczyk,Maria Libura,Krzysztof Mazur,Katarzyna Jabłońska,Zbigniew Nosowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 676/2019

Jeśli więc mówimy o kosztach społecznych związanych z tym sukcesem, to w istocie rozmawiamy o plusach i minusach współczesnego kształtu kapitalizmu, w który włączyliśmy się trzydzieści lat temu. Doświadczyliśmy na własnej skórze wszystkich wad i zalet tego systemu.

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Monetyzacja efektów społecznych

Author(s): Jakub Głowacki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

One of the key barriers to the development of the social economy sector in Poland is the lack of common knowledge and skills in the effective and systematic measurement of achievements. This is important because despite the growing public awareness of the benefits generated by this sector, there are still some reservations about the rationality of supporting social enterprises. The way to measurable and effective presentation of the effects of social activities is to monetise these effects, that is, to give them a monetary value. This article reviews literature related to the valuation of non-market goods developed in the area of ecology and indicates the potential for adaptation of this type of methods in the area of social economy. These conclusions can be used to conduct further empirical research as well as to build new methods and tools for social impact assessment.

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Scenariusze dostosowawcze sektora ekonomii społecznej do realiów czwartej rewolucji przemysłowej

Author(s): Marcin Zawicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

The 4th Industrial Revolution causes profound changes in every sector of the economy and in society. Its effects will also be felt by social economy entities. The aim of the article is to sketch scenarios determining the degree of adaptation of the social economy entities in Europe to the technological changes taking place as part of the 4th Industrial Revolution. On the basis of literature studies and the heuristic scenario method, three adaptation scenarios of social economy entities to new realities were formulated – reactive, adaptive and anticipating. The implementation of specific scenarios will affect the future of every social economy entity as well as the entire sector.

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Public and Expert Opinions on Free Trade Agreements in South America

Author(s): Krzysztof Beck,Bogna Gawrońska-Nowak,Paul Valdivieso / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Objective: Free Trade Agreements (FTA) have recently drawn public attention due to political populism, alter-globalisation, and tendencies to redefine economic ties, together with the stereotype of mismatching social perception and so-called ‘expert knowledge’. Confronting this stereotype may contribute to better understanding of FTA controversies and identify possible vulnerability sources at the policy implementation level. Research Design & Methods: To analyse FTA impact, meta-analysis of the literature research results was performed using the sample of eight Spanish language papers. We included models in which natural logarithm of a trade measure was regressed on FTA dummy variable with other explanatory variables following Viechtbauer (2010). Findings: With FTA dummy variable increased trade can have its sources both in trade creation and trade diversion. Also, the endogeneity issue might result in overestimation of the effect, as countries that trade more are more likely to establish a FTA. Weighted least squares fixed effects models at both the study and the model level support this notion. Unweighted least squares models for Spanish language papers are the only ones where the positive effect of FTA is not statistically significant. Implications & Recommendations: Spanish language literature gives a lot of support to the notion that FTAs are associated with higher trade. However, the exact size of the effect can be brought to question. Contribution & Value Added: Public opinion in South America seems quite supportive for FTA and economic integration. Meta-analysis results confirm positive FTA effects, supporting its use as a convincing argument for further integration.

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China and Central and Eastern European Countries within ’16+1’: Group or Bilateral Relations?

Author(s): Andreja Jaklič,Marjan Svetličič / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Objective: The article focuses on developments within the ’16+1’ initiative: It aims to analyse whether the relations between China and CEECs are more multilateral or bilateral in nature and discuss the implications for business. Research Design & Methods: We review the literature on the ‘16+1’, overview international trade and investment between CEECs and China, development of institutional framework and examine the case of China-Slovenia economic relations in greater detail. Findings: Highly intensive diplomatic relationships since the establishment of the initiative in 2012 have evolved into deeper, though unbalanced economic relations, resulting in net trade deficit and high concentration in trade and investment. Implications & Recommendations: Formally multilateral platform, ‘16+1’, kept the trade policies and business strategies predominantly still within bilateral relations strategies of national countries. Multilateralising the ‘16+1’ remains an opportunity for CEECs and the EU. Secondly, in most countries strong bilateral cooperation with China is a part of efforts to diversify their international economic cooperation and a catching up process parallel with the growing role of China in the global economy. Contribution & Value Added: Monitoring trade and investments between CEECs and China provides insights to describe CEECs patterns of economic globalisation, institutional framework for entrepreneurship and information how the ’16+1’ has influenced globalisation patterns in the EU trade and investment, rethinking of EU-China cooperation and competition and cooperation among CEECs.

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The Capacity of JESSICA Projects to Repay Loans Based on Own Revenues

Author(s): Piotr Idczak,Ida Musiałkowska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Objective: Objectives of the article are the following: to identify 1) similarity/ dissimilarity in Polish regions with regard to the implementation of JESSICA projects in terms of the size of JESSICA loans/ projects and the legal form of beneficiaries, 2) what factors have the biggest impact on the project capacities to generate revenues. Research Design & Methods: The authors used the logistic regression to build a model showing the association of the variables analysed on the dependent variable. In addition, to point out a relative importance from all possible orderings of explanatory variables and to show the most important one(s), ANOVA method was applied. Findings: Not all the projects co-financed under the JESSICA initiative bring revenues from their main operations. The legal form of a beneficiary plays an important role. Both projects implemented by companies and projects of a relatively high value increase the probability of generating revenues. Location of the project (capital city/ non-capital city of the region) is not significant with regard to capacities to generate revenues. Implications & Recommendations: JESSICA projects characterised with a high value and implemented by entities having the company status involve private capital and consequently generate capital backflows. They contribute to leverage effects and thereby raise the role of JESSICA as a powerful instrument aimed at rendering existing market failures. It seems that the results of the study might help to design the use of JESSICA resources in the current and the future EU financial perspective. Contribution & Value Added: The article sheds more light on a still under-researched area of the use of financial instruments in the EU Cohesion Policy. The analysis provides pioneering results and points out the vital issues for future research.

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Progress of the V4 Countries towards the EU’s Energy and Climate Targets in the Context of Energy Security Improvement

Author(s): Agnieszka Pach-Gurgul,Marta Ulbrych / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Objective: The aim of this article is to conduct an empirical verification of progress in implementing the provisions of the EU Energy Package and to assess this process in the context of opportunities to boost the energy security of the V4 countries by more efficient energy consumption, using renewable energy and reducing emission of greenhouse gases. Research Design & Methods: The diagnosis is based on the determination of a taxonomic measure using Hellwig’s multidimensional comparative analysis method. Then, a linear grouping of objects is used on the basis of changes in the value of indicators in order to prepare a ranking of the EU member states. Findings: Considering all EU member countries, the V4 economies record an average rating in the implementation of the energy and climate framework. Slovakia and Hungary are ranked the highest, Poland and the Czech Republic – the lowest. Implications & Recommendations: The research and discussion might be interesting for policymakers and may have an application value for institutions dealing with energy security and climate policy in the V4 countries. Contribution & Value Added: The study measures progress in the implementation of the energy and climate package in the context of its importance for the energy security of the V4 economies. The work also presents the results of our own research based on taxonomic methods. Using a synthetic variable, a ranking of the EU members and their classification is elaborated according to the level of the indicators studied.

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The Social Dimension of the Entrepreneurial Motivation in the Central and Eastern European Countries

Author(s): Zoltán Bartha,Andrea S. Gubik,Adam Bereczk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Objective: Discovering and categorising the entrepreneurial motivations of university student entrepreneurs in the CEE region, and uncovering the influencing factors behind the different motivation factors. The aim is to understand what factors shape the social motivations of entrepreneurs, and give insights on how these motivations may be enhanced in order to make social entrepreneurship more effective. Research Design & Methods: The study is based on the 2016 GUESSS database that contains 19.338 answers for eight selected CEE countries. Factor analysis was used to detect the motivation factors; a General Linear Model was set up to identify the influencing factors of the Social mission, one of the motivation factors of the university student entrepreneurs. Findings: Five factors of entrepreneurial motivations were identified: Social mission, Customer focus, Competition/market focus, Individual goals, and Collective/community goals. Most of the factors are intrinsic in nature. Social mission factor is influenced by education, the entrepreneurship-related courses and programmes, a cultural dimension called uncertainty avoidance, and country-level characteristics that are not cultural in nature. Implications & Recommendations: Entrepreneurship courses and programmes influence attitudes and motivations, and so higher education institutions should focus on such programmes. The standard courses do not enhance the importance of intrinsic motivations, such as the social mission, so more emphasis should be put on the social dimensions. Contribution & Value Added: Our study contributes to the entrepreneurial motivations and social innovation literature, and calls for further comparative research, as the social mission GLM showed that country-level differences exist in the CEE region.

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The Evolution of Family Entrepreneurship in Poland: Main Findings Based on Surveys and Interviews from 2009-2018

Author(s): Andrzej Marjański,Łukasz Sułkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Objective: The article deals with the issue of family entrepreneurship, which plays an increasingly important role in the Polish economy. The aim of the article is to discuss the phenomenon of family entrepreneurship in Poland in market economy and to explore the evolution of family businesses. Research Design & Methods: The article is based on the review of the literature on the subject, its critical analysis and the results of empirical research conducted in this field by the authors in the years 2009-2018. Findings: In their development, family businesses need to take into account coping with the principles and practices of market economy and internationalisation processes, as well as problems related to family and business relationships that are specific only to them and multi-generational perspective of functioning. Being successful requires a development strategy thanks to which the businesses build their own brand, improve management processes, introduce innovations and adapt their market behaviour. Implications & Recommendations: Understanding the specificity of family entrepreneurship requires learning their essence and criteria for distinguishing these entities from other enterprises. The key factor is the duality of relations between the family and the business it runs. Contribution & Value Added: The originality of this work lies in cross-years comparisons of empirical research conducted by the same researches in the field of family entrepreneurship.

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Social Media in the Marketing of Higher Education Institutions in Poland: Preliminary Empirical Studies

Author(s): Grzegorz Mazurek,Paweł Korzyński,Anna Górska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Objective: To investigate how higher education institutions (HEIs) in Poland take advantage of social media marketing activities. In particular, the work considers managerial and promotional implications of social media usage along with the barriers to implementing such activities in HEIs in Poland. Research Design & Methods: The empirical research was carried out in the period of April-June 2017 on a sample of 90 HEIs in Poland, using an online questionnaire and individual invitations sent out to marketing departments of these institutions. 50 completely filled-out surveys were used to compile the results. Findings: Social media are considered to be ‘youth’ media expressed in the target audience and content of the message. SM are not used for promoting research and academia. Researchers and Administration are perceived as stakeholders not understanding the potential of SM for building school’s image and reputation. Universities in Poland operate with little support from external entities. Implications & Recommendations: The article provides information how to grasp the dynamics of the development of the utilisation of social media by Polish HEIs. Juxtaposition of the findings with the results obtained from research conducted on students and academic staff members along with the comparison of the results with the research executed on different markets would shed a new light on the social media usage in HEIs. Contribution & Value Added: It is the first study where social media marketing activities and strategies are analysed in the HEI sector in Poland. Social media are a significant communication channel for HEIs, determining the changes in the way the HEIs interact with their stakeholders.

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