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Dylemat zrównoważonej konsumpcji i zrównoważonego rozwoju w prawie międzynarodowym i UE.

Author(s): Piotr Krajewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

Sustainable consumption and sustainable development are the two areas of action with the significant influence on each state’s economy, especially the developed one. Sustainable consumption does not have to mean lowering the intensity of consuming – it should be rather connected with efficiency. In the definitions of sustainable consumption and development there are particularly emphasized the element of future and protection of living environment. For this purpose we should introduce and implement the policy of pro-ecologic education and educating citizens about the issues concerning selection of products and services and their impact on the environment. Sustainable consuming is also just, intergenerational and intragenerational using of the Earth’s resources considering abilities of absorbing and neutralizing implemented substances and waste. Otherwise there occurs air pollution, soil contamination, decrease of fresh water quantity, accumulation of waste, increasing economic and social disproportions, thus lowering of ecologic safety and deterioration of living conditions.

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The role of the contemporary higher education in the implementation of the euro in Poland.

Author(s): Paweł Sitek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

It must be accepted that Poland has used 25 years of political and economic freedom to generate the development of country in many areas. The passage of years has confirmed the stability of Polish and our credibility for investors, which is one of the most important determinants of development. Currently, after the election campaign for the European Parliament, it can be observed, that in Poland, despite the noticeable economic growth, rising the living standards and a numbers of similar circumstances, Polish society falls into irrational contestation, negation and they change the current achievements into the populist and dangerous socio-economic figures. Poland in its stability is a young country and it needs to maintain the exchange course toward stabilization. It is essential,urgent and economically safe for Poland to access to the euro zone. The political factor supporting this idea is exhausted and sometimes in crises. Therefore, it is necessary to give the support to activities that promote the entry into the euro zone. That kind of support should be given by the institution of higher education – colleges and universities with of economic, financial or political profiles, A good example of such activities in that field are action undertaken by the Alcide De Gasperi University of Euroregional Economy in Józefów.

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Narodowy, regionalny i światowy wymiar rynku praw autorskich w Internecie.

Author(s): Inga Oleksiuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The dynamic expansion of the transnational copyright market on Internet changes the manner of distribution and use of intellectual property. This paper analyses the process of the development of the transnational and international copyright market. The author points out that the dynamic transformation process became a distinctive feature of the copyright trade. Therefore, a static determination of a given market needs to be complemented with an analysis focused on its development trends(economic, technological, socio-cultural) in terms of their impact on the barriers to access to the market. In this context, legal barriers need to be given special consideration. The market of copyright able intellectual property includes actions, goods and services that are subject to national law and have both economic and cultural relevance. They enjoy legal protection mainly because they convey identity, values and meanings rather than due to their mere market value. Hence, in the process of geographical market defi nition the rules for the protection of IP set out in the EU Treaty, in the constitutions of the individual Member States, in copyright laws and regulations and culture law in the broad sense of the term should be taken into consideration. At the same time, the individual and public interests in respect of the creative activity need to be balanced.

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Między interesem państwa członkowskiego a Unii Europejskiej. Studium na przykładzie historii PGSP w Polsce

Author(s): Bronisław Sitek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The European integration raises hopes for the future of united Europe, but it does not solve all the current problems of individual Member States. One of them is to protect the rights and interests of the State Treasury of individual European Union’s countries. Therefore, each country has its own system of protection of these interests also towards the European Union’s countries. This situation is far from the perspective of unification of the European Union’s interests. In Poland, the State Treasury Solicitors’ Office deals with the legal protection of the rights and interests of the State Treasury.

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Modele organizacji nadzoru bankowego – przekształcenia w wybranych krajach europejskich

Author(s): Bogusław Bujak / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

This article presents certain aspects of the banking supervisory process in selected European countries. The aim of the author is to analyze historical and present organizations of supervision models in France and Switzerland. The economic situation in Europe after last financial crisis (2007–2009) has resulted in a large number of transformations in supervisory organizations, both on the European level and in individual countries. In practice the most changes was addressed on the model based on two pillars, where the first institution is responsible for prudential supervision (both macro and micro) and the second – for overall functioning supervised institution. The main goal is to present if the transformation on the European level – in fact – determine similar direction in transformation of organization of financial supervisory model in two selected countries. This analysis is concentrated on one of the financial area – banking services.

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Rynek internetowy jako żródło rozwoju biznesu.

Author(s): Sofiya Lukash / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

The huge potential, a newest and latest world trends, a direction of whole market is an internet connection for companies and for enterprises. Online researchers, mobile applications and online retailers, which play a role of specialists, offer to demanded customers a comprehensive information about requested and needed goods and services. This knowledge has a big influence to every economic decision, which leads to some particular financial results, such as incomes, money, spends, profits and others. Companies and customers finally start to properly assess the advantages and benefits of this kind of business development. Nowadays marketing is getting a new shapes and meanings because of intensive internets development. Time of complex internets marketing is coming. The tools of this marketing work effectively and meet a company`s needs. The worlds internet`s development has been reviewed in the article. The stage of online market of Poland and Ukraine has been analyzed and has been compared. The features and prospective of modern internet marketing have been considered and analyzed.

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Postgraduate training of the specialists in tourism sector

Author(s): Kateryna Babikova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Purpose. The article highlights the features and value of postgraduate training in the field of tourism. An important step to improve the efficiency and quality of tourism is an organization of professional preparation, training and retraining of professionals working in this field. Methods. As the tourism market is extremely dynamic, diversified and fleeting, only a systematic and continuous development of knowledge workers will ensure the adaptability and flexibility of the tourism business. Given the current educational trends in continuing education consider necessary to implement training for the tourism business training. Postgraduate seminar training allows employees to tourism businesses to gain new knowledge and skills, to master modern information technologies in tourism, new approaches to master the organization and management tourism activity. Results: Attention is paid to the basic concept of professional development and professional training – the professional development specialists forms professional development of tourism industry professionals and training in such forms as short-term training, self-study, internships, field education, informative tour.

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IMF Tariff Conditionality, Aid for Trade and Trade: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

Author(s): Seboka Alemu GEMECHU / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Recently, world tariff rates based on the Most Favoured Nation have declined with more significant drops observed in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) particularly on agricultural products. However, the IMF conditions tied to aid for aid-receiving countries during the economic crisis are criticised for biased decision-making and their ineffectiveness in trade reform policies in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals. The purpose of this study is to investigate how IMF-tariff conditions tied to aid for trade impact agricultural product trade in SSA through Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs). Precisely, it seeks to determine whether conditions linked to Aid for Trade (AfT) foster agricultural trade growth in SSA while reducing tariffs. I hypothesised that IMF tariff conditionality impacts SSA agricultural product trade through intricate channels encompassing trade systems, pricing and marketing policies, and tax reforms. The study uses panel data from 2011-2023, covering 26 SSA countries, at the disaggregated HS-6-digit product level, using 832 agricultural products. The panel data fixed effect model estimation results indicate that IMF conditionality and ODA-AfT had a negative association with agricultural product trade growth. This suggests that ODA AfT is potentially counterproductive in promoting agricultural trade growth of SSA countries. The study reveals that IMF tariff conditionality, IMF SAPs pricing and marketing policies, and the interactions between SAPs trade system reforms and ODA-AfT are negatively associated with tariff binding overhang. Conversely, there is a positive relationship between binding overhang and SAPs in tax and trade system reforms.

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Understanding Consumer Behaviour in the Digital Era: A Literature Review

Author(s): Diana E. DRĂGHICI,Mihaela CONSTANTINESCU / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In the rapidly evolving digital age, it is crucial for marketers to understand consumer behaviour to develop effective strategies. This literature review explores the complex dynamics that shape consumer behaviour in the digital realm. Based on a comprehensive analysis of existing research, this article explores the key factors that influence the consumer decision-making process, including the impact of technology and artificial intelligence on personalised marketing strategies. Additionally, the role of trust, privacy concerns, and empowerment in shaping digital consumer behaviour is explored. The findings provide valuable insights for marketers seeking to adapt and thrive in an increasingly digital marketplace

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Влияние на парникови атмосферни замърсители върху специфичния топлинен капацитет на атмосферата

Author(s): Mihail Petrov,Zdravka Nikolaeva,Aleksandar Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

This research focuses on the development of quantitative relationships that describe the state of the atmosphere. The atmosphere is considered as a massive thermodynamic system and it is described by the specific heat capacity of the air. Global warming is caused by the presence of anthropogenic greenhouse gas pollutants. The processes of photosynthesis are at lower rates and fail to compensate for the higher levels of carbon dioxide accumulation. There is a tendency for the mass of the atmosphere to increase due to the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide resulting in a lower specific heat capacity. Such a condition is described by large amplitudes of air temperature changes for relatively short time intervals, a trend that has been observed recently.

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Czynniki i kryteria decydujące o awansie zawodowym w Policji - perspektywa interesariuszy wewnętrznych

Author(s): Bogdan Nogalski,Andrzej Józef Kozłowski,Iwona Czaplicka-Kozłowska,Agnieszka A. Szpitter / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2024

Cel pracy:Celem artykułu i przeprowadzonych badań jest identyfikacja czynników i kryteriów decydujących o awansie w PolicjiMateriał i metody:W badaniach wykorzystano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego, technikę badań ankietowych oraz autorskie narzędzie badawcze w postaci kwestionariusza ankiety. Badania ankietowe przeprowadzone zostały na przełomie 2019 i 2020 roku. W badaniach uczestniczyli tzw. interesariusze wewnętrzni będący funkcjonariuszami policji na jej różnych szczeblach i przede wszystkim podnoszący swoje kwalifikacje w ramach kursu oficerskiego oraz na studiach podyplomowych organizowanych w Wyższej Szkole Policji w Szczytnie. Na użytek niniejszego artykułu określeni zostali oni przez autorów nazwą interesariuszy wewnętrznychWyniki:Z badań wynika, że w formacji mundurowej jaką jest policja stosowanie racjonalnych kryteriów decydujących o awansie zawodowym na wyższe stanowiska ma charakter ograniczony. Można przyjąć, że występują pewne objawy uznawane powszechnie za patologiczne, w ramach, których najczęściej o awansie decydują inne, często nie merytoryczne czynniki.Wnioski:Przeprowadzone badania wskazują na konieczność dokonania pogłębionej oceny i analizy realizowanych zasad zarządzania kadrami i wdrożenie procedur uzdrawiających stan zasobów kadrowych tej formacji. Niezbędne jest też wdrożenie zasad i procedur stałego nadzorowania realizowanego procesu zarządzania kadrami, w tym zwłaszcza procesu awansowania.

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Występowanie patologii w organizacjach a ich dobrostan – analiza wyników badań pilotażowych

Author(s): Marlena Niemiec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2024

Cel pracy:Celem badań było sprawdzenie czy istnieje zależność między występowaniem dysfunkcji w organizacjach a ich dobrostanem.Materiał i metody:W badaniu wzięło udział 121 osób. Respondenci to studenci Wydziału Zarządzania i Dowodzenia, którzy studiują oraz są zatrudnieni od co najmniej roku oraz osoby, które nie są związane z Uczelnią, ale spełniają warunek o zatrudnieniu przynajmniej 1 rok. Do zebrania danych empirycznych wykorzystano autorski kwestionariusz ankiety.Wyniki:Badania wskazały, że respondenci dostrzegają zależność między brakiem wellbeingu a występowaniem dysfunkcji w organizacji. Respondenci w swoich odpowiedziach wskazali, konkretne patologie, które wiążą z brakiem występowania wellbeingu – było to wypalenie zawodowe. Badania nie wykazały związku ze stażem pracy respondentów.Wnioski:Podjęte badania wykazały związek między występowaniem wskazanej przez respondentów patologii organizacyjnej jaką jest wypalenie zawodowe, uzyskane dane empiryczne nie wskazały silnego związku, jeśli chodzi o postrzeganie patologii w organizacji w odniesieniu do stażu pracy. Respondenci natomiast dostrzegają powiązanie między występowaniem lub brakiem występowania patologii w organizacji a wellbeingiem.

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Zero Emissions Dual-Powered Ships

Author(s): Ivan Conev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The European Green Deal and the IMO initial and up-coming mid- and long-term Strategies for Greenhouse Gas reduction have sparked the development and implementation of technical solutions aiming at reducing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from shipping. The use of alternative zero carbon and sustainable fuels is increasing, as are solutions based on combination of wind-power energy with environmental-friendly power sources. This harmonious combination of age-old sailing techniques and modern technology aims to reduce fuel consumption, lower emissions, and enhance the overall efficiency of seaborne transportation.

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The impact of labour market policies on outcomes in OECD countries: An empirical analysis

Author(s): Magdalena Knapińska,Katarzyna Woźniak-Jasińska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Labour market policies are a topic of debate in all countries that has become increasingly relevant during the recent crises. This study aims to assess the impact of labour market policies on labour market outcomes. The empirical analysis is based on a panel data model with fixed effects for the studied OECD countries. The analysis indicates that higher levels of public spending on labour market policy are associated with improved labour market outcomes. The results also suggest that higher unionisation among employees promotes job-seeking and engagement in the workforce. Based on the results for disaggregated active labour market policies, it can be supposed that training and employment incentives show the most beneficial results, both in terms of reducing unemployment and increasing employment and participation. Thus, our results suggest that labour market policies play an important role in terms of labour market outcomes in OECD countries.

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Цветната палитра на съвременната икономика

Author(s): Rumen Nedkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

The report examines alternative economic models through the prism of colors – green economy, blue economy, purple economy, etc. The connection of these models within sustainable development is noted. The negative consequences are considered, to which following the model of the brown economy leads. The report also presents a modern color triad (white economy – grey economy – black economy) from the point of legislation.

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Макроикономически условия и инвестиционни стимули в България

Author(s): Yavor Stanev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

This report examines macroeconomic factors and investment incentives in Bulgaria, which play a significant role in attracting domestic and foreign investment. The key macroeconomic indicators such as GDP, inflation, unemployment and fiscal policy, which influence the business environment in the country, are analyzed. In addition, the report examines investment incentives provided by the government, including tax breaks, subsidies and support for innovation and technology. Regulatory reforms and their impact on the improvement of the investment climate are also investigated. The conclusions emphasize the importance of a stable macroeconomic environment and effective incentives to promote sustainable economic growth and competitiveness of Bulgaria in the global economy.

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Същност на електронните административни услуги и перспективи за тяхното развитие в България

Author(s): Gabriela Terezova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

The technological push, which was provoked by the intensive penetration of information and communication technologies, had a significant impact on our lives. Thanks to this progress, today we can talk about digitalization, transformation, electronicization, etc. modern processes that transform the existing environment. In the economic aspect, the impact of new technologies is most noticeable in the private sector. Given the new technological possibilities, many business models today function completely differently, while the public sector strives to provide society with more electronic capabilities, through which to gradually build effective e-governance.

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DOES EMPLOYER BRANDING RETAIN EMPLOYEES? JOB SATISFACTION AS A MEDIATOR

Author(s): Marko Slavković,Marija Mirić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The development and quality of human capital determine contemporary companies’ long–term competitive potential. Consequently, in addition to the goods and services market, companies aspire to be competitive in the labour market in order to acquire and retain skilled employees. Creating a distinct employer brand is a successful strategic reaction by top management to the increasing pressures to reduce turnover rates. This study aims to look at job satisfaction’s role as a mediator in the link between employer brand and employee retention. The research was conducted on a sample of 128 companies in the Republic of Serbia, with primary data acquired by the survey method. We applied the PLS-SEM and found that satisfaction acts as a competitive mediator in the relationship between organisational culture and employee retention, and as a complete mediator in the link between training and development, and retention. Furthermore, the analysis showed that job satisfaction appears as a complementary intervening variable in the employer reputation-employee retention path. The study provides a foundation for a more comprehensive understanding of the complex nature of the interaction between the investigated components of the employer brand and staff retention, as well as assistance for management decision-making in the creation of initiatives to prevent voluntary turnover.

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POST PANDEMIC TRAVEL INTENTIONS: THE POWER OF FEARS AND CHANGES IN TRAVELLER BEHAVIOUR

Author(s): Marija Stevanović,Jelena Gajić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The post-pandemic period has seen large financial losses in the economy of the entire world, but particularly in the tourism industry. Covid-19 significantly influenced changes in the behaviour of tourists, including the increasing level of health risk perception. The aim of this research is to examine the impact of health risk perception on the intentions and travel decisions of Serbian tourists after the Covid-19 pandemic. The importance of the research lies in the intention to determine whether there is a difference in the perception of health risks based on demographic and economic variables. The results of the empirical research conducted on the territory of the Republic of Serbia indicate that age and the level of income are two significant predictors of fears and intentions to travel after the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the results, it will be possible to predict future tourist movements in Serbia and abroad, taking into account the changes in the behaviour of tourists in the post-pandemic period.

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Ryzyko, czy niepewność - próba oceny szoków cenowych na rynku energii?

Author(s): Michał Thlon,Andrzej Brożek,Jan Thlon / Language(s): Polish Issue: 52/2024

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to translate theoretical concepts of risk and uncertainty in the economy into a practical dimension related to the electricity market in Poland. It examines attributing market phenomena with properties of risk or uncertainty to assess the feasibility of forecasting en‑ergy market changes. The authors seek to determine whether the Polish energy market experienced extraordinary changes that would legally allow altering the contractual relationship between the energy seller and buyer.THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem is the volatility of electricity prices in Poland and their predictability. The study employs economic‑legal analysis and empirical data analysis of sig‑nificant price shocks in the Polish energy market.THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The argumentation in‑volves analyzing economic and legal factors causing sudden changes in the Polish electricity market. The analysis is based on market data from the first significant price shock in the Polish energy market in 2018. RESEARCH RESULTS: The analysis identifies factors that significantly impacted the increase in electricity prices in Poland in 2018. The market volatility was extraordinary, suggesting that the scale of electricity price changes could not have been predicted ex ante.CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS:The analysis concludes that developing a price risk management strategy for the Polish electricity market is necessary. The results have significant practical implications for stabilizing economic processes and managing price risk in the energy market. The analysis period was inspired by numerous 2018 court cases between energy companies and corporate consumers, demanding the “adjust‑ment” of contractual remuneration due to an unpredictable increase in market energy prices, based on the rebus sic stantibus clause regulated in Articles 357¹ and 632 § 2 of the Civil Code.

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