ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ІСТОРИЧНОЇ ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЇ В УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ МОВОЗНАВСТВІ (50-ті рр. ХХ ст. – 20-ті рр. ХХІ ст.)

Author(s): Vasyl Denysiuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2022

The article attempts to analyze the state of studying the formation of the phraseological fund of the Ukrainian language in domestic linguistics. The analysis showed that the traditional approach in Ukrainian studies is to fix the phraseology, clarify its semantics and unite them in groups according to the semantic criterion. In a few studies, the stylistic functions of phraseological units are presented and their comparative analysis in related languages is performed. It was found that the research was performed on the basis of materials of business style written documents of the XIV–XVII centuries, while written documents of other styles serve as a source base much less often or were left out of consideration. The same applies to the time period where the Kyiv Rus’ period is presented in only one study. The analysis of works on historical phraseology showed that in Ukrainian linguistics this trend has not been studied yet. The number of written memorabilia available for research is increasing, while several linguists are currently working on their phraseological system. The traditional method of interpreting phraseology is undergoing transformation: instead of studying phraseology within one style, one can observe its processing through discourse analysis and cross-stylistic parallels, which allows to record metaphorical shifts and determine in which style or genre the phraseologized meaning developed.

Vladimír Šmilauer, Karel Hausenblas a Alexandr Stich v roce 2023. Osobnosti a jazykovědné dílo

Author(s): Oldřich Uličný / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

In present article we tried to capture the scientific and personality traits of three Czech and Czechoslovakian linguists who co-created our linguobohemistics in an unforgettable way. We remember Vladimír Šmilauer as a great syntactician with other broad-based linguistic interests, we see Karel Hausenblas as the creator of a new stylistic theory. On the other hand, Alexandr Stich is for us not only a modern philologist and one of the most important historians of the development of the Czech language. We also examine how our current linguobohemistics has changed since their time and how they would appreciate our progress and criticize our debts.

Příspěvek Alexandra Sticha a Vladimíra Šmilauera k výzkumu české vojenské terminologie

Author(s): Josef Ernst / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

Alexandr Stich as well as Vladimír Šmilauer dealt with Czech military terminology, although this was not their main area of research. Both of them linguistically analyzed the work of others, namely Stich of Friedberg-Mírohorský and Šmilauer of Emil Smetánka. Stich was fascinated by Friedberg-Mírohorský’s effort because he also saw it as a political manifesto that would raise the Czech language to a higher level, and thus to the same level as the German language. For Šmilauer, who was a student of Smetánka, his work was of great importance because of its originality and systematic nature. Both Stich and Šmilauer made a thorough analysis of original sources, be it the illustrative atlas by Friedberg-Mírohorský or the set of small arms terminology, which was based on Smetánka’s work in the terminology commission after World War I.

Application Of the National Corpus Of The Kazakh Language In Linguistic Research

Author(s): K. K. Pirmanova,D. O. Tokmyrzaev,A. A. Pirmanova / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2024

National corpora are essential tools in modern linguistics, offering valuable data for analyzing language structures and their connection to the world.The primary goal of this study is to enhance the perception and analysis of the Kazakh language. It introduces a methodological approach that deepens the understanding of the structure and features of Kazakh.The research utilizes frequency analysis, syntactic parsing, and statistical methods to examine Kazakh language texts. The results demonstrate that the National Corpus provides extensive data for studying linguistic patterns. Frequency analysis identifies the most common words and phrases, while syntactic analysis uncovers patterns and connections between words. The study also highlights the variation in word usage and constructions, showing the language's adaptability to modern communication.The findings are applicable to lexicography, semantics, and syntax studies of the Kazakh language. Additionally, they offer practical benefits in language teaching, lexicographic resource creation, machine translation, and natural language processing.In conclusion, the research provides valuable tools for in-depth analysis of the Kazakh language, with broad applications across linguistic studies and practical fields.

ENGLISH MEDICAL ONYMS BETWEEN POLAND’S SYNDROME AND STOCKHOLM SYNDROME

Author(s): Floriana Popescu / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2024

Elements of the English medical nomenclature have been investigated and described from different perspectives for at least a century. Of the varied classes of terms and words, eponyms have most often been analysed and commented upon either in a positive or negative manner. Although eponyms have stirred either curiosity, admiration or bitter criticism because of more or less arguable reasons, toponyms in the medical nomenclature have most often found themselves in an opposite position. They have hardly drawn the interest of medical terminologists and never created controversies of an ethical, deontological or any other nature. Only a few locals protested now and then for the negative popularity and impact upon tourism if the local name of their business were attached to any disorder or disease. This paper is devoted to English medical toponymisms and some of their linguistic aspects. Through our minute research and preoccupations, a few useful and relevant conclusions were reached.

Učebnica latinčiny Donatus Latino-Hungaricus (1697) ako hodnotné slovacikum

Author(s): Ľudmila Eliášová Buzássyová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 55/2023

The study focuses on the textbook on the Latin grammar basics Latin-Hungarian donat, lat. Donatus Latino-Hungaricus as an important and so far little-known monument of the cultural heritage of Slo-vakia. It is a teaching text compiled originally by the German Protestant teacher Johannes Rhenius edited and adapted for the requirements of the territory of the so-called Upper Hungary (and special-ly, for the evangelical school in Trenčín) by Michal Mišovic. More in detail, the article describes the presumed first edition, which was published in Samuel Brewer's printing house in 1697. The socio-historical context and the reasons that led the author to write the textbook are briefly indicated. The specific position of Mišovic's language adaptation is pointed out both in the context of the otherwise only Latin works of the author, and in the context of other Rhenian Donats from the territory of to-day's Slovakia. The relationship between the two forms of the title of this textbook is also explained.

Les rudiments de polonais ancien dans les registres de justice

Author(s): Maria Trawińska / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2021

The article examines medieval court books written in 1386-1500. They included files examined by territorial courts, which represented the state noble court. 90 manuscripts have been preserved from this period. They are Latin-Polish monuments, in which Latin predominates. The books contain very rich linguistic and historical material. Based on them, we can observe how the process of forming Polish orthography proceeded, which consisted in adapting the Latin alphabet to the phonetic needs of the Polish language. The unusual abundance of onomastic material allows us to trace the formation of the binomial naming system of people, which was a long and complicated process. The very rich and diverse legal vocabulary contained here reflects the penetration of Latin terminology (derived from Roman ius civile) into Polish legal vocabulary and illustrates the formation of statutory law in Poland. The Latin-Polish character of the books shows the correlation of these languages. Often the content expressed in Latin was written in Polish. Polish words were inserted into Latin sentences or Polish sentences ended in Latin. The court books are still not fully completed, even though they contain the largest collection of lexicon from the late 14th - 15th centuries. In order for all the materials to become accessible to a wider group of researchers, their highly authoritative editing is necessary.

Ágoston Berecz - Empty Signs, Historical Imaginaries: The Entangled Nationalization of Names and Naming in a Late Habsburg Borderland

Author(s): Dragos-Dumitru Janc / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

Review of: Ágoston Berecz - Empty Signs, Historical Imaginaries: The Entangled Nationalization of Names and Naming in a Late Habsburg Borderland, New York–Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2020.

Translation Strategies in Damaschin Bojincă’s Historical Writings

Author(s): Alina Bruckner / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This study intends to analyze Damaschin Bojincã’s historical writing about the emblematic ruler Michael the Brave, published in the Romanian periodical Bibliotecã româneascã (Romanian library) in 1830. Illustrative of the ideological principles promoted by the Transylvanian School, to which Damaschin Bojincã belonged, the writing is in fact a translation, the source text being Johann Christian von Engel’s Geschichte der Moldau und Walachey (1804). Yet, this translation can be understood only in the context of the ideology of the Transylvanian School. Even though translation activities did not abide by any scientific rigors in premodern Romanian literature, Bojincã made use of certain strategies, in order to convey his nationalist credo, which was symptomatic of the period around the turn of the 19th century. Thus, starting from the historical and cultural context of the Transylvanian School, the article will present some of the translation strategies used by Bojincã in his historical writing, as a means of national propaganda.

Errors in Latin Inscriptions on Renaissance Works of Fine Art

Author(s): Olesia Lazer-Pankiv,Nataliia Korolova / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2024

Ever wider spread of the Latin language in Europe during the Renaissance period resulted in de facto bilingual society. Latin grew into a cultural code to understanding the ancient high culture heritage though in everyday life people kept using local dialects. Classical Latin was also used as the language of education and by the 15th century, most of the aristocratic elites had achieved a high-level proficiency in Latin. The desire to become a part of the elite class pushed artists, their customers, friends or relatives to place Latin inscriptions on works of fine art. Occasionally they even hired experts to create the text for the inscriptions. However, they were not always well-educated humanists and connoisseurs of the classical Latin, therefore the inscriptions contain numerous errors both in the original, custom-made texts and in quotations from ancient works. The analysis of the Latin inscriptions on paintings, frescoes and engravings of the Renaissance period shows that the most common errors are phonetic and orthographic. This reflects the peculiarities of the pronunciation of Latin letters and letter combinations in this period: use of digraphs (ae, ое), alternation of letters е-а, o-e, o-u, а-о, replacement of y with i, simplification in writing doubled consonants, interchange of ti and ci, parallel use of letters k and c, substitution of Greek aspirates with single-grapheme counterparts etc. Fewer are the errors of the morphological (declension) and syntactic (use of syntactic constructions, agreement, etc.) levels. Even rarer are the lexical deviations from the norms of classical Latin: most of the vocabulary of the inscriptions comes from the classical period. The desire to avoid incorrect use of certain forms often led to hypercorrection. In some cases, the errors were made because the artists did not understand the meaning of the inscription.

Vasile BAHNARU (24.10.1949 – 06.08.2024)

Author(s): Livia Caruntu-Caraman,Ana Vulpe / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2 (323)/2024

Някои случаи на десемантизация на глаголни представки в старобългарски език

Author(s): Kiril Parvanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2024

The article is dedicated to the some cases desemantization when in the aspect Old Bulgarian word-formation the prefixe has only grammatical function. The linguistic material is collected from dictionaries. The study is interdisciplinary but the main method is the linguistic. The proposed article work analysis for the first time the Wey-Schoneveld effect in the Bulgarian prefix world-formation. The article also proposes approaches to understand the metaphors, connecting common topics between meaning of the prefix and simple verb.

Трансформация на безлична предикативна конструкция в речта на жители на Ямболско

Author(s): Niya Radeva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The analysis focuses on a regional variant of an impersonal-predicative construction of the type strah me e (beshe) (I am/was afraid in English). The citizens from the region of Yambol use the variant stra(h)sheme. It is a contamination of the noun and the 3rd person singular form of the auxiliary verb sam (to be in English) most often in the imperfective aspect. The phenomenon occurs only in the literary model with a short form of a personal pronoun in the accusative case. The semantically corresponding personal verbs are always reflexive – strahuvam se (I’m afraid in English). The phenomenon was noticed by I. Kochev in the 1960s in Sliven and in three villages to the east and southeast of Yambol. It is defined as a hypostasis. I add examples from the speech of people born in two other villages to the south and southwest of the town of Yambol. They confirm the examples found so far and show diversity with respect to some grammatical categories. I draw some conclusions about the nature of the transformation, its territorial distribution and sustainability.

Заемане на славянски лексикални елементи в езиците от балканския езиков съюз. Лексемата кост

Author(s): Anastasia Petrova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article analyzes the process of borrowing, integrating and adapting the Slavic word кост and its derivatives in the Balkan Sprachbund. The conditions and areas of borrowing, contexts of functioning, dynamics and variability in the formal-semantic appearance of the borrowed lexical item are examined. The development of the somatism кост, established with different meanings in the host languages, is traced against the background of its synonyms, derivatives and somatic phraseology. The systematization and reflection of the collected material are subordinated to the main goal of manifesting the dialectal network of common Balkan meanings of the Slavic lexemes.

За чешко-българското словарче на Александър Теодоров-Балан

Author(s): Mihaela Kuzmova,Božana Niševa,Štefan Pilát / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The unfinished manuscript of Al. Teodorov-Balan’s Czech-Bulgarian dictionary is kept in the personal fund of the author in the Scientific Archive of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. This article offers a brief description of the manuscript, provides information about the sources for compiling the dictionary, and characterizes the lexicographic principles used in it. The paper also outlines the place of Teodorov-Balan’s lexicographic work in the context of his research and popularization activities during the earliest stage of his scientific career, as well as in the field of Czech-Bulgarian bilingual lexicography.

Архетипология на една средновековна монархия през призмата на лингвокултурологията: отношенията майка-син-владетел при генезиса на португалската нация – въведение в проблематиката

Author(s): Vera Kirkova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

How and when exactly was Portugal “born” is one of the sensitive questions of Portuguese historiography. Several dates are often mentioned simultaneously, which expresses the successive decisive steps taken to overcome the obstacles that came with the sought affirmation in Europe – notably via recognition by other nations and by the Church. The first king of Portugal to fight for the independent Portuguese monarchy was Dom Afonso Henriques, who, along with his mother, invariably attracts interest. It is shown in the sources, as well as in the legendary recreation of the historical moment. Thus, in this complex play of politics in “laying” the foundations of the nation, the importance of the archetypal mother-son-ruler relationship becomes obvious. The purpose of this article is to delve into some of the linguoculturological aspects of this question.

Критика и въображение: Лукиан от Самосата и неговата „Истинска история“

Author(s): Hristo Hristov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Тhis article focuses on three main problems. Firstly, the connection between the life and work of Lucian of Samosata, which exists implicitly in his fantastic short story “A True Story.” Secondly, the complete clarification of the specific genre of the story in relation to the characteristics of the audience of the work. Thirdly, the specific nature of Lucian as the author of the story, i.e. his roles in that case of a literary critic and master of belles-lettres. The role of the literary critic is related to the culture of the Hellenistic age and has evolved in the epoch of the 2nd-century Roman Empire. The role of the master of belles-lettres is that of the author searching for new ways beyond the classical literary patterns of the past such as Homer’s epic poems.

Vocabularul deţinătorilor puterii suverane din timpul crizei de la mijlocul veacului al III-lea în breuiaria istoriografice latine târzii

Author(s): Cozmin-Valerian Broşteanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: LII/2023

This study capitalizes information referring to the crisis from the middle IIIrd century that originates from a category of Latin sources neglected by historians, namely the Latin historiographical breuiaria written in the second half of the IVth century: Historiae abbreuiatae (Liber de Caesaribus) by Sextus Aurelius Victor, Breuiarium ab Urbe condita by Flavius Eutropius, Breuiarium rerum gestarum populi Romani written by Rufius Festus, and Epitome de Caesaribus which is attributed to an unknown author, generically called Pseudo-Aurelius Victor. Despite the fact that they are operas with a reduced content, they painted concisely different aspects of the Roman history, including the crisis timeline. Thus, we set out to identify and analyze the terms used by the breviators in order to point towards the owners of the sovereign powers during the time of the crisis. More specifically, it is about terms such as Augustus, Caesar, imperator, princeps, dominus and rector. Basing our efforts on a comparison between their incidence within the period before and after the crisis, we will try to outline particular aspects of the use of these appellations for the time of crisis.

Съветският съюз: критични и изобличителни ракурси (наблюдения върху пътеписни книги от 20-те и 30-те години на XX век)

Author(s): Maria Russeva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The paper focuses on the Soviet Union as presented in Bulgarian interwar travelogues – Nikola Iliev’s Kakvo Vidyah v Savetska Rusia: Istinski Razkaz (What I Saw in Soviet Russia: A True Story) (1921), P. Stoyanov’s Istinata za Ruskia Bolshevizam (The Truth about Russian Bolshevism) (1921), Ivan Abadzhiev’s Prez Velikite Karvavi Dni na Rusia (During the Great Bloody Days of Russia) (1929), and Boris Dimitrov’s Na Iztok – Vsichko Novo! S.S.S.R.: Vpechatlenia i Razmishlenia (To the East – Everything New! U.S.S.R.: Impressions and Reflections) (1941). The country is depicted in these travelogues as a totalitarian “hell” – an enclosed society isolated from the outside world. Moreover, it is governed by means of repression and terror, with the intention to subjugate not only the bodies, but also the minds of its people. The Soviet citizens described by those Bulgarian writers not only find themselves deprived of basic human rights and civil liberties, but also their existence is reduced to the level of survival amid everyday restrictions and poverty, as well as fear of an omnipresent and threatening police aggression.

RETRODIGITALIZACIJA I INTERPRETACIJA GRAMATIKA TISKANIH DO SREDINE 19. STOLJEĆA

Author(s): Diana Stolac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 17/2024

The history of European languages records centuries of printing grammar books that described the structures of languages in search of the best models of description. This article highlights two grammatical strategies identified in the first grammar books. The first is an attempt to describe language according to a model that offers the structure of Latin as the language of European education. Another strategy is a comparison with other European languages. Both of these strategies are confirmed by Croatian grammar books published by the middle of the 19th century. The corpus consists of grammar books published between 1604 and 1812. (authorsare B. Kašić, L. Šitović, A. Della Bella, M. A. Relković, I. Szentmártony, J. Voltić, F. M.Appendini, and Š. Starčević). It turns out that both strategies have positive and negative effects on each subsequent grammatical description. The basic grammatical categories that were found to be inadequately described were analyzed. In the analyzed grammar books, the number of cases is singled out, with an emphasis on the relations of genitive-ablative, dative-locative, and terminology. Only the first grammar book that describes the structure of the Croatian language independently from Latin or some other European language (German or Italian) offered a grammatical description with less liability caused by the grammatical structures of the second language. In order to be able to analyze other grammatical categories, i.e. the entire grammatical structure, it is necessary to enable the availability of historical grammar books. In this part of the paper, the retro-digitalization project RETROGRAM is presented. The retro-digitization of Croatian grammar books implies the transfer of printed media to computer-readable and searchable text. It also includes a multilevel mark-up of transcribed or translated grammar text and their connection with facsimiles. The user will be able to browse grammar book facsimiles, read transcribed or translated texts, and search them by predetermined parameters (which allow conjugation and declension paradigms searches).This project offers a model for similar future research not only in Croatian but also in European philology.