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Nazwa „mowa chachłacka” w relacjach powojennych przesiedleńców ze Wschodu zamieszkałych w zachodniej Polsce

Author(s): Katarzyna Czarnecka,Ewa Dzięgiel,Alla Kravchuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2023

This paper concerns the usage of the linguonym mowa chachłacka (Khakhol language) in Galicia, Podolia and Volhynia during the first half of the 20th Century. Therefore, it can be considered in the realm of historical sociolinguistics. The source material is comprised of interviews, recorded 1992–2006, with over 100 forced migrants from eastern voivodeships of the interwar Second Polish Republic. After World War 2, the respondents were resettled from their home towns into the new borders of post-war Poland, areas which belonged to Germany until 1945. The research method chosen was partially standardized interviews, which were first recorded and then written down. The paper is focused around the following issues: 1) which linguistic variety was referred to as mowa chachłacka in the interwar period within the researched communities, 2) whether this name contained a value judgement, 3) what was the prestige of mowa chachłacka in these communities. The first chapter of the paper concerns the history of the Russian lexeme хохол/хaхол, which forms the basis of the linguonym mowa chachłacka, and which has been used since the 17th Century to refer to Ukrainians. The article takes into account ideas concerning researching social attitudes to a language, such as standard language ideology and monoglossic ideology.

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Лични имена от абстрактни съществителни в българското наименуване

Author(s): Niya Radeva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article discusses the limited number of abstract-noun anthroponyms in our national naming practice. Three groups are analyzed – nouns ending in -а/-я, nouns ending in -e, and nouns ending in а consonant. Their appearance and development over time, as well as the emergence of their derivative female and male personal names, are traced and compared. The reason for their low frequency is the abstract semantics of the nouns which has made them unacceptable to- and not preferred by the Bulgarians. Even fewer and rarer are those ending in -e or in a consonant. Some of the motivating words are nouns of neutral gender and others are feminine, but the ending is typical of the masculine gender. This has made them unsuitable as either female or male proper names.

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Příspěvek k interpretaci Poučného evangelia Konstantina Preslavského. Interdisciplinární spolupráce jako klíč k řešení některých textologických problémů

Author(s): Tomáš Mikulka / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

The aim of the study is to show to what extent interdisciplinary collaboration can help to solve complex textological questions. An example of such approach is illustrated in a problematic passage from the Didactic Gospel (Učiteľnoe evangelie), a set of 51 commentaries on the Sunday Gospel readings compiled by Constantine of Preslav. The help of philosophy and theology seems to be indispensable to resolving the textological problem.

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Правда факта или правда искусства? О некоторых речевых средствах современного российского кинематографа

Author(s): Natalie Rajnochová / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2024

The article analyzes Russian etiquette expressions (greetings, invitations, consents, apologies, thanks, etc.) used in Russian television series of recent decades. For the first time the factual material of three films is considered in detail: “Liquidation” (2007), “Alexander Garden” (2005) and “Black Wolves” (2017). It is shown that screenwriters and directors allow the use of modern (latest) lexical units in films showing the history of the Soviet Union in the 1920s–1950s. These are expressions like Проехали! and idioms like Интересное кино! Such an anachronism is explained, in particular, by the genre properties of films: they combine the features of action films, detective stories and melodramas. Although these facts are a violation of historical reality, they can be justified by the desire to bring the situations of recent history closer to the modern viewer.

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Ауслауты глагольных основ (производных и непроизводных) в самодийских языках

Author(s): Anna Yu. Urmanchieva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (51)/2023

The purpose of this work is to determine the morphophonological classes of verbal stems in Samoyed languages depending on their final phoneme. From a diachronic point of view, it is important to distinguish between derived and non-derived stems: some final phonemes are possible only in derived stems. This question is especially important for vowel stem verbs, since it is directly related to the dilemma of reconstructing the vocalism of the late syllables in Proto-Samoyed: some vowels can appear only as a result of merging of the final vowel of a non-derived stem with a derivational marker. The article examines consonant stems verbs and vowel stem verbs. As a result of the study, a list of non-derived Proto Samoyed consonant stem verbs was singled out. The history of these stems differs in individual Samoyed languages. In Selkup, the number of such stems is reduced only due historical phonetic shifts (disappearance of final *j and *ń). In Northern Samoyed this class of stems is significantly reduced: most of them are preserved only in combination with derivational suffixes. Predominently only those final consonant of non-derived stems are preserved, that coincide with the final consonants of derived stems. The verb stems of the structure (C)VCV- are also considered. It is shown that among non-derived stems, only stems with *ə, *å, *ä can be reliably reconstructed. As for verb stem ending on other vowels, they can be divided into two groups: a) derived verbs (e.g. stative-decausative derivatives) and b) verbs that coincide with nominal stems (such as ‘knot’ ~ ‘tie’, ‘smoke’ ~ ‘to smoke’).

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99 anni di lessicografia bilingue italiano-ceca, ceco-italiana

Author(s): Luca Palmarini / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1/2024

The article aims to analyse the first 99 years of Italian-Czech, Czech-Italian bilingual lexicography, from its origins, dated 1890, up to 1989, the year of the fall of Communism in Czechoslovakia. After having briefly introduced the literary and linguistic relationships of Bohemia and Moravia with the Italian peninsula, the paper focuses on the lexicographic ones, starting with some references to the multilingual dictionaries in which Czech and Italian are present, then moving on to the path of history of Italian-Czech, Czech-Italian bilingual dictionaries and its lexicographic analysis. The analysis is in a diachronic key; the methodology adopted is of a comparative nature, with references to lexicultural elements, also in relation to other coeval bilingual dictionaries. The results obtained have allowed the reconstruction of the history of the first 99 years of the bilingual lexicography in question, the identification of two phases (1890-1940; 1945-1989), and the highlighting of the purposes of the individual works and some of their lexicographic characteristics and contents that allow us to characterise them in "dictionaries" and "small dictionaries". The research shows that the initial path of Italian-Czech, Czech-Italian bilingual lexicography is significantly influenced by the German model that was dominant at date. Several factors (the minor role of the Czech language, the lack of an independent state until 1918, and the end of the communist regime) have resulted in the prevalence of works of meagre content; only a few are real dictionaries. However, the unidirectional works confirm the continuous interest of the Czech community in the Italian language.

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Kvantitativněonomastická analýza Haškova Švejka a jeho tří parafrází

Author(s): Jaroslav David,Michal Místecký,Jana Davidová Glogarová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2024

This paper is a quantitative onomastic analysis of four works featuring the literary figure of Švejk. These are the original novel by Jaroslav Hašek, two retellings of the story from the period of WWII (1941 and 1945), and a 1970s–80s version by Martin Petiška, who moved the story to Czechoslovakia after the 1948 Communist coup. The analysis relies on the thematic concentration of text (with an emphasis on the role of proper nouns as thematic words) and collocation analysis of the proper noun ‘Švejk’. Its aim is twofold: first, to determine whether there are quantitatively detectable differences between the original work and its paraphrases concerning the use of proper names; and second, to determine whether there is a difference between the paraphrases and the original as regards the literary figure of Švejk. The analysis shows that the paraphrases reduce the text-type richness of the original, while maintaining Švejk as the protagonist. The paraphrases employ a popular interpretation of the main character (Švejk as a “smart idiot”), leaving aside other aspects of Hašek’s multi-layered novel. Partial shifts in the portrayal of the main character are related to his intellectualization or increased emotionality.

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Trojański koń panegirystów. Studium staropolskiej popularności pewnego toposu

Author(s): Radosław Grześkowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXXII/2023

This article is a first comprehensive monographic study of the topical comparison to the Trojan horse, discussing its origins and its most important panegyric uses in Old Polish orations and poetry. Today, when the phraseologism ‘Trojan horse’, associated with treachery, false gift, or internal enemy, is unambiguously pejorative, the positive connotations of 16th- and 17th-century texts may seem incomprehensible. Meanwhile, old authors commonly imitated Cicero’s formula (De oratore II 22,94), who likened the school of the famous speaker Isocrates to the Trojan horse, from whence many illustrious Greeks emerged. The numerous examples collected in the article prove that this comparison was commonly used in Polish literature until the end of the 18th century in three main contexts, i.e., to praise a humanist and teacher (e.g., professor of the Krakow Academy Szymon Kociołek, the bishop of Kraków Samuel Maciejowski), to praise a university (e.g., the Kraków Academy) or school (e.g., Jesuit colleges), and to praise an illustrious family (originally royal, princely and magnate families, with time the comparison began to be used in praise of minor noble families). The article also discusses the obscene reinterpretation of this topos.

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Stanisław Gajda – uczony, humanista, mistrz, kolega i przyjaciel

Author(s): Maria Wojtak / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXXII/2023

Wieść o śmierci profesora Stanisława Gajdy szybko obiegła środowiska akademickie w Polsce i za granicą, napełniwszy smutkiem licznych przedstawicieli nauki – nie tylko językoznawców. Dzięki swojej wieloaspektowej działalności i postawie życiowej opolski lingwista był bowiem znany szerokiemu gronu naukowców. Zamknęło się życie uczonego o niekwestionowanym autorytecie, dla wielu mistrza, dla innych mentora, ale też dobrego kolegi i przyjaciela. O szacunku dla mistrza świadczy choćby styl zredagowania jubileuszowego biogramu przez Jolantę Nocoń (2016: 11–13), a sylwetkę wybitnego badacza, organizatora życia naukowego i przede wszystkim przyjaciela kreśli we wspomnieniu Stanisław Dubisz (2023: 7–11).

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Jubileusz Profesora Bogusława Wyderki

Author(s): Ewa Malinowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXXII/2023

Profesor Bogusław Wyderka obchodził jubileusz 70-lecia urodzin i 45-lecia pracy na Uniwersytecie Opolskim (wcześniej Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna). W życiu naukowym i publicznym Profesor odegrał i ciągle spełnia ważną rolę. Jego zainteresowania badawcze związane są przede wszystkim z językoznawstwem historycznym, śląskoznawstwem i stylistyką.

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ALTUN YARUK’TA TEKRARLAR

Author(s): Aysel AHMEDOVA / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 23/2024

Most of the Old Uyghur texts are religious texts, but literary features are also common in these texts. Altun Yaruk Sudur is one of the biggest Old Uyghur Buddhist works. Figures of speech including repetitions are frequently encountered in this work. Repetitions add literary value to Altun Yaruk and provide the text with coherence. There are various types of repetitions in Altun Yaruk such as anaphora (repeating the words at the beginning of the sentences), epiphora (repeating the words at the end of the sentences), repeating the hendiadys made of the same words, using different forms of the same word, using different words from the same root, repeating the sentence or some parts of it, repeating functional parts of speech (postpositions, conjunctions), etc. Instead of the use of pronouns as reference items, the work uses the previous word. In Altun Yaruk, there are paragraphs which are almost entirely composed of repetitions. The aim of the study is to determine repetitions in Altun Yaruk, to find out the types and usage characteristics of the repetitions. For this purpose, we will apply to the studies on the notions like repetitions, their types, and the role of repetitions in forming cohesion in texts, we will analyze the examples of repetitions in Altun Yaruk, and by explaining their meanings, we will define their functions in forming the text. The paper asserts that repetitions are very frequent in Altun Yaruk, that these repetitions form cohesion in the text, they add poetic features and expressive power to the text, they make it more comprehensible and memorable. Besides, it will show that the repetitions in Altun Yaruk were not made by chance, but each of them was added to the text by the will and decision of the translator.

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Към словесния образ на св. Димитър Солунски в Сборника с чудеса от Йоан Ставракий

Author(s): Mariyana Tsibranska-Kostova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

The article offers an analysis of some appositives to the name of St. Demetrios of Thessaloniki according to the Slavonic translation of the Miscellany of Miracles by John Staurakios, who lived in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. The Slavonic translation survives in two autographs of Vladislav the Grammarian – The Rila Panegyric of 1479 and Manuscript OR Vyaz. Q. 279 – a 1480s collection of works dedicated to the saint kept in the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg. Stable appositives include nicknames, paraphrases, antonomasia and appellative symbols. The aim of the paper is not so much to propose a classification as to outline the semantic fields with respect to which the image of the saint is most fully unfolded. Several categories of nicknames are distinguished, representing various aspects of the image of St. Demetrios: his role as a protector of the city; his image as a warrior saint; his healing powers and some general appositives. Some 40 examples have been analysed and contextualised according to the Greek original and its Slavonic translation. The culturological analysis of the linguistic data reveals important aspects of the cult of St. Demetrios in the Middle Ages.

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Arumanisht në Kodikun e Kostë Cepi-Vithkuqarit

Author(s): Bardhyl Demiraj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2018

The object of our paper is the Aromanian Troparion / Easter Hymn text found in a codex (meanwhile lost) of 1820-1822 by Kostë Cepi (Vithkuqari). This text concludes the so-called first phase of the Aromanian (also) writing culture in the Albanian-speaking area, where the writings of Nektar Terpo (1731), Anastas Kavalioti (1770), and Master Daniil (1797, 1802), as well as the anonymous manuscript “Liturghier arominesc” (18th century) are especially important. In line with this tradition of Aromanian writing culture, we note that the Easter Troparion text does not seek any improvement or innovation of the Aromanian script alphabetic code with the Greek alphabet, in the sense that our author, probably Kostë Cepi-Vithkuqari, did not have any intention to cultivate Aromanian literacy with a distinct alphabetical code. Given that the same circumstance prevails in those few Albanian liturgical pieces found in the codex (about 22 pages), which were obviously written by the same author, we come to the conclusion that the author has written in this way for purely personal-didactic needs. Knowing well all three languages, he had no difficulties in changing the language register, in terms of reading rules in one or the other language. Seen from this perspective, the document in question is more an evidence of the cultural-economic coexistence of the multiethnic population in the Albanian-speaking Southern Orthodox area.

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Në gjurmët e një leksiku historik të shqipes: Carlo Tagliavini dhe leksema shqipe të shek. XVI-XVIII në opusin e tij

Author(s): Mimoza Priku / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2019

The name of the Italian linguist Carlo Tagliavini is linked with Albanological studies. The focus of his research on Albanian language is wide, but the main point of this paper will be the achievements of Tagliavini on the issue of lexical stratification. Besides his systematic work in this area (“La stratificazione del lessico albanese. Elementi indoeuropei” (Firenze, 1943, 1965) and “L’Albanese di Dalmazia” (Firenze, 1937), issues on the Albanian lexicon can also be found in other works. The purpose of our work will be the study of several Albanian lexemes of the XVI-XVIII centuries. Where did Tagliavini base his observations on the stratification of the Albanian lexicon? Undoubtedly, he relied on the old Albanian authors, but he mostly used them indirectly, mainly through the Etymological Vocabulary of Gustav Meyer, especially for the etymological source of lexemes or through published Albanian vocabularies, such as: J. Jungg (Shkodër, 1895), K. Kristoforidhi (1904), Bashkimi (Shkodër, 1908), A. Leotti (Roma, 1937), which reflect the work done for the collection of the Albanian lexicon. For special lexemes, Tagliavini used words gathered by his leader in Albanology, Norbert Jokl, from old authors. He also focused on the lexemes of the Arbnesh dialect of Borgo Erizzo in Zara, a dialect which he knew very well. Part of his work are the lexemes which mark body parts, as: asht (from Buzuku), balle (Bardhi), bark (Buzuku), buzë (Buzuku), dore (Buzuku) etc.; family relationships: atë (Buzuku), bir (Buzuku), djalë (Buzuku) etc.; animals: ari/arushë (Bardhi), dash (Buzuku) etc. These words are accompanied by etymological interpretations. Considering the evolution of Italian and the other languages, in his works Tagliavini noted the absence of a historical grammar for the Albanian language and a historical dictionary, which according to him, was not difficult to be compiled for literary Albanian, given that there exist only a relatively small number of texts. Even though Tagliavini, in co-operation with other colleagues, prepared an electronic frequency dictionary for the Italian language (“Lessico di frequenza della lingua italiana contemporanea”, Milano, 1971), the circumstances moved him slightly from Albanian language and he did not leave any evidence so that this methodology could be used for this language.

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Botimi i librit Hyrje në gjuhësi nga prof. Anastas Dodi, një arritje e shënuar në fushën e studimeve gjuhësore

Author(s): Enver Hysa,Seit Mansaku / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2020

Review of: Hyrje në gjuhësi i prof. Anastas Dodit, botuar nga shtëpia botuese "Naimi”, Tiranë 2019 (303 faqe)

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Radost a smutek v Pamětech Františka Jana Vaváka

Author(s): Dmitrij Timofejev / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2014

The article looks at how emotion is represented in Bohemian folk chronicles, i.e. texts of a historiographic character, written by autodidacts — mostly peasants and artisans. At the core of our analysis is the most famous work of this kind, Paměti Františka Jana Vaváka z let 1770–1816 (Memoirs of František Jan Vavák 1770–1816). Other writings from the turn of the 19th century (e.g. those of Václav Jan Mašek, Jan Petr, Ondřej Lukavský) are also considered. Our initial question is: How, and in which contexts, did Czech-speaking authors of the late 18th and early 19th century, having no opportunity to get acquainted with contemporary philosophical theories, express affects? The study shows that the emotions, especially joy and grief, are expressed in a way recommended by early modern rhetoricians (e.g. Cypriano de Soarez or Bernard Lamy): particular figures are associated with particular affects. Though the principle is the same, the figures used by autodidacts differ from those recommended by the rhetoric manuals. Being unable to read Latin, German or French rhetorics, the authors had probably grasped the principles of how to represent affect from their reading, but adapted them according to their own talent and vision. As might be expected given the rural origin and values of the authors, joy is expressed mostly in the context of weather favourable for the harvest, while grief is realised in the context of rising prices and natural disasters.

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Kalendari kombiar – Pasuri përmbajtjesore e pasuri gjuhësore

Author(s): Shefkije Islamaj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2017

The journal “National Calendar” (Kalendari Kombiar) (1897-1928), is one of the special periodical journals of Albanian culture. It has played a major role in the development of political, cultural, literary and linguistic thinking before and after Albania's Independence. Its importance lies in the contribution that has been made to the enrichment of Albanian national knowledge and culture by means of publishing a great number of articles on various topics. Among these articles I can point out those with the theme of politics, history, national and international archeology and geography, Albanian language and literature, literature translated into Albanian, folklore and ethnology. These articles presented a special interest for the time they were published. The journal of the Combiar Calendar has given a valuable contribution by publishing articles with scientific information of different areas, such as pedagogy, chemistry, biology, physics, medicine, agriculture, veterinary science, astrology, astronomy, cooking and so on. With its substantial and linguistic wealth, the Communal Calendar has significantly influenced the development and enrichment of Albanian language. It has also enriched and enhanced the language of literature, the language of journalism, as well as the political and scientific language.

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Šmilauer – Tesnière – závislostní syntax

Author(s): Jarmila Panevová,Patrice Pognan / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

The article compares two representative approaches to the description of dependency syntax: Šmilauer’s syntax for Czech (1947) and Tesnière’s structural syntax focused on syntax in general (1959). Similarities and differences between the two leading representatives of modern syntax are the object of comparison. The degree of general knowledge of Tesnière’s approach in the Czech environment is considered in the works of Šmilauer before Tesnière’s most comprehensive work was published. Both authors use graphic means to capture the syntactic structure of a sentence, called stemmata by Tesnière. Both authors, however, differ in their conception of the central sentence pair of syntactic structure: subject and predicate. While Šmilauer considers the subject to be the basic source of agreement for the predicate, for Tesnière the subject is one of the members dependent on the verb (in the same vein as the objects or adverbials). This approach then led Tesnière to introduce the notion of verbal valency reflecting the necessary participants in the action expressed by the verb. Both authors also differ in their representation of the order of words in the graphic representation: Šmilauer respects the surface order of words in the sentence structure, while Tesnière mostly places the actants to the left of the governing verb and the circumstants to the right.

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Role Vladimíra Šmilauera v etymologickém slovníku Václava Machka

Author(s): Vít Boček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

This study examines both the quantitative and qualitative contribution of Vladimír Šmilauer to Václav Machek’s etymological dictionary. Appointed scientific referee, Šmilauer wrote lengthy evaluations for both editions of the dictionary, which contained hundreds of notes and suggestions for improving individual entries. In our paper we classify these comments into several groups, working mainly with the criterion of the nature of the comments (i.e. whether they concern the forms and/or meanings of words given in the entry, or the interpretation of the origin of the word) and the criterion of the acceptance of the suggestions by Machek (roughly on the axis of acceptance – alternative interpretation – rejection). Šmilauer’s reviews provide some hitherto unknown interpretations of Czech and Slovak words, and may thus stimulate further reflection on the origin of them.

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“Linguistic Evidence on Issues of Disagreement Between the Kufans and The Basrans”

Author(s): Fudda suliman muslim Al Mashaqaba / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

This research explores linguistic evidence in matters of scholarly disputes, focusing on both traditional (transmitted) and logical (reasoned and analogical) evidence. Using Ibn Al-Anbari's work as a primary source, the study examines six specific disputes, analyzing various opinions and evaluating their validity. The research also draws on the Quran as the fundamental reference for principles, discussing the theory of causation and different grammatical rules that have been contested. The emphasis is on the type and direction of the evidence rather than the specific disputes.The study is organized into an introduction, which covers the reasons for choosing the topic, previous studies, research problems, and methodology. The first chapter delves into the disputes over transmitted and rational evidence, defining linguistic evidence, comparing the perspectives of Basra and Kufa scholars, and examining specific issues such as the causation in the predicate after the negative particle " مم "and the prohibition of declension in poetic necessity.

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