We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
До многих неспоразума и потешкоћа долази у Југославији услед непознаванја ствари и прилика. Овамо спада, како ми се чини и питање словеначког језика. Пристајем уз израз словеначки, премда сами Словенци говоре словенски јер држим да је најзгодније да проводимо што више можемо и свуда правилне облике: југословенски, Јужни Словени, и Словени уопће, место Славени.
More...
In the paper extracted, analysed and commented on is the anthroponymic data of the people baptised in two baptismal registry books of the parish of Jablanac in the period from 1860 to 1895,which has been recorded on microfilm and available on the website www.familysearch.org.
More...
The Gacka Chakavian dialects in the region of Gacka are ancient dialects, they belong to the Chakavian dialect, by classification they are part of the Ikavian-Ekavian dialect and are then split into two groups of sub-dialects, marginal and continental (Kuterevo), in order that everything is returned to its source, to the local dialect of individual settlements. Gacka Chakavian is, viewed historical, a remnant of the former prevailing Chakavian dialect not only in the area of today’s Gacka, Lika and Krbava, but also of much further afield. However, due to the Ottoman incursions in the Middle Ages, this linguistic region was on the Vrbas –Neretva line pushed towards the west, the settling occurred of a new population who belonged to the Shtokavian dialect. In modern times Gacka Chakavian is preserved in two areas, in the region of Otočac and the region of Brinje. It relies on the Senj, in other words, Modruš-Ogulin Chakavian and beyond, all the way to the southern ends of Karlovac, in other words, Ozalj. Gacka Chakavian was, like all other X-kavian dialects, as well as many Shtokavian, repressed in the field of public communications. It needed a great deal of effort so that native speakers dared and were encouraged to use it more, and the Chair of the Chakavian Assembly of the Gacka Region was also established with the aim of the promotion and protection of this Chakavian dialect. All of this, after 20 years of the work of the Chair, resulted in the protection of Gacka Chakavian with the region of Otočac as the intangible cultural heritage of the Republic of Croatia.
More...
The article is devoted to the structural and semantic features of language cliché in the French and Ukrainian press. The results of the studies on the morphological characteristics of stereotype units in both languages are presented. The article outlines the stylistic features of their use. The pragmatic function of language cliché as a means of speech compression and expressiveness has also been analysed.
More...
Review of: Analele Universității din Craiova. Seria Știinte filologice. Langues et Littératures Romanes, numéro thématique Le discours touristique : voyage, tourisme, évasion, An XXV, nr. 1, 2021.
More...
Hesychasm is an important element of medieval culture in the area of the Greek language, which inspires Christian art as well as Christian theology and philosophy. The ideas of hesychasm: deification, the vision of divine light, spiritual exercises (hesychia, nepsis, apatheia, prayer) become an inspiration for religious art in Byzantium, as well as Christian philosophy. Hesychasm expresses the deep roots of Byzantine culture in Christianity. Religious paintings that can be called hesychastic icons, encouraging the viewer to religious contemplation, depict anchorite saints and mystics who shine with divine, uncreated light. Christian philosophy was engaged in the defense of hesychastic mysticism by St. Gregory Palamas. The central concepts developed by Palamas are: the essence and energies of God, the Triune God, deification, communion with God and knowledge of God.
More...
The study traces the sources of the orst Croatian Protestant hymnal edited by the Lutheran priest Grgur Mekini in 1609 and 1611 and intended for parishes in the Austro- Hungarian border region. It depends for more than 90% on hymnaries compiled in Nuremberg around 1600, but to a small amount also on the Hungarian book of hymns published by Imre Újfalvi in 1602, and avoids any theologically controversial issue between Lutherans and the Reformed Churches. The authors of the texts are mainly Protestants from Saxony, Brandenburg and Bohemia, namely Martin luther, Michael Weisse, Nikolaus herman and Johann habermann. The translations aim orst of all at rendering the originals in the most exact and understandable form, while aesthetics play only a minor role.
More...
„Pozostanie po Tobie to, co dałaś (…) To, co dałaś, w innych zakwitnie”. Słowa filozofki Simone Veil chyba najbardziej oddają to, co pozostawiła po sobie Pani Profesor Marta Szymańska, oprócz smutku serca po jej utracie. Tak trudno pisać o kimś, kto jeszcze figuruje w spisie telefonów jako ważny kontakt, kogo mail jeszcze podsuwa aplikacja jako ten często używany, o kim myśli się w przeróżnych sytuacjach, kiedy brakuje tchu, kiedy sprawy się komplikują, kiedy nie wiadomo, jak pielęgnować daną roślinę, kiedy chciałoby się znać nazwę jakiegoś drzewa, kiedy brakuje polonistycznego mądrego eksperta, żeby wyjaśnił zawiłości polskiej gramatyki prosto i nieskomplikowanie. Wiele nas łączyło. Razem pracowałyśmy, spacerowałyśmy, wyjeżdżałyśmy na konferencje i weekendy, wakacje, dyskutowałyśmy i siedziałyśmy przy kawie. Te wspólne chwile, doświadczenia zbliżyły nas i pozwoliły na uczenie się i siebie, i od siebie nawzajem.
More...
1. märtsil toimus Tallinnas Eesti Keele Instituudis Eesti keelenõukogu (EKN) keelekorralduse seminar. Keelekorraldusest ühiskonnas kõnelesid Airi Männik (Eesti Keeletoimetajate Liit), Kaja Sarapuu (Eesti Emakeeleõpetajate Selts) ja õiguskantsler Ülle Madise. Keeleteaduse poolelt vaatles keelekorraldust TÜ tänapäeva eesti keele professor Liina Lindström. EKI keelekorraldustööd tutvustasid Sirli Zupping („ÕS-i ja EKI teatmiku tegevuskava”), Lydia Risberg („„Meie kõigi kohus on keelt võimalikult hästi tundma õppida””), Kristina Koppel („Keeleandmed eesti keele ühendkorpuses”) ja Margit Langemets („Eesti keele sõnaraamat ÕS 2025”). Järgnes arutelu Birute Klaas-Langi juhtimisel. Osalesid Toomas Kiho (EKN ja ajakiri Akadeemia), Andero Adamson (HTM), Mari Koik (Eesti Keeletoimetajate Liit), Kaja Sarapuu (Eesti Emakeeleõpetajate Selts), Liina Lindström (TÜ), Külli Habicht (TÜ), Kristiina Bernhardt (TLÜ).
More...
This article aims to make a contribution to typological semantics presenting the patterns of semantic development attested in Ancient Greek. The etymology of 22 word families meaning ‘fear’ and occurring in Ancient Greek has been examined and classified, according to their original semantics, into 11 groups belonging to six semantic fields. The etymological analysis outlines six large groups in terms of semantic development based mainly on metonymy. The contextual analysis of the uses of the words denoting fear shows that in Ancient Greek, most lexemes do not just indicate the emotion of fear but also contain a semantic component linked to a physical symptom or reaction.
More...
The translation of an ancient theoretical text opens up two possibilities: to use internationalisms freely and where necessary, or to consistently avoid them, allowing the target language to express itself both with its existing vocabulary and, in many cases, by creating new words. This article considers the translated text of Aristotle’s “Rhetorics” from ancient Greek. Here, the translators chose the second option – to use only Latvian words in the translated text. Innovations are considered, they are organized in the specially created glossary attached to the translation text, which is an arsenal of examples used in the article. The principles of creating such a glossary are evaluated analytically, and the main techniques of word formation are presented, commenting on the connection of new words with the context of the source language, their dependence on it, as well as their integration into the Latvian language environment. The article is based on the materials of two successive editions (2020 and 2023) of the Latvian translation of “Rhetorics”, comparing them and commenting on the changes / additions in the glossary.
More...
This article aims to analyse the methods of ideologization applied in Lithuanian linguistic academic literature during the post-World War II period. Based on a series of publications by the prominent academic linguists Juozas Balčikonis, Jonas Kruopas and Kazys Ulvydas, the study investigates the shaping of Lithuanian linguistics in the 1950s with a view of identifying the diversity of forms of ideologization reflected in the nature and structure of post-war linguistic activities. The aim of this article is to analyse, with referring to primary sources (articles written during the early post-war period by linguists Juozas Balčikonis, Jonas Kruopas and Kazys Ulvydas), a selection of linguistic publications in order to develop an algorithm for conducting more in-depth studies of the soviet-period linguistic activities. The tasks of the study were to (1) analyse the methods of ideologization and their expression in Lithuanian linguistic academic literature based on the publications on the time; (2) identify the ways in which the content of Lithuanian linguistics was being shaped during the post-war period; (3) summarise the results of the study. The analysis conducted shows that the publications of the early post-war period are all characterised by a near-identical macrostructure. Ideologically mandatory linguistic cliches were used either throughout the entire text or just in the foreword and conclusion of the article. In the first case, the entire academic content was ideologized, while in the second example, publications - although ideologically “framed” - could still retain their academic value. The analysis shows that early post-war ideologization displayed certain characteristic elements used in linguistic publications: methodological provisions expressed through the aim of the article and the tasks set; the “correct” choice of object, material and method of research; the academic apparatus, i.e. referencing the literature listed and quoted; the structure of the article - the cliches in beginning and the ending; the correlation between the academic content and the ideology of the time. Post-war linguistic articles display frequent simplification of ideologized content which is often expressed through ellipsis or distortion of linguistic content. The most recognisable form of simplification is related to various Marxist-Leninist dogmas adapted to linguistic content. The unique style of the author is often steamrolled through the use of specific (and simplified) figures of speech as a means of expressing academic thought. This is why, when assessing the linguistic work conducted by prominent Lithuanian academics in the 1950s, it is helpful not to discard the authentic cliches appearing in their works and biographies.
More...
During the preparation of the publications of the edicts of the Prussian authorities for the website of the Database of Old Lithuanian Writings of the Lithuanian Language Institute, the only currently known copy of the Prussian government’s edict forbidding the burning of fences in winter, issued by the Prussian authorities on 9 August, 1724, was discovered in the Library of the University of Leipzig (UBL: 01E-2015-25). Two copies of the German edict from which it was translated were found in the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB: E-343). Up until now, the 1878 transcript of the Lithuanian edict, prepared and published by Hugo Weber on the basis of a copy owned by August Leskien and lost during World War II, has been used. The supplement to the article presents transcripts and photographs of the edicts and a word index. Documents from the Secret State Archives Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation in Berlin show that Christophor Heinrich Wegner (1685–1731), a priest of the Lithuanian church in Königsberg, worked as a translator of the edicts into Lithuanian between 1721 and 1731. A comparison of the language and orthography of the published edict with other edicts of the early eighteenth century revealed features common to all texts of Lithuania Minor and specific only to the period of Wegner’s translation work. The linguistic elements of this edict that are typical of the edicts printed during Wegner’s translation period are the adverb ik čiolei ‘until now’. The preposition with [č] occurs only in the edicts attributed to Wegner. The conjunction ydant ‘so that’ written with is found in other texts, albeit rarely, and the genitive forms menesės ‘of the month’, rugpjutės ‘of August’ are also the most abundant in Wegner’s translation period. According to the currently available data, the chronological distribution of the Germanised Slavism štonas ‘state, condition’ is limited to the years 1721–1723. The orthography of the edict does not stand out among other writings: some words are accented; morphological forms are also marked with diacritical marks (in line with the rules laid down in Danielius Kleinas’s grammars and with the modifications of those rules that were common in the period under study). The nasal letters are consistently marked, there is a correct distinction between [ė] and [e], and the length of the vowel [ī] is properly marked. Nouns are capitalized inconsistently, and the quantity of consonant geminates is also similar to other texts. The edict is written in the western variant of the written language that had evolved on the basis of the southern subdialects of the West Aukštaičiai in Prussia. There are no distinct dialectal features; [ė] is not confused with [ie], and [o] with [uo] (with only rare exceptions). The future tense form sudegys ‘will burn’ shows regular extinction of nasal vowels, and such forms are also common in other texts of the period under study. The deformations of the participial system iškirtomos tampa ‘are cut off’ and uždraudama tampa ‘is forbidden’ could be seen as artificial creation of forms in accordance with the morphological principle of orthography; similar cases occur also in the work of other translators.
More...
Review of: Povilo Frydricho Ruigio gramatika Anfangsgründe einer Littauischen Grammatick, 1747, parengė Ona Aleknavičienė ir Grasilda Blažienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2020, 564 p. ISBN 978-609-411-264-5.; Ona Aleknavičienė, Grasilda Blažienė, Povilas Frydrichas Ruigys Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2020, 414 p. ISBN 978-609-411-265-2.
More...
Review of: Petras Avižonis, Lietuviška Gramatikėlė (1898–1899), Bibliotheca Archivi Lithuanici 12, parengė Jurgita Venckienė Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2022, 216 p. ISBN 978-609-411-319-2.
More...
Every concept has its own history and its own prehistory, without which it is impossible to understand both complex and simple phenomena of life, and this article provides a brief overview of the development of rhetoric and stylistics from antiquity to the present day. It focuses on the formation and development of stylistics and rhetoric in Lithuania. Rhetoric, as one of the most important liberal arts, was still taught in Lithuania in the 16th and 18th centuries, together with dialectics and logic, the most famous works being: “Oratoriaus praktika, arba retorikos meno taisyklės” [The Practice of the Orator, or the Rules of the Art of Rhetoric] by Žygimantas Liauksminas, “Poetika” [ Poetics] by Motiejus Kazimieras Sarbievijus, “Apie taisytinas iškalbos ydas. Apie meną gerai mąstyti, būtiną gebėjimui gerai kalbėti” [On the Correctable Faults in Eloquence. On the Art of Good Thinking Necessary for Good Speaking] by Stanislovas Konarskis, “Apie iškalbą ir poeziją” [On eloquence and Poetry] by Pilypas Nerijus Golianskis and others. In Lithuania, works on stylistics in the national language appeared later, only at the end of the 1910s. The first Lithuanian work on stylistics was written in 1918 by Kazys Bizauskas under the title “Raštijos bei literatūros teorija” [Theory of Writing and Literature]. The second author, Motiejus Gustaitis, called his “Stilistika” [Stylistics] (1923) “a textbook for the theory of literature” in its subtitle. Juozas Ambrazevičius gave a similar title to his work “Literatūros teorija. Poetika” [Literary Theory. Poetics] (1930, second edition in 1936). During the Soviet period, quite a number of writers wrote on stylistic issues, including Kazimieras Župerka, Audronė Bitinienė and Juozas Abaravičius. The most extensive and comprehensive “Lietuvių kalbos stilistika” [Stylistics of the Lithuanian Language] by Juozas Pikčilingis was also prepared at that time. After the restoration of independence, rhetoric thrived. In 1999, Regina Koženiauskienė wrote her fundamental work on rhetoric “Retorika: Iškalbos stilistika” [Rhetoric: The Stylistics of Elocution]; “Juridinė lingvistika” [Legal Linguistics] was published in 2005; and, in 2013, “Rhetorical and Stylistic Analysis of Publication Texts” was released. Referring to the revival of rhetoric, it is necessary to mention Irena Buckley, Professor at Vytautas Magnus University. She is the author of the monographs “Retorikos tradicija XIX amžiaus lietuvių literatūroje” [The Rhetorical Tradition in 19th-Century Lithuanian Literature] (2006) and “L’Eden lituanien et la Babylone française: les contacts culturels franco-lituaniens au XIXe siècle” [Lithuanian Eden and French Babylon: Franco-Lithuanian Cultural Contacts in the 19th Century] (co-author with Marie-France de Palacio, 2012). The first monograph presents a clear conception of rhetoric, applying rhetorical analysis principles to 19th-century Lithuanian literature and updating the tradition of rhetorical culture in Lithuania. Teaching of rhetoric adheres to the classical canon rediscovered during the global revival of rhetoric. However, evident changes are occurring, as everything in the world undergoes reevaluation, from social relations and value systems to language. The established understanding within the rhetoric canon is being disrupted, and new rules and traditions are taking shape. These innovations are noted to initially emerge in the USA, then spread to Europe, eventually reaching Lithuania.
More...
Given the role that word-formation plays in vocabulary organization, there seems to be a consensus that word-formation needs to be taken into account in some way within the lexicographic process. Thus, the present study is devoted to central issues of dealing with word-formation in the dictionary, which include its consideration in the so-called outer texts, the type of macrostructure, entries of word-forming elements, special word-formation sections of the entries, word-formation in the definitions, and the use of typography to highlight word-formation phenomena. The subject of the analysis is selected dictionaries of the German language primarily published before the year 1854, which represents an important caesura in German lexicography constituted by the publication of the first volume of the Deutsches Wörterbuch (German Dictionary) by the Brothers Grimm. Much more often than in the case of today’s lexicographical works, the view of word-formation is linked to a more general conception of language and reflections on it, or even to a broader cultural context, including religion, or life in a pre-secular society, respectively.
More...
This article compares the adaptation of anthroponyms of foreign origin in Slovak and Spanish across historical periods. We analyze ancient names of Latin and Greek origin where Spanish shows, in general, a deeper level of adaptation. We have also included biblical, Near Eastern, and Egyptian names and names from the medieval and early modern periods, where the predominant tendency is to find native equivalents, not only for first names, but for surnames as well (in a significantly more systematic way in the case of Spanish). Nowadays the clear tendency is to maintain the original graphic form of foreign names in languages using the Latin alphabet, except for names of popes and monarchs. Searching more widely, the article analyzes rules for transcribing names from Slavic languages, Arabic, and Chinese, noting a greater degree of adaptation in Spanish. Different approaches are found in transcription of Chinese names, with Spanish using pinyin and Slovak employing a system of transcription based on its own alphabet. The article concludes with translations of anthroponyms, highlighting variations in the use or absence of translation of descriptive names (nombres parlantes, e.g. Schneewittchen) into the two languages analyzed.
More...
According to the leading theory concerning the origin and language affiliation of the Danube Bulgars, they were bearers of the -r/-l Turkic language whose close relatives are modern Chuvash and different extinct Turkic languages such as Hazar, Avar, and Hunnic. In two previous publications, the author of this article commented on a large number of discrepancies at the lexical, phonetic and morphological levels between the available material from the language of the Danube Bulgars and Turkic languages. On the basis of an analysis of historical sources, formation of plurality, the phonetic peculiarities of many Protobulgarian words preserved in the sources, morphological and lexical elements in the texts of the List of Bulgarian rulers, the short Protobulgarian inscriptions from Preslav and Silistra, and especially on the basis of analysis of clan and personal names of Protobulgarians, it was concluded that their language belonged to an entirely different language family – the Lezgic group of the Nakh-Dagestanian language family. This paper regards all composite Protobulgarian titles and the other word combinations preserved in the epigraphy and other sources. Their models of formation have direct parallels to the reconstructions of the Proto-Lezgic models of word formation. The text also revises many attempts at a Turkic etymologization of unclear lexemes from the available material, and emphasizes on their phonetic and sematic similarities to words from the basic lexical strata of Lezgic languages.
More...
