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The paper presents a research on the presence of foreign borrowings, i.e English terms exclusively, in the current Romanian and Italian maritime publishing discourse. The study focuses on the articles found in four representative maritime magazines, Marina Romana and Marea Noastra for the Romanian corpus and Rivista Marittima and Lega Navale for the Italian one.
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This paper aims at presenting some aspects regarding the history of a controversial syntactical concept, i. e. the syntagm, as it is presented in foreign (Russian, French etc.) and Romanian grammars and Schools of grammar (notably, Iași, București and Cluj). In this study, we adopt only the definition given by the Cluj School of grammar, i.e. a group of two terms and the relation between them. Therefore, the syntagm is a relational unit, based on a relation, and not a unit in relation.
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This article sets out and discusses, in relation to the current Romanian language, a set of peculiarities related to the sentence syntax encountered in Manuscript 67 at the Library of the Romanian Academy in Bucharest. It contains the entire Slavonic translation of Ithica Ieropolitica by the Archbishop of Putna Monastery, Vartolomei Măzăreanu, in 1764. The theoretical reflection in this article is based on our own interpretative transcription activity in Latin alphabet, taking into account the current orthographical rules, of the text Ithica Ieropolitica, written in Cyrillic script by the scholarly monk V. Măzăreanu. There are presented the syntactic characteristics existing in the text, considering their correlation with the degree of evolution of the syntax of the Romanian language in the XVIII-th century. It has thus been observed that Ithica presents many elements that constitute a norm in the present literary language, but also preserves elements specific to the ancient Romanian language.
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The article deals with the origin of 48 surnames based on 20 stems, which represent: 1) eight first names: 1 Bulg. folk name (*Стрезчо); 4 shortened Christian names (Вакин, Лаврин, Липе, Траки); 3 Muslim names (Hakký, Hakim, Jakub); 2) one inhabitant’s name (*юрчелия, from place name Юртчии); 3) noun names of persons according to their place in the family (*стърсак ‘last born child’), status in the society or occupation (*безас ‘vendor of fabrics’, вощанин ‘soldier’, *кюфеджия ‘basket maker’, *ичас(ъ) ‘trusted servant’, колага/коласчия ‘rank of officer’, копузчия ‘musician on kopuz [a Turkish instr.]’, кушчия ‘birdman’); 4) two names according to mental traits (*манзър ‘detrimental’, *мантарджия ‘swindler’). A special attention is paid to the sound changes as an important source of new surnames.
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In this paper the autor brings up the question of the multi-motivation and homonymy in the antrhoponymy on the example of two polish surnames. Different possible ways were indicated to explain the surnames Duszyński and Karabasz in respect of their etymology.
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The aim of the paper is to present German-speaking handwritten resources of the former Załuski Library as material for onomastic research. Today there are more than 1000 German-language manuscripts of the old Załuski library. They represent a variety of subject sections as theology, history, philosophy, medicine or geography. Manuscripts of the last mentioned group are a valuable source in the research on toponyms, all the more so as some of them have never been printed and they exist only as a single manuscript. They include a detailed description of the regions with the typical names for the time of their origin, often in two or more languages.
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lähiajal ilmuv „Eesti grammatika“ (EG) vahetab välja senise eesti keele teadusliku grammatika „Eesti keele grammatika“ ehk EKG (i 1995, ii 1993), nagu teda üldiselt kutsutakse. See kaheosaline grammatika on eesti keele uurijatele, õpetajatele ja teadlikumatele keelehuvilistele abiks olnud juba üle veerand sajandi ja loodetavasti ei muutu kasutuks ka tule- vikus. Järgnevas vaatleme, kuidas EKG sündis.
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When we refer here to the Western Outlands, we mean areas now or formerly inhabited by ethnic Bulgarians but no longer within the borders of Bulgaria. After the Treaty of Neuilly in 1919, most settlements in the former Tsaribrod district remained outside of Bulgaria. The subject of the present study will be toponyms (place and water names) or microtoponyms from 34 settlements located in neighboring Serbia, formerly comprising the administrative region of Tsaribrod, which also included Pirot, and distributed today among various Serbian districts. The majority of the place names are taken from written sources. Conclusions are drawn based on an onomastic study of 3000 microtoponyms and 545 kin names from the region of Tsaribrod and Pirot. Some of the most important generalizations will be presented here: there are remnants of an ancient name strata, and the linguistic features of the toponyms are characteristic of a much earlier, archaic stage of the development of our language, which testifies to their antiquity. The study of the origin and meaning of the microtoponyms and kin names from these regions of Tsaribrod and Pirot that were studied led me to the conclusion that the toponyms follow the characteristics of the modern Bulgarian onomastic systems (toponymic and anthroponymic). Most of the microtoponyms presented here have at their base preserved vocabulary or anthroponyms for which there are exact parallels in Bulgarian toponymy, both in the neighboring regions to the east as well as in more distant places with an ancient Bulgarian population. The data from toponyms confirm the unity of the Bulgarian language in the past and today.
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During the early decades of the twentieth century, foreign visitors to Albania noticed a lot of particular aspects of life that they found unique and worth publishing. They shared impressions, perceptions, research outcomes, emotional reactions, and facts about the way the Albanians managed their lives from 1921 to 1939. In the writings that constitute the literary corpus of this paper, the reader perceives an objective insight into the political, economic, social, historic, and ethnographic Albanian context while reading texts, diaries, newspaper articles, political reports, and research outcomes of the British and American authors who got to know the Albanian reality of this period. The relation between language and culture becomes especially significant when the mentalities of people encountering each other in a place are so different that respective linguistic means do not satisfy the linguistic gap that derives from the lack of awareness of the social phenomena they reflect. Such was the case when the British and American writers first needed to understand the Albanian social context and then convey it as closely as possible to a more international reader. However, since this reader had very little or no knowledge at all about Albanian life of the early twentieth century, there were also limited linguistic resources to express in English the treasure troves of Albanian social life hidden beneath the bjeshkë.* Most of the time, the writers seem aware of the fact that translating the word or defining it in the context would vanish most of its original meaning, so they chose to keep the Albanian word. One often finds such a word (in italics or boldface) in the middle of a page entirely written in English. They also chose to alter the phonological features of a word in order to create close pronunciation features between Albanian and English. They also sometimes chose to preserve the Albanian spelling of the word, but adapt its morphologic and syntactic features to integrate it into the English sentence structure. Such linguistic adaptions are as varied as the nature of Albanian words, their meaning, and social significance. The article aims to display the wide range of such linguistic reflections of Albanian life in the texts written in the English language, through phonological, spelling, grammatical, and semantic adaptions. It provides examples from authentic texts in English, classifies them according to the nature of the linguistic alterations, and explains the intertwining phenomena to reflect social particularities through language and culture.
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The Romanian regional term bérdă (de uscătúri) means “a load of wood, a pile of wood”. It is without doubt a word of Indo-European (IE) origin. But is it a Slavic relic word or a loan from a modern Slavic language? The suggestion that it is a loan word from German, Germanic via Slavic in particular, has been rejected. Could its specific semantics possibly have been influenced by a relic word transmitted via a locally attested and now extinct IE language such as Dacian? It is attested only once with the above-mentioned meaning as a word forming a relic island at the inquiry point No. 157 of the linguistic survey displayed on map No. 592 of the Romanian Linguistic Atlas (ALR) II New Series. Usually, its solely regionally attested meanings are “slope of a gorge, slope of a hill, abyss, chasm, cliff”, which seem close to some of the Slavic meanings of a possible etymon. Using the example of this above-mentioned term, we show the difficulties encountered in trying to establish the exact source for that word, which would go beyond a mere Proto-Indo-European root etymology. A solution such as the latter would prevent us from learning about the specific loan history of the Romanian regional term bérdă.In general, it has been observed that the ambiguity of etymological solutions reveals the danger of ideologically motivated tendencies in Romanian etymology.
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Hadith commentary (sharh) books aimed to examine and explain hadiths in many ways that can be evaluated in linguistics such as Gharib al-hadith, Fiqh al-hadith, Fiqh al-luga, Belagah and especially ılm al-ishtiqaq and ılm al-ma’ânî. Etymology and semantic sciences, within the understanding of today’s linguistics, are the subject of determining the first meanings and roots of the words and explaining what meanings they are used in the process they have passed through, together with other concepts that can express the same meaning. al-Munziri one of the hadith imams, sometimes includes etymological explanations by going down to the root of the words in his commentary book named al-Iddu’l-Mawrud. sometimes he deals with different semantic approaches and explains after which meaning changes a word with a certain root reaches the meaning used by the Prophet. He makes these analyzes fort he great purpose of understanding the sunnah of the Prophet in the most accurate way, and in this respect, he sheds light on the whole world of Islamic sciences.
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This paper explores language contacts, unrecorded in Ukrainian-language texts, which occurred during a period of history when Ukrainian was a minority language. In order to reconstruct language contacts, I applied the theoretical framework of the social history of language. The database was constructed using metalinguistic evidence from secondary sources. The characterization of the macro-level of language contacts from the standpoint of the sociology of language was provided through the inductive method and the method of metalinguistic evidence interpretation. The findings of the article on the variable transition of native speakers from Ukrainian as a colloquial code to oral and written forms of Polish, Russian and (occasionally) to the written form of Ukrainian are relevant for studying language contacts in subsequent periods of the social history of Ukrainian, using the linguistic evidence available from the Ukrainian-language sources.
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The investigation contains the results of a comparative-historical analysis of Iranian, Slavic and Baltic lexical and syntactic units with reflexes of Indo-European root *men- ‘thinkʼ, ‘thoughtʼ. The formation of compound-words and formulaic expressions (stable syntactic combinations, expressing ideological semantics) with the mentioned etymon shows structural-semantic parallelism in three linguistic cultures. This parallelism manifests itself in the complete genetical identity of the etymological composition (except for the formant) of the compared units and in the common organization standards of their cultural semantics, reflecting: 1) dualism at the core of religion and moral relations inside ancient societies (for Iranian and Slavic); 2) religiously unmarked cultural concepts (for Slavic and Baltic). Conclusions as regards the сauses of structural and etymological affinity or semantical and typlogical similarity of compared datas is made.
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The place names of the German federal states of Lower Saxony and Westphalia (part of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia) that were attested before 1600, including the names of deserted towns and villages, are critically examined on the basis of their historical evidence and linguistically examined according to their origin and interpretation etymologically, morphologically and typologically, with the volumes of the NOB (Niedersächsisches Ortsnamenbuch) to be an example. Once the work is completed, maps and summary papers will provide an evaluation of the question of origin, etymological connections and settlement history. The results will also be relevant for Scandinavia, England, Eastern Europe (including the Baltic States) and parts of Central Europe.
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This paper aims to analyse the origin of genetically German names and their structure, determine whether they have derivatives and the reason for their occurrence and investigate whether the names under study were still present in Warmia in the 18th century. The majority of the names (63%) are surnames with one motivation, derived from place names, nicknames, first names and names of professions. The other surnames are names with multiple motivations. When it comes to the structure of the names under study, the majority of them are non-derived (63%). The others have undergone paradigmatic or suffixal derivation. Twelve surnames (44.5%) have 2–4 derivatives. Their occurrence is caused by factors including Polonisation, notation errors or the impact of dialects: Low German, Eastern-Middle German or High Prussian. Only 4 out of the 27 surnames (15%) survived to the 18th century in Warmia.
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The surnames with the suffixes -owicz, -ewicz in south-eastern part of the Lublin region in starosty district of Grabowiec and Hrubieszów have been analyzed in the article. The source database used in the article contains the municipal books of Grabowiec and Hrubieszów from 17th to the 18th centuries. The basis for the surnames are first and foremost names, often church names, and nicknames.
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The article is an attempt to describe the origin of the noun обáрінок ‛bagel’ and its general features of the functioning in the Ukrainian language, compared with the corresponding names in Belarusian and Russian. The author concludes that the Ukrainian accentuation and derivational forms of the noun under consideration обáрянок, обáрíнок, обáрúнок, as well as the Belarusian абарáнак, arose as a result of the direct influence of the Polish language, and the Russian noun барáнка is only indirectly related to Polish influence, being originally an adapted Belarusian name. Variants of the noun обáрінок are considered in the article both geographically and chronologically. Thus, the Ukrainian nouns обáрянок, обаря́нок, обаря́нець and обáрінок, барíнок, вобарúнок, обарíнок, обарúнок reflect both the nature of the Polish-Ukrainian language contacts of the end of the 14th – the second half of the 17th centuries, and internal changes in the structure of the Polish and Ukrainian languages.
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