The West from a Byzantine Perspective During the Early Crusades

Author(s): Dimitar Yordanov Dimitrov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The article explores changing attitudes to western Europeans in the Byzantine Empire from the eleventh century until the Fourth Crusade and for some time after it. Special attention is paid to the development of old stereotypes and the emergence of new ones. More active contacts between the two halves of Christendom from the eleventh century onwards did not result in an expected rapprochement, but rather led to hatred and resentment. The article focuses on a number of texts by Byzantine authors, such as Michael Psellos, Anna Komnena, John Kinnamos, Eustathios of Thessaloniki, and Niketas Choniates. In my view, the changes in Byzantine perceptions of the west could be represented in terms of the following metaphorically named stages: Calm, Menace, and Bitterness and Despair.

Дидактически измерения на междукултурната литература

Author(s): Mina Hubenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

Intercultural literary studies in the field of literary scholarship represent a research perspective with a specific theoretical and methodological profile, which is based on two prerequisites: 1) cultural differences can be important in the study and perception of literature, and 2) literature and its reception can reveal these relative differences. In this way culture is interpreted as a category of differentiation, but also as a productive source of exchange, contact, dissemination and integration. Intercultural literary research focuses on specific issues concerning the creation and perception of the literary text, as well as the didactic and methodological aspects of acquiring intercultural competence through it. Literary texts lead, on one hand, to enrichment, curiosity and excitement in students, and, on the other, to the diversification of methodological techniques in foreign language teaching. Literary texts can motivate students and foster their personal development through new methods that not only encourage them to speak, but also inform them about the culturally specific point of view, through the content of the text.

Страдателният залог в устната реч

Author(s): Marina Dzhonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The main topic of the article is the use of passive voice in Spoken Bulgarian. Special attention is paid to the passives with the auxiliary verb biva. A review of the existing opinions on the use of the forms under consideration is made. The possible contexts of use, as well as the presence or absence of competing passive verb forms in the given context, are considered. A conclusion for the preference of a passive verb form with biva is made.

Мовний портрет особистості: історичний i соціолінгвістичний аспекти

Author(s): Ekaterina Glukhovtseva / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2013

The surnames of the inhabitants of Luhansk region as text-forming units, many of which characterize the linguistic features of Lugansk inhabitant’s personality were analyzed in the article. Sociolinguistic portrait of the modern inhabitants of the region was made on the basis of a questionnaire, the answers to which represent the participants of communication.

За използваните сентенции в устната комуникация на съвременните българи – модели, източници, индикатори за нагласи

Author(s): Marieta Tsvetkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2013

In the article are described and systemized observations on the colloquial use of proverbs and sayings in the process of informal communication among Bulgarians. Two main trends are illustrated – using of tested by time set phrases generalizing life experience (completely preserved or modified to certain extent) and the appearance of new set phrases of the type which indicate certain changes in attitude and values. The analysis reveals colloquial phenomena like ellipsis, vulgarization, prevailing negation etc.

Към въпроса за динамиката в системата на прагматичните клишета пожелания в книжовно-разговорната реч

Author(s): Lyubka Stoichkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2013

In the present paper the author discusses the actual state of the pragmatic clichйs wishes which are an original mark of the Bulgarian language community. Special attention is paid to the reasons for the substitution of the traditional pragmatic idioms by adjective combinations which have the characteristic of a wish. The new formulae with the meaning of an ending of a conversation are a result of the new social conditions, on the one hand, and on the other – of the inflation of the linguistic instruments.

За две норми на българската устна книжовна реч (Предварителни бележки)

Author(s): Stoyan Burov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

It is already documented that in the Bulgarian language spoken across the country there are two main variations of Bulgarian literary verbal speech: eastern Bulgarian with its centre in Veliko Tarnovo and western Bulgarian with its centre in Sofia. Both variations set themselves apart by the representative, standard verbal speech, which can be analyzed as an invariant of both variations. In contrast to past and present opinions that these are two pronunciation variations within one literary language, containing dialectic differences from the norm, in the paper the variations are seen as equal forms of literary verbal speech. A list with short commentaries is presented with the main parameters which are used to constitute the two named variations.

Дискурсивные энклитики в тексах древнерусских летописей XII–XVI вв.

Author(s): Beáta Györfi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The present research is aiming at the investigation of the distributional, syntactic and paradimatic features of Old Russian (OR) discourse clitics. Clitics constitute a special class in OR, as despite the relative free word order, their position is fixed in the clause. From the three types of OR enclitics (discourse, pronominal and auxiliary) the least attention has been paid to discourse clitics. An investigation of their frequency, distributional properties and role in the information structure of OR clauses by corpus linguistic methods could provide new perspectives for the research of OR word order as well.

Актуелни тенденции во македонскиот публицистички стил

Author(s): Aleksandra Gjurkova / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1/2012

The main topic explored in this paper represents the contemporary issues in the language of Macedonian publicistic style. The influence of electronic and printed media in Macedonia is of great importance, especially since 1991 when Macedonia became an independent state. Since then, the democratization of society is also connected to the appearance of numerous newspapers, magazines and TV and radio stations which contributed to the rise of opportunities for language expression. In this regard, special accent is to be made on the language of commentaries, columns and editorials in Macedonian newspapers. Several points are to be considered in the language analysis of the publicistic style: 1. The use of anglicisms from the aspect of language contact and influence and their styli stic usage. 2. The use of colloquial style in journalism and its function. 3. The forming of language clichés and language innovations as features of individual style. Of special interest are the syntactic expressive means used in journalistic texts, such as syntactic paronymy, rhetoric questions, etc. All these aspects of journalistic style are to be taken in view with regard to Macedonian Standard and the need for an equilibrium to be established between the language norm and the journalist’ tendency to establish an individual expression. The aim of the research is to give an overview of the stylistic features of Macedonian journalistic style in the past decade and to identify the main trends in the establishment of a specific individual style.

Sufiksalne imeničke izvedenice u Voltićevu Ričoslovniku (tvorba sufiksima -/a/c, -l/a/c, -telj i -v/a/c)

Author(s): Marijana Horvat / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2012

The paper deals with the nominal derivatives formed by suffixation (suffixes -(a)c, -l(a) c, -telj, -v(a)c) in Voltić’s Ričoslovnik iliričkoga, italijanskoga i nimačkoga jezika (Vienna, 1803). Suffixation is the most productive way of word formation in nouns. This has also been confirmed by Voltić’s corpus. The majority of these derivatives are old and expected and Voltić has taken them over from the language as such, but they have also served him as a model for the formation of new words. These new derivatives will be analyzed in this paper. Special attention will be paid to the analysis of unusual derivatives, i.e. to cases in which we find some typical suffixes in special realizations, i.e. those formational models which are unusual because of the meaning of the derivative. Attention will also be drawn to derivatives formed by adaptation of the foreign model, primarily Italian and German. The analyzed examples will be determined according to their confirmation mostly in comparison with Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika JAZU.

Slovenski jezik v stiku podonavskega in alpskega prostora

Author(s): Marko Jesenšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2012

Article departs from the pre-condition of Alpine and Pannonian space that have differed already in ancient literal patterns of Slovenian language and have independently developed all the time: in Alpine space, besides Latin-German tradition, central Slovenian literal language developed and witnessed a strong dialectic differentiation after Brižinski spomeniki; in Pannonian space, besides Greek-Old Church Slavic tradition, archaic East Slovenian literal system developed that preserved an original “old Slovenian” syntax image still at the change between 18th and 19th century. The project brings new cognitions from history of Slovenian language. Two important questions shall be opened: (1) divided development of Slovenian language in Alpine and Pannonian language space and (2) question of unification of Slovenian literal norms in the middle of 19th century. In the set frame, we shall try to successfully answer both questions and show a row of new cognitions, and at the same time direct the path for further research on history of Slovenian language.

Eksplikacija orijentalizama u Rečniku mačvanske tradicionalne kulture

Author(s): Anđelka Lazić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2012

The paper deals with global aspects of lexical semantics of traditional culture (thematic vocabulary), ie. territorially and chronologically differential vocabulary of the speech of Mačva whose semantics affects all aspects of traditional life using as sources of lexical material the short story by a writer from Macva, Laza K. Lazarevic “For the first time with his father at the morning service” and vocabulary collected on the field in Macva, published and unpublished. The focus of the Orientalism as an current cultural trail in this area, the traditional culureme(lexeme) of the multicultural space on synchronic and diachronic level, lexical unit the semantics of which may be arrived at through a multi-disciplinary study. A linguocultural lexicographic procedure is proposed suitable for the presentation of cultural extralinguistic deposits in the semantics of lexicon, which requires encyclopedic definition arrived at by interdisciplinary studies and expertise that would be based on the results of an expert multi-cultural team.

Language purism in the mirror. William Barnes and August Treboniu Laurian

Author(s): Sorin Ciutacu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article sets out to draw a very brief comparison of the common features shared by the purist attitudes displayed by two 19th-century English and Romanian scholars, William Barnes and August Treboniu Laurian and classifies them according to the set of criteria devised by Thomas (1991). The paper also goes over several concepts regarding purism. The author of the paper analyses the concept of purism in both countries within the intellectual and temporal dimensions of purism.William Barnes was a Victorian reformer, a polymath, a priest, a poet in his Dorset dialect and a utopian prescriptivist linguist capitalizing on the Germanic word stock of English and suggesting the removal of excessive Latin & Greek vocabulary. He wrote several linguistic books and poetry. August Treboniu Laurian was an outstanding Romanian reformer and polymath. He penned a theoretical book heralding his reformist belief: “Tentamen Criticum”, in 1840 and a huge Dictionary of the Romanian language in 1876 (after a seven year work) capitalising on the Latin word stock of Romanian and suggesting the removal of non-Latin lexemes.

Фамилни имена от редки християнски лични имена

Author(s): Ludwig Selimski / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The article deals with the origin and meaning of 50 surnames, which are based on 22 Christian first names. The main problems in their analysis are: 1) the identification of the abbreviated forms of first names that we find in the stems of the surnames and 2) their differentiation from homonymous appellatives. We find in the stems of the studied surnames not only Latin/ Italian first names, such as EeHuHolBenino (< lat. benignus 'polite'), BeJZuIJo I Velicho (< ital. felice 'happy') etc., but also such personal names which appear only with certain phonetic peculiarities as Latin / Italian borrowings in Catholic speech, as, for example, HJuiJop I Isidore in stead of HcuiJop, J(ma1<.0Ma I Giacomo in stead of H1<.06 and others. Therefore, the geographical area of the analyzed personal name ( at the stem of a given surname) should be compared not only with the dialect society but also with cultural and historical data about the population, and - if possible - with the corresponding name-day.

Българска история без българска езикова археология?! Докога?

Author(s): Todor Balkanski / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The paper deals with the topic of the relationship between Bulgarian history and Bulgarian linguistic archeology. It is argued that the products of Bulgarian linguistic archeology are unjustifiably not accepted or taken into consideration by some representatives of contemporary Bulgarian historiography. Linguistic archaeological reading is carried out on three main topics: 1. Tangra: Tentri; 2. Did Tangranian religion exist among the Bulgarians and Bulgars until the time of Simeon the Great; 3. The mark ofTangra IYI : IVI. The myth that Tangra is the supreme deity of the ancient Bulgarians is scientifically debunked.

За някои топоними от Шуменския регион

Author(s): Aneta Tihova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The article generally presents the results of the analysis of 800 names of areas in the region of Shumen, which are included in the Archive of toponyms ofEpiskop KonstantinPreslavsky University ofShumen. The toponyms are systematized in thematic groups and according to their origin, and special attention is given to local names of plants and animals formed with a motivat­ing lexeme. The findings indicate: I) the reviewed names include several layers - both old names of presumably pro to-Bulgarian and Slavonic origin and such formed from the local Turkish dialect; 2) the names belong to various thematic groups; 3) among local names of plants and animals formed with a motivating lexeme the prevailing ones are borrowed from Turkish language. A future profound research of the names will allow a detailed presentation of the diversity of the toponymical material from the Shumen region.

Към произхода на няколко балкански заемки в българския език

Author(s): Hristina Deykova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

Варьирование почерка в восточнославянских рукописях XV–XVI веков

Author(s): Maria V. Korogodina,Mariia Vladimirovna Korogodina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2 (32)/2022

The scripts of the East-Slavonic manuscripts modify significantly in the 15th and 16th centuries. New types of scripts and styles of handwriting are appeared in that time. The multiplicity of the patterns makes up many scribes to master several styles of handwriting and to vary them depending on their goals. They often use another style of handwriting for the scribe’s note. It allows a scribe to differ the main text from the information about him. Various styles of handwriting, belonged to the same scribe, were used for coding different types of text and different genres. It led to the forming in the 16th century of the close connection of the style of the script not only with the genre of the book, but with its destination also. So appearance ofnew styles of scripts and variation of them testifies about shifts in the attitude to the culture heritage in East-Slavonic region. The ability of scribes to write in various handwritten styles poses the question of attribution of handwriting to researchers. Currently, there is no methodology for solving this applied problem. To date, studies of the functions and structure of the scribal manner, its relationship with the genre and purpose of the text are more promising. For example, to create a book the copyist takes into account the height of the line, its ratio to the proportions of the sheet, the mirror of the text, the width of the margins and even the thickness of this book. It is important not only the time and region of the appearance of new handwriting, but also their transition to those handwritten books whose writing had previously been standardized. Any changes in the design and appearance of the book – for example, the use of unusually small and dense handwriting, the appearance of pocket books that are copied into an eighth part of a sheet – speak of new functions of the book and the formation of new traditions.

Предаване на praesens, futurum и futurum praeteriti в един среднобългарски текст

Author(s): Kamen Dimitrov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Old Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The article examines the transmission of the Present, Future and Future in the Past in the Middle Bulgarian translation of the homilies of Abba Dorotheus of Gaza. The emphasis of the research is mainly on the cases of non-equivalent transmission of the Greek temporal forms, as the freer interpretation of the original text is an important indication for the idiolect of the translator. The use of the studied verb tenses revealed an intertwining of archaic and innovative language features. There are findings of particular importance for the history of the Bulgarian language, namely examples of a linguistic phenomenon not attested in other Slavic texts – the formation of the Future in the Past using the verb имэти.

Някои наблюдения върху показателните местоимения в Търновската редакция на Стишния пролог

Author(s): Aneta Tihova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Old Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The article successively examines the demonstrative pronouns for general display, for close people and objects, for distant people and objects and for enumerating, which have the function of the 3rd person forms of personal pronouns in the Tarnovo edition of the Stishen Prologue (a calendar hagiographic collection, translated in the first half of the fourteenth century). It is established that the semantics of the demonstrative forms is determined by the context: in a combination with a noun form they have an indicative meaning, and in a combination with a verb form they mean a third-person pronoun, for example, съи блажен!и which means този блаженият (“this blissful one”), съи бэше means той беше (“he was”). The use of the elongated forms for masculine тъи, for feminine т!а, for the plural тие/ тйе which later turn into he, she and they, as well as the presence of the new forms тои, characteristic of the spoken language, are historically significant.