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Lümanda, Lümandu ja Lümatu

Author(s): Evar Saar / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 01/2012

On the Estonian territory there are at least six, if not seven place names with a putative underlying form *lüm(m)ättü. In view of settlement history those names refer either to old villages, medieval manors or similarly dispersed old allodial farms. as the landscapes where the places thus named sit do not look similar at all there is little hope in finding an appellative referring to a common characteristic of the landscape. Instead we can argue that the motivating name, which has originally contained a passive past participle, might rather be a pre-Christian personal name. The participial suffix belongs to the most frequent ones in ancient Finnic names. The personal name *lüm(m)ättü cannot be reduced to the orthodox form Kliment(i) of Clemens. Most of the medieval spellings of the names are luminitial, while the first spellings associable with the Estonian adaptation Leemet of Clemens appear in the 17th century. The hypothetical personal name *lüm(m)ättü can be compared to those deriving from the Finnic stem lempi, including the name of Lembitu, the 13th-century elder of sakala. It is surmised that one of the possible reasons behind the emergence of the lüm-initial variant could have been the perception of the sound of the personal name *lemmittü as expressive, which triggered a series of names with varying vowels.

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Veel kord Pandiverest ja ta nimest

Author(s): Marje Joalaid / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 12/2013

Toponymy has points of contact with several other disciplines, first and foremost with linguistics, history and geography. Based on those three, the article attempts to dissipate the doubts of Taavi Pae about Paul Ariste’s etymology of Pandivere, which associates the name with the Mordvin noun panda ‘hill’. The name of Pandivere is obviously quite old, but not so much for the heights, which have been named after a manor, which in turn has got its name from a village. From a linguistic point of view the initial component Pand(i)- may be associated with the Estonian noun põndak ‘hillock’. The word family of põnt : põnda with the derivatives põndak(as), põndas etc, all referring to a small hill, is quite widespread in Estonian dialects. In other Finnic languages the word stem is not used as a noun, but it does occur in place names. According to 19th-century Russian scholar Vladimir Mainov the Veps have referred to the Urals as Kivi-panda (kivi ‘stone’). In Finland there are several high and steep hills called Pantamäki (mäki ‘hill’). In earlier records the initial component of the name Pandivere ends in -e, which may be indicative of its being a plural attributive part. As the village was situated on two hills, the name may well have have been motivated by those: Pande ’GenPl hill’ + -vere. From a historical point of view the village is much older than first believed (1547). In the 13th century the village belonged to Koeru parish in Järvamaa county: in 1281 a small village called Pandevire is mentioned, in 1288 the spelling is Pandevere. The parish of Väike-Maarja, where Pandivere belonged later, is a much more recent formation, probably established no earlier than the late 15th century and then included in Virumaa County. Earlier the area used to border the prehistoric parish of Lemmundu in Virumaa. There is also a natural geographic association: the village is situated in a high terrain, which is not quite flat. There have been two hills there, about 250 m from one another, long serving as a source of sand. There are several legends about their origin. At least one of the two hills, Ammemägi, which is reported to have had a steep slope, used to serve as an important natural landmark, mentioned in 1646 as marking the border between Raeküla manor and the villages of Kadila and Naraka.

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Sarn ja sarnane

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 02/2015

The Estonian sarn ‘cheekbone’ belongs to the words with still no satisfactory etymology. The same applies to the word sarnane ‘similar; coll. such’. Although to-day the word sarn is considered a natural part of the North-Estonian based common and standard language, its historical area of distribution refers it to South Estonian. The word does not occur in other Finnic languages, nor in more distantly related languages. The article suggests a Slavic etymology. The assumed source word is the pre-pleophonic *skorńa, which has descendants in East, West and South Slavic languages, e.g. Russian скоронь f. ‘temple’, Church Slavonic скрания (-ья) ‘cheek; temple; forehead; jaw’, скрань ‘cheek; cheekbone; side of face; jaw’ etc. The word sarnane has been offered different etymologies. One of them suggests that it has the same root with sarn ‘cheekbone’. However, this etymology is called into question by the historical South Estonian distribution of sarn, whereas sarnane occurs all over Estonia. According to the other etymology sarnane has a Finnic-Permic of Finno-Ugric root, with such Finnic descendants as, e.g., Finnish saarna ‘sermon’, Karelian šoarna ‘fairy tale’ etc. The semantic relationship has been quite credibly substantiated by Julius Mägiste, arguing that sarnane has originally meant ‘in question, similar to the object of talk’.

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Lõuna-Eesti a(h)i- ~ ä(hi)i-alguliste kohanimede päritolust

Author(s): Enn Ernits / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 10/2015

The paper starts with a detailed survey of the study history of the place names with ahi- ~ ähi- and ai- ~ äi-stems, which are used in South Estonia. Linguists have associated the ahi-initial toponyms (for example Ahja, Aheru), some of which have changed into ähi- and even ai- ~ äi-initial words, with the Mulgi dialect word ahikotus ’sacrificial place’. The meaning of the Estonian protoform *ahti : *ahδi- (Finno-Ugric *ašt-) has been reconstructed as ’sacrifice’, which interpretation has lately been discredited. This paper gives additional proof that the semantic development of *ahti suggested by Paul Ariste (2010 [1937]) is quite veracious. The study reveals that some of the originally ai-initial place names have derived from the genitive *aγja- (> aja- > aia-) of the hypothetical common noun *akja ’edge’ (possibly ’boundary’ or even ’out-of-the-way place’). Based on the two hypothetic common nouns just mentioned, the origin of the following toponyms has been followed: Ahimäe, Aitsra and Äijärv, which probably derive from *ahti, and Aakaru, Aakre, Aiamaa, Aiaste, *Agende, which originate from *akja.

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Kaks nooremat laensõna

Author(s): Iris Metsmägi / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 01/2016

The article discusses the origin of the Estonian words klopp ‘block of wood’; dial. ‘piece of wood; block-shaped (part of) object’ and räsima ’shake up, entangle, tear (and hurt); disfigure by trampling or crushing etc; grab, grasp’. The word klopp is a German loanword, < Gm Kloben, Klobe ‘block of wood, split billet; small planing bench; hook; door hinge’, with the original general meaning ‘split object’. The same stem occurs in the dialectal compound kloopsaag, kloppsaag ‘two-man saw for longitudinal sawing of boards and planks’ < Gm Klobensäge, Klobsäge id. The word räsima with identical meaning is a Russian loanword, < Rus тряст´и ‘shake, jiggle, make jiggle, jolt’, 1st person present singular трясу́, 2nd person singular imperative тряс´и. The back-vowelled rasima derives from the same Russian source.

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Pilk eesti kirjakeele korraldamise sajandile ja tänapäevale

Author(s): Peeter Päll / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2019

Eesti kirjakeel, mis suures osas rajaneb põhjamurretel, tegi keelekorraldajate pingutusel XX sajandil läbi märkimisväärse kohandamise selleks, et olla kõigis valdkondades sobiv kompromislik kirjavahend. Erinevalt rahvuslikest liikumistest muudes maades on võõrlaenud olnud sallitud, osaliselt ajendatuna soovist hõlbustada ligipääsu Lääne-Euroopa kultuurile. Selle tulemusel tekkinud normingud on aga eestlasi üldiselt sundinud abi otsima mahukast õigekeelsuskäsiraamatust, et teada õigekirjutus- ja morfoloogianorme. [...]

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Üks lõpuni viidud etümoloogia: kasima ja kasin

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 04/2019

Although Julius Mägiste in his ”Estnisches etymologisches Wörtebuch” has pointed out the Estonian word family of kasima as well as its Livonian and Votic counterparts as possible Baltic loans, he fails to mention the source word. This article accomplishes the etymology by suggesting *kās- as the possible Baltic etymon, some derived terms being, e.g. Lithuanian kóšti (kóšia, kóšė) ‘to strain a liquid (e.g. milk) for purification, to pass fermented ale through a strainer to prevent sediment from getting into the barrel etc.’ and Latvian kãst, kàst (kāš, kāsa) ‘to strain a liquid for purification, to filter; to drain off the boiled water (e.g. from potatoes) etc.’

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Veel „Agenda Parva” keelest

Author(s): Väino Klaus / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 07/2019

The Catholic church manual Agenda Parva (1622) is a South Estonian linguistic monument. Its language has been studied since 1938, but some specifications are still in order. In the phrase omme wiide mielde-ga ‘with one’s own five senses’ (modern spelling omme viide meeldega) omme should not be interpreted as an erroneously spelt genitive singular but rather as the genitive plural of the pronoun oma ‘one’s own’, spelt according to the general principle followed throughout the publication, notably that a long consonant is rendered by doubling the letter. As for wiide (the middle word of the phrase) it has hitherto been interpreted as a very archaic genitive singular. However, the agreement of the first and last members suggests the possibility of similar agreement applying to the middle member. Indeed, the form wiide looks exactly like the regular consonant-stem de-marked genitive vīᴅè << *vīt̆ten of the biradical word viis ‘five’, conforming to the sound change t̆t > ᴅ after the 2nd-quantity vowel or diphthong of the first syllable, characteristic of Tartu dialect. Hence we can conclude that the translators/compilers of Agenda Parva made up a word form that was phonetically correct, but typically for native speakers of Indo-European languages they violated a rule applying in South Estonian as well as in most Finno-Ugric languages, which requires that the noun modified by a numeral should be used in the singular, and this means that there should have been oma viie meelega, not omme wiide mielde-ga.

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W. Schmidt. Geschichte der deutschen Sprache. Ein Lehrbuch fur das germanistische Studium
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W. Schmidt. Geschichte der deutschen Sprache. Ein Lehrbuch fur das germanistische Studium

Author(s): Boris Parashkevov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2004

Review of:W. Schmidt. Geschichte der deutschen Sprache. Ein Lehrbuch fur das germanistische Studium. Erarbeitet unter der Leitung von H. Langner und N. R. Wolf. 9., verbesserte Auflage 2004. S. Hirzel Verlag Stuttgart, 2004. 410 p.

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XIX sajandi pilk XX sajandi kirjandusele XXI sajandil

Author(s): Johanna Ross / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 01/2012

Review of: Rein Veidemann. 101 Eesti kirjandusteost. Tallinn: Varrak, 2011. 224 lk.

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Eesti keele ajalugu ja optimaalsusteooria

Author(s): Eino Koponen / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 06/2012

Review of: Külli Prillop. Optimaalsusteoreetiline käsitlus eesti keele fonoloogilisest kujunemisest. Dissertationes philologiae Estonicae Universitatis Tartuensis 28. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, 2011. 260 lk.

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Kõigekülgne kogumik liivi kultuurist ja keelest

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 07/2012

Review of: Liivlased. Ajalugu, Keel ja kultuur. Koostanud ja toimetanud renate Blumberga, Tapio mäkeläinen ja Karl Pajusalu. Tallinn: Eesti Keele sihtasutus, 2011. 436 lk.

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ÎN CONTRA UNEI RADIOGRAFII A LIMBII ROMÂNE DE LA ÎNCEPUTUL SECOLULUI AL XX-LEA. AL. TĂLĂŞESCU – CUM S-A STRICAT LIMBA ROMÂNEASCĂ?
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ÎN CONTRA UNEI RADIOGRAFII A LIMBII ROMÂNE DE LA ÎNCEPUTUL SECOLULUI AL XX-LEA. AL. TĂLĂŞESCU – CUM S-A STRICAT LIMBA ROMÂNEASCĂ?

Author(s): Adrian Chircu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

In our study, we aim to discuss a philological and linguistic study published by Al. Tălășescu in response to an article with the same title (Cum s-a stricat limba românească?‘How was the Romanian language ruined?’), written by I.N. Lahovary and commented on by us in a previous contribution. A thorough analysis of this synthesis of the lexicon of the early 20th century helps us far better to understand what the attitude was towards old words or neologisms. Al. Tălășescu's approach is critical, mainly targeting I.N. Lahovary, who argued that the Romanian language must keep its old words, as they have special meanings and an important role in the language, many of them being part of the fundamental vocabulary. Contrary to his contemporary, Al. Tălășescu believes that a good part of the neologisms that enter the language is necessary because they nuance communication and designate certain notions or objects for which, in our language, there does not exist a term yet.

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Arta Traducerii: Literatura română interbelică și contemporană tradusă în limba bulgară – aspecte practice

Arta Traducerii: Literatura română interbelică și contemporană tradusă în limba bulgară – aspecte practice

Author(s): Hristo Boev / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

The novels I have translated from Romanian into Bulgarian are set between the wars and in our times. While the original and translated texts from the former span about 100 years, with the latter, it is a case of translating writers who are our contemporaries. The two epochs – the 1920s through 1930s and the years after 2010– mark the beginnings of new centuries and despite certain similarities, contained in the larger notion of modernity, these epochs also feature several national and cultural differences. By contrast, with the writers of our times, it is rather the complexity of reproducing the style of the respective author that may create difficulties. Regardless of the epoch of the source, the linguistic transference from the source into the target language inevitably deals with the cultural specifics therein and as a result is challenged to render differences in poetics, vocabulary, syntax, etc. This article presents some of the challenges I have encountered and the decisions I have made based on studies in comparative literature and translation theory as well as on my instincts of a person who has translated 21 novels – all from Romanian into Bulgarian with a single exception of one from Bulgarian into English. It also explores the correspondence of etymological cognates between the two languages and epochs.

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Tracce e influenze italiane nella terminologia economico- finanziaria e commerciale romena. Percorsi storico-linguistici tra memoria e oblio

Tracce e influenze italiane nella terminologia economico- finanziaria e commerciale romena. Percorsi storico-linguistici tra memoria e oblio

Author(s): Dana Feurdean / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2022

On a historical-linguistic and cultural level, the economic-financial and commercial terminology in Romanian has been influenced by the Italian language, not only during the process known as "re-Latinization", "re-Romanization" or "Romance westernization" of the Romanian language, but even before this linguistic-cultural phenomenon. On the other hand, certain terms defining social and economic realities that are now outdated and often forgotten, but also more recent terms testify to the complexity of relations between non-Romance lexical items and the Romance neologisms. The latter, by replacing pre-existing terms, have contributed to the modernization of the Romanian vocabulary. The article focuses on some words that serve us in illustrating these phenomena, highlighting the importance of the Italian influence - manifested as a single, multiple or internal etymology - and referring to the first written attestations in the two neo-Latin languages (with brief references, in some cases, to those in French and German) of the examined terms. By investigating the influence of the Italian language on the economic, business and financial-banking terms, selected from six specialized (online) dictionaries, our paper concludes with a glossary (available in Quaestiones Romanicae X) that allows us to track which Romanian terms have a unique Italian etymology and which ones, instead, belong to the "multiple etymology" category in the lexicographical works consulted.

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El español en época de Franco, reflexiones lingüísticas

El español en época de Franco, reflexiones lingüísticas

Author(s): Carolina Hernando Carrera / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2022

During recent years, Spanish society has become very accustomed to these concepts: Memory of the past History and the collective obligation to remember it so it does not fall into the Oblivion. These notions are so prevalent in Spanish everyday nature that it is almost impossible for any citizen of this country not to relate these ideas with the well-known Law on Historical Memory, officially the Law 52/2007, by which rights are recognized and widened and measurements are established in favour of those who suffered persecution or violence during the civil war and dictatorship. This law aims to respond the demands made by the people affected by Francoism and to recover the memory of the victims of the Spanish Civil War (1935-1939) and the following period of Francoist Dictatorship (1939-1975). While this paper does not intend to analyse or criticise said regulation nor to offer a detailed description of it, it does open up the possibility of closely relating it to the language used during that historical time. It is well known that language has been and continues to be used on countless occasions as a political and ideological tool and instrument by a significant number of systems, which can be observed mainly in the media. In connection with these thoughts, we want to offer in this paper a general vision of Spanish language used during Francoism, more specifically the propagandist Spanish spread by that time’s media.

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Руськомовный перевод 1563 года чешского Луцидария: структура и состав текста

Руськомовный перевод 1563 года чешского Луцидария: структура и состав текста

Author(s): Sergei (Sergejus) Temchin (Temčinas) / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01/2022

The article focuses on textual characteristics of the recently identified Ruthenian translation, made from a printed edition of the Czech Lucidarius in 1563 and present in two Cyrillic manuscript copies written in the late 16th and the first half of the 17th century. Particular attention is paid to establishing the initial structure of this Ruthenian translation, which reflect its non-extant Czech printed source.

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Shepherds’ Terminology in the Balkans Against the Background of Genetic Profiles and Archaeological Cultures from Neolithic Southeast Europe
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Shepherds’ Terminology in the Balkans Against the Background of Genetic Profiles and Archaeological Cultures from Neolithic Southeast Europe

Author(s): Corinna Leschber / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Starting from a lack of consensus regarding the origin of shepherds’ terminology in the Balkans, we apply the experimental, but so far highly successful approach of triangulation, proposed in Robbeets et al. (2021) for anthropological and linguistic purposes. It involves the triangulation of insights from the spheres of archaeology, human genetics and diachronic linguistics/anthropology. This is because the characteristic terminology of shepherds’ culture in the Balkans and the Carpathian mountain range is a prominent and simultaneously common feature. We attempt to shed light on developments in that region during prehistoric times and the possible links between the ancient shepherds’ culture in the Balkans and the Carpathian mountain ranges, and the oldest migration streams into Southeast Europe in a Neolithic context. To do so, we examine the archaeological cultures in question and consider what human genetics can tell us about the individuals taking part in prehistorical migrations and forming innovative cultures.

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Передача специфических звуков марийского языка в памятниках письменности конца XVII — XVIII вв.

Author(s): Oleg Sergeev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2022

The article deals with the designation of the specific vowels of Mari ӓ, ӧ, ӱ, ӹ and the consonant ҥ in early written monuments. The first writings appeared in the Latin alphabet. In these valuable sources, there is a fixation of letters unknown from the Russian graphic system. Unfortunately, authors of books and short texts, compilers of glossaries or word lists didn’t spell consistently. In the early writings based on the Cyrillic alphabet, Mari specific sounds are transmitted in different ways. They are mainly transmitted by similar Russian graphemes or by their combinations. The modern form of the letters appeared and became fixed in the graphic system of the Mari language in the second half of the 19th century after the formation of the Translation Commission of St. Gurius (Gurij).

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O istorie a literaturii române contemporane: impact și receptare

O istorie a literaturii române contemporane: impact și receptare

Author(s): Pavel, Radu Gheo / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 60/2022

At the beginning of 2021, Mihai Iovănel published Istoria literaturii române contemporane – 1990-2020, the first Romanian history of literature that scrutinizes the post-communist period. Another novelty brought by this book is that it proposes an ideological approach to the literary field, with a strong (post)Marxist bias, in accordance and synchronicity with the global trend in the humanistic field, but not very popular in the Romanian cultural space. No wonder it was, perhaps, the most commented upon literary study of the past years, and most of the reviewers and critics focused on this controversial approach towards contemporary literature, favouring or rejecting its validity. This paper tries to establish the influence of Iovănelʼs ideological approach on the interpretation of contemporary literature and the aesthetic validity of his work. At the same time, it deals with the impact this book had in academic and literary circles, surveying the recent opinions and judgments on the book and the interplay of ideological/aesthetic arguments of the reviewers. The analysis shows that, more often than not, the reviewersʼ ideological positioning is relevant and influential upon their judgments, even if they manage to preserve their scientific objectivity. The paper also stresses the importance of this pioneering work and the shift in perspective it proposes, together with its limits (sometimes accepted by the author), and it establishes its relevance as a starting point for similar studies in the future.

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