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The 1375 Paris Miscellany and 1404 Hval’s Codex are the medieval codices created at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century, which means that they were written less than thirty years apart. Although the author of Hval’s codex was unlikely to have been familiar with the content of the Paris Miscellany, these two texts have a lot in common. This article attempts to bring out their similarities and differences. The author analyses the places of their origin, the locations of their safekeeping, the notaries, their purpose, material description, content, language, and script. To illustrate the linguistic parallels and contrasts between the two medieval codices, the author introduces the linguistic analysis of the Lord’s Prayer, which exists in both texts.
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The review of: Szymon Gruda, Language and Culture Contact Phenomena in the Sixteenth-Century Vocabulario trilingüe in Spanish, Latin and Nahuatl, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 20181, 218 s.
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Статья представляет собой опыт семантической реконструк- ции праславянской лексемы *koprъ, имеющей в современных славянских языках значение ‘растение укроп, Anethum graveolens’. На основе родственных форм (например, *kopъtь, *kopьno) ее исходная семантика формулируется как ‘те- плый воздух, пар’. В результате, появляется возможность пересмотреть про- исхождение славянских названий растения крапивы (Urtica) *kopriva/*kropiva. В частности, *kopriva возводится к глаголу *koprěti/*kopriti ‘подвергать(ся) воздействию теплого воздуха’, а *kropiva – к глаголу *kropiti ‘кипеть’. В обоих слу- чаях внутренняя форма наименований крапивы толкуется как ≪обжигающее, жгучее растение≫. В качестве аргументации приводятся их многочисленные синонимы в различных славянских языках, образованные по тем же словообра- зовательным и семантическим моделям.
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The author observes the work of priest Šime Starčević in regard with his point of view on standard Croatian language and Croatian Latin spelling. Šime Starčević's standpoint was outlined in his grammar book (Nova ričoslovica ilirička), published in 1812 and also in the newspapers published at Zadar, Zora dalmatinska and Glasnik dalmatinski. To be noted Starčević-s consistency in ortographic and linguistic questions and his relying on štokavian-ikavian common people speech, then Croatian štokavian-ikavian standard language tradition and on Slavonian graphy. It has been specially pointed auth that Šime Starčević was the first Croatian philologist who has exactly described the four Croatian new štokavian accents. At the end, the author tries to make estimation of the cultural and historical dimension of Starčević's linguistic and graphic views either as regards the Croatian national reformation (the Illyrian Movement) or present-day situation in standard Croatian language.
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The author presented here the transcript of the two lamentations from Rab, one from 1563 and the other from 1676. These lamentations have been transcribed into a present-day Croatian latin graphy, as the original graphy can be found in the preserved manuscript of either the Lamentation from 1563 or the other one from 1676, which were published in the work of father Karlo Kosor. Beside the transcription, there is also an interpretation of the history of places of finding these two lamentations, then there is a division into sections of the Lamentation from 1563 graphy, which has been published for the first time herewith. Likewise, the principle of transcript of these lamentations has also been interpreted. At the end, the author presents the graphic table of the Lamentation from 1563.
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The study of outdated vocabulary and the appropriateness of its use is of interest from the point of view of the development and preservation of the language richness and variability, especially amid current standardization, simplification and unification of languages in general and the Russian language in particular. The article presents analysis of the use of a low-frequency conjunction of purpose дабы in publicist texts from the point of view of the meanings it can bring. In linguistic literature, it is labeled as outdated, bookish, and stylistically colored. The author assumes that the choice of atypical linguistic means should be considered an indicator of the language flexibility and its adjustment to the most accurate expression of meaning in a given communicative situation. The author uses specific examples to show that the use of this conjunction in publicist texts is stylistically relevant, since it can serve not only as a means of archaization for adding some historical color, but also as a tool for giving the text a touch of solemnity and sublimity, as well as for implicit expression of the author’s irony, sarcasm or evaluation. In particular cases, the purpose component introduced by the conjunction дабы may function independently, separately from the main sentence/clause, indicating a call or motivation rather than a goal. Thus, the use of atypical means of communication correlates with such main functions of the journalistic style as providing information, evaluation, incentive, and influence.
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This paper argues against the reification of shame and the use of Anglocentric jargon to explain what it entails. It shows how the Natural Semantic Metalanguage can be used to define shame and set it apart from related concepts in Australian Aboriginal English and in Bislama, an English creole spoken in Vanuatu.
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In the following essay I am going to comment briefly on the intersection between literary and performative genres that originated in early modern Kerala and to some extent continue till date. More specifically, on their relationship with the rich tradition of representing the past through producing works that follow recognizable patterns of composition and conventions of presentation. This more general consideration shall appear here as a backdrop to a study on contemporary editions of an early Malayalam work named Tiruniḻalmāla. The editions follow the relatively recent discovery of the work in question and its subsequent reinstatement in the history of Malayalam literature. I shall argue that the specific ways this reinstatement was presented by the editors, including a particular place they claimed for this work within the formation processes of Malayalam literature, constitute competing acts of general history writing concerned with the ongoing debate on how should the cultural identity and regional history of Kerala be best represented.
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The paper discusses the question of the substitution of the stem suffix *-ъv- for the suffix *-ъka, which converts words from the *-(j)ū- to the *-a-declension, as well as the problem of identification of original *-(j)ū-stems. An analysis of Polish and Slavic material leads to the conclusion that a part of nouns that are commonly regarded as *-(j)ū-stems have in fact a different origin: some can be derived from collective nouns in *-va (still productive in East Slavic), e.g. *kuropъtva, *plotva, *ǫtva, and a part have probably been extended with an unmotivated labial element -v- which has the appearance of a relic of a *-ū-stem, but appears most commonly after roots that end in a velar consonant or a spirant-stop sequence. The paper argues against the hypothesis about late (Proto-)Slavic activization of *-ū-stems and proposes instead that a part of this class had been eliminated at a prehistoric stage, depending on the quality of the stem consonant.
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The article presents the results of the work of the Laboratory of Linguistic Local Studies and Language Ecology of the Petrozavodsk State University Humanitarian Innovation Park carried out within the interdisciplinary project “Karelian Pomorie: Lexis and Onomastics (XVI–XXI Centuries). The project is aimed at preserving and studying the cultural heritage of the region, which is unique in ethnic and historical terms. The main task was to create a fundamental digital archive (media library) intended for research, educational and enlightenment purposes. During the implementation of the project a number of research, applied, educational and methodological problems were solved.Databases were developed that include modern and historical factual language material from the XVI century to the present day, which was partially analyzed within the framework of various linguistic approaches (systemic structural and anthropocentric ones). A secondary survey of Pomor (the White Sea) dialects was carried out in order to identify the degree of the dialect system preservation, as well as to replenish and clarify the data available in the laboratory’s archive. The media library is an unparalleled innovative linguistic electronic resource. This experience of creating an information system can be used to develop similar systematized structures for other regions of Russia.
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The article sets out to analyse two-word composite names with liga as the head element and dependent elements expressed by adjectives, which were used in the medical press of the late 19th century–early 20th century written in popular scientific style (books, booklets, newspaper and calendar articles). It attempts to determine by which semantic aspects dependent elements describe the head element liga and what specific features of expression of these elements are. The dependent element may describe the head element liga by various semantic aspects – by the latter’s association with some non-material (usually) (time, type of manifestation, etc.) and material (rarely) (organism, body liquid, organ, etc.) matter. Dependent elements take the form of simple, pronominal and derivative (in most cases) adjectives. In rare cases the dependent elements of the composite names with the head component liga indicate superordinate concepts – they mark a general specific feature and should be considered proper terms. In most cases dependent elements specify a temporary quality and should therefore be considered descriptive word phrases.
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The article examines proper names in two selected areas of Prussian Lithuania, i.e. Ragainė and Tilžė. The primary aim and objective of the research was to examine personal names as well as place names (in case any would have been identified in the course of the research) with key focus exclusively on their possibly unknown mentions and etymology. However, in the course of the research, the aims and objectives had to be expanded by supplementing them with an attempt to answer questions related to the problems of Historical Onomastics in a broad sense, its research scope, main objectives, the selection of appropriate research sources and materials, etc.
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Based on the analysis of the data from the living language and historical sources, the article presents a comprehensive discussion on the origin and development of the name of the village Ývoliai, which is located in Kražiai eldership, Kelmė district. After reviewing the records of the oikonym from the living language and evaluating their reliability, the conclusion is made that the name form with a long vowel at the beginning of the word is authentic. When discussing the usage of the oikonym in historical sources, most attention is paid to the analysis of the records from the Baptism Register Book of Kražiai Parish of 1656–1672 in which this name was mentioned for the first time. In order to evaluate the history of both the name and the settlement bearing this name, the toponymic and anthroponymic context of historical records is provided: the mentions of the village and its residents are thoroughly reviewed; the links of the recorded people are revealed. Since it was found that the personal name *Yvolis (Iwolis, Iwolowa, Iwołayte, Iwalowa, Iwołaytis, Iwoliene, Iwalowna) actually existed in Yvoliai village and its environs in the second half of the 17th century, the conclusion is made that the oikonym is definitely of anthroponymic origin.
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Review of: Danguolė Mikulėnienė. „Lietuvių tarmėtyra: genezė, raida ir paradigminiai lūžiai. I dalis. Ikitarmėtyrinis laikotarpis. Lietuvių tarmėtyros pradžia: tarmių skyrimas, tyrimų perspektyvų užuomazgos ir jų tipai“ Review by: Vytautas Kardelis
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The paper focuses on the discussion and interpretations of the terms denoting “frog (toad)” in Western New Iranian. It attempts particularly to clarify the origin of an obscure lexeme in Classical Persian commenting in this regard on some issues of the Iranian historical phonology.
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Book-Review: Mehrsprachigkeit in Ostmitteleuropa (1400–1700). Kommunikative Praktiken und Verfahren in gemischtsprachigen Städten und Verbänden. Hrsg. von Hans-Jürgen Bömelburg und Norbert Kersken. (Tagungen zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung, Bd. 37.) Verlag Herder-Institut. Marburg 2020. VI, 245 S. ISBN 978-3-87969-435-8. (€ 45,–.) ‒ Karen Lambrecht
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This paper analyzes morphological and semantic characteristics of postpositions, conjunctions and interjections in the philological encyclopedia Dîvânü Lügâti’t-Türk by Mahmud al- Kashgari. The analysis of grammatical and semantic structures of postpositions, conjunctions and interjections is based on an analytical and descriptive research method and a contrastive method. The analytical and descriptive research method describes grammatical characteristics of postpositions, conjunctions and interjections, while the contrastive analysis compares the grammatical and semantic structures of postpositions, conjunctions and interjections found in Dîvânü Lügâti’t-Türk to semantically similar lexemes or syntactic structures in the modern Turkish and Bosnian language. The results obtained from the analysis should contribute to better knowledge and understanding of grammatical and semantic structures of the Turkish language from a diachronic perspective, primarily because the analysis is based on concrete contextual examples from this philological encyclopedia containing all grammatical and semantical characteristics of Turkic languages in the 11th century. Actually, an analysis like this should contribute to better understanding of morphological and semantic characteristics of postpositions, conjunctions and interjections in the Turkish language and their semantic equivalents in the Bosnian language. The results obtained from the analysis can serve as a good foundation and a good starting point for further research of grammatical and semantic structure of Turkish from a diachronic perspective. The fundamental sources used for the analysis are the first and the third volume of the translation of Dîvânü Lügâti’t-Türk prepared by Besim Atalay.
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The problem of divergence and conflicts between literary norms is considered a particularly significant problem that arose during the formation of the modern Belarusian literary language. Practically, there are two types of literary Belarusian used in today’s Belarusian society. One is the official literary norm formed during the Soviet era (after 1933, to be precise) and used for many years in administration, education, and publication inside Belarus. The other is the literary norm Taraškievica, which was supported by some Belarusians, including intellectuals, from the Perestroika period. Taraškievica is a literary norm of modern Belarusian that was originally popularized in the 1920s and is named for the linguist Branislaŭ Taraškievič, the author of “Belarusian Grammar for Schools” (Vilnius, 1918), which was the foundation for the norm. These two literary norms are currently at odds in Belarusian society over which is the “authentic” Belarusian literary language. This article explores how divergence and conflicts between two Belarusian literary norms have emerged and how the two linguistic norms are regarded as “authentic” by their supporters. First, I overview the history of modern literary Belarusian from the perspective of corpus planning in language policy. Second, I analyze linguistic ideologies among the proponents of official norms and Taraškievica by focusing on the meta-linguistic discourse of the supporters of two standard language norms. Although Belarusian was exclusively used as a spoken language by peasants or poor szlachtas at the end of the eighteenth century, it began to be used for literary works starting in the nineteenth century. At the same time, linguistic research on the Belarusian language (to be precise, Belarusian dialects of Russian) was also promoted in the Russian Empire. In 1905 the tsarist government for the first time officially permitted publishing activity in Belarusian. After the collapse of the tsarist regime, with “Belarusian Grammar for Schools” published by B. Taraškievič in 1918, the orthographic and grammatical norms presented in this book were widely endorsed by the Belarusian intellectuals of that time and quickly brought into everyday linguistic practice. After the establishment of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) in 1919, it was the Soviet government, rather than individuals such as writers, linguists, and social activists, that guided the formation of the Belarusian literary language. Within the BSSR, the Institute of Belarusian Culture (later the Belarusian Academy of Sciences) played a leading role in the compilation of scientific terminology and Belarusian dictionaries, development of orthography, and other projects. When the Stalinist regime began in the 1930s, however, the linguists of the Academy of Sciences, who had led the standardization of Belarusian, were successively purged. In 1933, the BSSR’s Council of People’s Commissars implemented the orthographic reform that rendered the Belarusian orthographic norms, and some grammatical norms, closer to the Russian literary language. While the official orthography based on this reform was adopted in Soviet Belarus in 1934, the reform was accepted neither by the Belarusians in Western Belarus (then under the rule of Poland) nor by Belarusian communities abroad.
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Franklin D. Roosevelt’s accent is often used as an illustration of the elite pronunciation heard among the north-eastern US upper classes until roughly the mid 20th century. Known under several names and often considered a mixture of British and American features, this variety is frequently identified with the American Theatre Standard, a norm popularized by acting schools in the early 20th century. Working on the assumption that Roosevelt is an exemplar of the north-eastern standard, the aim of the current study is a preliminary acoustic exploration of his accent with the aim of assessing the plausibility of such comparisons, focusing on the dress, trap, bath, start and lot vowels. Density plots created based on F1 and F2 measured in eight radio speeches were used to examine the relative position of these vowels in the vowel space. Linear mixed-effects regression was then used to model F1 and F2 in selected pairs of vowels to determine whether the differences along the two formant dimensions are significant. The results confirm a conclusion reached in an earlier auditory study (Brandenburg, Braden 1952) according to which Roosevelt’s bath was variable between [æ] and a lower and retracted [a], a vowel quality found in Eastern New England and in American Theatre Pronunciation. At the same time, a merged start/lot vowel in Roosevelt’s speech makes it unjustified to fully identify his accent with the latter variety.
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