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The paper considers the anomalous use of definiteness and gender in Bulgarian noun phrases containing hypocoristic names, nicknames or sometimes even legal personal names. Proper names of people, being semantically definite, usually do not take the definite article in Bulgarian. But in the cases considered it is just the opposite – in informal conversation, in fiction or in ironic statements the use of a definite article is either obligatory or facultative depending on the formal and semantic features of the names. The factors to trigger the anomalous use described may be the female sex of the designee, the less typical ending of the noun, its being grammatically neuter or its inclusion in an attributive phrase. Thus the female legal personal names (e.g. Marija, Elena) may take a definite article on some special occasions (Marijata, Elenata) but male legal personal names (e.g. Boris) cannot. Male legal or hypocoristic names ending in -o (Stojko, Borko<Boris) never take the definite article, male names ending in -e may or may not take the definite article (Bore/Boreto<Boris) but female names ending in -e always take the definite article in colloquial Bulgarian (Marčeto<Marija, Lenčeto<Elena). What is more, their attributes are in the neuter and not in the feminine (hubavoto Lenče<hubavata Elena). Male hypocoristic names ending in -a, even those derived from family names, always take the definite article (Penata<Penev, Vucata<Vucov) but their attributes are in the masculine. Corresponding forms without an article (Bore, Marče, Lenče, Pena, Vuca) are used as vocatives or sometimes as predicatives. The phenomenon is stylistically marked which means that the choice of such noun phrases is pragmatic, but the rules which determine the use of definiteness and gender in them are grammatical. These are particular rules which operate in a minority of situations and contradict the general rules operating in the majority of contexts. Some of them are rigid but others are optional and introduce additional nuances into the statement. The phenomenon can be interpreted as a Balkan linguistic feature partially mani-fested in Bulgarian. Its occurrence in folklore texts might qualify it as rela-tively old.
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As a part of a child’s everyday communication, narrative provides a wide linguistic con-text, evaluating isolated words and clauses. This type of discourse requires children to combine words and sentences for a specific purpose. Narrative gives insight into how successful children are in using their communicative linguistic skills. Unlike conversing, storytelling strives to decontextualization which changes the inner organization of narrative. Children’s ability to narrate and create the structures of stories has been thoroughly explored in contemporary literature, whereas the less explored aspect is the aspect of narrative which describes referential cohesion and the usage of referential expressions telling about animate characters (a boy, a dog), objects (a tree, a jar) and about other entities (family, home). The paper investigates the way children, speakers of typologically different languages, process the notion of possession cognitively and linguistically. Both internal (attributive and predicative) and external possession is observed. The aim of the paper is to identify possessive relations that are expressed in children's language as well as the means of expressing them. It is assumed that four-year- olds percieve prototypical possessive relations and utter them using relatively simple, grammatically and semantically prototypical expressions. On the other hand, ten-year-olds are expected to use more complex constructions and perceive more diverse relations between a possessors and a posessee. Comparing the utterances crosslinguistically, children speaking Croatian, a morphologically more complex language, are expected to aquire linguistic means for expressing possession at a later age.
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This article studies the basic properties of syntactic and derivational propositions in the tideway of cognitive linguistics. A proposition consists mainly of arguments (actants), predicates and circonstants. Using the French language as an example, we reveal such properties of propositions as syncretism, fractality and contractibility. Contractibility of propositions implies the number of elements which remain non-profiled in word and speech production. We show that contractedness of a propositional structure can lead to the effects of entropy, pseudo-information and implicitness, which are left out by the neighboring context.
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The article deals with the rhythmic peculiarities of B.L. Pasternak’s poetic language, which form an original rhythmometric organization of the poet’s works. Particular rhythmic phenomena called “melismas” are described. Their nature and functions are defined.
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In this article, we study the symbolic structure of the works created by L. Ulitskaya. We pay special attention to the questions of language signs acquiring symbolic meaning in the works of fiction. In addition, we discuss the principles of speech interaction between symbols in a literary text. The four principles are distinguished: overlapping, complementarity, identification, and contrast.
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The article considers the features of interaction between figurative and rational/logical information in media texts, describes the ways of explication of non-verbal codes and their interpretation, and analyzes the compositional arrangement of the above-noted components in the text. It is established that the verbal descriptions of visual behavior images as artistic elements of the text serve for sensory involvement of a reader in the processes of reading and understanding incoming information. The interpreting elements of the text help a message sender to control the categorization of incoming messages. In their turn, the verbal representations of visual behavior images in media texts prove to be the means of interpretation of facts and events, which turn them from the category of objective data to the category of subjective (perceived and experienced) data.
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In this article, we are talking about the political context of the Russian concept “revolt”, which is considered in correlation with the concepts “resentment” and “resistance” used in the political discourse according to the existing cultural context. From our point of view, different goals and sources of the concept “revolt” in the Russian and European cultural and political practice can lead to certain differences in its understanding. However, complication of control practices, improvement of the already existing forms of coercion, as well as invention of the new forms of pressure on society contribute to the transformation of resistance, resulting in the new methods and forms of pressure on power.
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The paper describes the basic principles of creation of a WordNet-like thesaurus for the Tatar language on the basis of verbal vocabulary. A review of the main lexicographical resources involved for the project is given. Using verbs of sound emission as an example, the authors discuss general methods for the development of WordNet-like resources and examine the key problems arising during the construction of synsets for the Tatar language.
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The article concentrates on the origin of the genre of review in Russian criticism. In contrast to other studies on this topic that have existed in the history of criticism and journalism, this paper highlights the functional and pragmatic aspects of the first experiences in reviewing. The analysis is devoted to such issues as the formation of the institution of literature, the development of journalism, the status of the writer, and the democratization of artistic consciousness. The paper reveals that the period from the second half of the 18th till the early 19th century was marked by the recognition of the importance of the genre for literature development, the formation of the reader’s taste, and the foundation of the theory of reviewing. At the same time, the pragmatics of the genre has long retained the rejection of critical evaluation. As a result of the research, the evolution of the genre of review in the history of Russian literature and journalism is retraced.
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The paper considers the specifics of discourse-text relations of concession and causality. The composition and functions of argumentative constructions eliminating incoherence in concessive statements are revealed. The conditionality of concessions and reasons by the contextual-situational component and mental-perceptual characteristics of the subject of verbal and cogitative activity is determined.
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This paper considers the main models of communication. The following structural components of a communicative act are analyzed: sender, recipient, contact, message, and code. Four constituents of communicative act components are singled out: 1. Sender includes allocutionary act and communicative act functions; 2. Recipient and contact consist of perlocutionary and interpretive acts; 3. Message may include informative, influencing and phatic properties; 4. Code consists of verbal and non-verbal means of communication.
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This paper analyzes A.P. Chekhov’s idiomatic mastery in his early work of the large fictional format and evaluates its role in the author’s creative evolution. Transformations of the nation-wide idioms vary from structural ones to those falling beyond the frameworks of structural and semantic analysis. All modifications of the stable expressions are considered to be the means of speech stylization used by the narrator. Thus, the language imperfections of the literary work are regarded as being used deliberately and contributing to the formation of the narrator’s image. They should not be identified with A.P. Chekhov’s stylistic manner.
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The models of semantic derivation are revealed based on the original posture meanings of such verbs as лежать (“lie”), лечь (“lie down”), and положить (“lay”). The lexical and semantic variants of the polysemantic word are considered as resulting from categorical and thematic transfers of its basic meaning. The need to differentiate between the categories of controlled and uncontrolled states is substantiated. Based on the performed analysis, transformations of the original situation denoted by the verb are described. The main mechanisms through which they occur are singled out: changes in the taxonomic class of actants, posture seme neutralization, metaphoric transfers, actualization of covert semes and categories.
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There is still no scholarly consensus about the origin of the Balto-Slavic intonations. The traditional view is that all long vowels and diphthongs receive the acute in Balto-Slavic, while short vowels and diphthongs are circumflexed. On the other hand, according to the Leiden school, the only source of the Balto-Slavic acute is the glottal stop, which is either a reflex of the PIE laryngeals, or of the following glottalized stops (traditional voiced stops) in syllables that underwent Winter’s law. We believe that the traditional view that PIE lengthened grade vowels receive the acute in Balto-Slavic can no longer be defended. It is contradicted by such examples as PIE *dhughtēr ‘daughter’ > Lith. dukth, PIE *(H)rēk-s-o-m ‘I said’ > Croat. rijêh, PIE *hōwyom ‘egg’ > Croat. jâje. It should also be taken as proved that syllables closed by laryngeals and voiced stops (or glottalics, by Winter’s law) received the acute intonation in Balto-Slavic. However, the fact that the PIE lengthened grade long vowels are circumflex in Balto-Slavic does not prove that all lenghtened grade long vowels in Balto-Slavic are circumflex. In the present paper we attempt to show that a number of Vrddhi formations, that were not inherited from PIE, received the acute in Balto-Slavic. These are the words with reflexes in both Baltic and Slavic languages, derived from PIE roots by means of Vrddhi, which remained a productive pattern of derivation during the period of Balto-Slavic unity, and probably later. Such words have the lengthened grade only in Balto-Slavic, but not in other IE languages, which shows that their Vrddhi is not inherited from PIE. This paper systematically analyzes such material in order to show that the Balto-Slavic Vrddhi formations, in contradistinction to the inherited PIE long vowels, received the acute intonation.
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This paper deals with the analysis of sports discourse in Croatian through the theoretical framework offered by conceptual metaphor theory. Within this framework, certain metaphorical expressions found in sports discourse are analyzed as expressions of two conceptual metaphors: sport is war and sport is force. The analysis of these metaphorical expressions combines the methodology of cognitive linguistics with corpus linguistics, resulting in the proposal of a new method for discourse analysis in general. In our research, we introduce the notion of the specialized digitized corpus as a basis for further quantitative and qualitative research. On the basis of the specialized digitized corpus created for the purposes of this research, it is shown how the formation of sports discourse is dependent on three categories of metaphorical expressions relative to the degree of their conventionalization within sports discourse: (a) conventionalized, (b) semi-conventionalized, and (c) innovative metaphorical expressions. Each of these categories is analyzed according to their frequency and various aspects of meaning that it entails. Through the introduction of the semi-conventionalized metaphorical expression category, we aim to examine the gradable line between language creativity and conventionality as it is formed within the discourse of sports.
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The author introduces the fifth issue of “Autobiography” in the context of the seventieth anniversary of the presence of Polish literature in Szczecin. In this framework, he pays a particular attention to the role of poetry of Tymoteusz Karpowicz in describing the post-war Western Pomerania. Karpowicz not only left us his own poems describing Szczecin, but initiated the course of avantgarde presentation of our city.
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The text is an attempt to re-read Roland Barthes’ autobiographical book by its translator. The author is particularly focused on the tension between the subject and the language, on the identity split and on the reflection on the writing “I”. He also presents a choice of translation problems encountered while working on Roland Barthes.
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The article presents an attempt to identify the pattern according to which pairs of common-rooted verbs ending with -іти and -ити (of the types білíти, жовтíти, чорнíти and біли́ти, жовти́ти, чорни́ти) are stressed in present-day Ukrainian. For instance, why do we have a verb with a movable stress біли́ти – білю́, бíлиш and a verb with a fixed inflection stress чорни́ти – чорню́, чорни́ш among the verbs with -ити in modern Ukrainian? They are both derivatives of the stem-stressed adjectives білий and чорний and the respective derivative verbs with -іти have the accentual features of the corresponding adjectives: білíти – білíю, білíєш and чорнíти – чорнíю, чорнíєш. The author believes that primary correlation of the accentual features of the verbs of both types is reflected by the pairs чорнíти – чорни́ти and so on. But nowadays this pattern is already violated in many cases because the verbs with -ити in modern Ukrainian are intensively losing their ultimate stress and developing a movable stress or a fixed stem stress instead. For example, the primary accentual correlation красíти – краси́ти – крашу́, краси́ш is being changed to the correlation красíти – крáсити – крáшу, крáсиш. Likewise, the modern correlation оголíти – оголи́ти – оголю́, огóлиш has replaced the former one оголíти – оголи́ти – оголю́, оголи́ш etc.
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This article presents a semantic-cognitive analysis of the concept of Ukraine, verbally represented in the speeches of the American President, Barak Obama. The peculiarities of the President’s worldview are highlighted. The objective of the article is as follows. Firstly, it aims to demonstrate that the concept of Ukraine is verbally represented in the speeches of Obama. This means that Ukraine as a country, moving towards democracy despite the war with Russia, is an object of focus for American leaders. Secondly, the article suggests that there is a connection between the concept described, its pragmatic orientation and its cognitive processes. Thirdly, it describes the semantic peculiarities of the concept of Ukraine in the political speeches of the American leader, which are due to the role Ukraine plays in the local and regional context. Our research is based on the content-analysis of political speeches delivered by American President. The functional, communicative and pragmatic orientation of the speeches is highlighted. In line with the approaches of cognitive scholars, the article concludes that the concept of Ukraine is a complex semantic-cognitive structure that consists of core, transition zone and periphery. During the research for this article, fifteen speeches made by Obama in 2014 were analysed. This research presupposes the application of content analysis. It is relevant in the analysis of international relations with respect to the notions used by President Obama in his speeches delivered during 2014 in the relations between: the USA – Ukraine, Ukraine – Russia, the USA – Russia, and Europe – Ukraine.
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