Pavel Tichý: O čem mluvíme?
Review of: Pavel Tichý: O čem mluvíme?Vybrané stati k logice a sémantice. Filosofia, Praha 1996, 161 s.
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Review of: Pavel Tichý: O čem mluvíme?Vybrané stati k logice a sémantice. Filosofia, Praha 1996, 161 s.
More...
Though Frege's second semantical theory is worked out excellently, he did not precisely and explicitly answer the question, which of the two semantical notions he used in his semantics - sense and reference -, could be taken as proper explication of an intuitive notion of meaning. Intuitively, meaning of a word can be connected with an understanding of the word: if we understand the word, we know its meaning. Our problem seems to be accute in connection with present tendency to render words "meaning" and "význam" as proper translations of German word "Bedeutung", used by Frege to refer to named or signed objects (i. e. wordś referent or denotation). Fregeś basic concepts of both periods of developing of his thinking - Inhalt, Sinn and Bedeutung -, having been outlined, the author tries to explicate this intuitive notion of meaning as wordś content, or wordś sense and reference, respectively. This attempt is aimed to give a possible Fregeś answer to the above question. Then the discussion about a few counter-arguments follows and its main profit is in illumination of some less clear aspects of our interpretation of Fregeś conceptual apparatus. In the end the author argues that the word "meaning" as translation of "Bedeutung" does not cohere with Fregeś possible intentions, and defends the words like e. g. "denotation" as much better and clearer translations than the above one.
More...
In the field of the literary studies in France structuralism was strongly connected with the assumption that literature doesn’t describe reality, i.e. that it is “irreferential”. For some time the words “reality”, “history” and the question “what literature is for?” have more and more often appeared in the titles of the PhD theses, conferences, and essays on literature. Such titles demonstrate that the researchers are strongly interested in such problems as the correlations between literature, history and social sciences, or between literature and ethics. These tendencies, of course, are not confined to France and French-language areas. In France, however, they have a specific nuance: an assumption that literature has something in common with a real world seems impossible without preliminary confrontation with structuralism and its characteristic axiom of “intransitiveness” of literature. The article offers a review of the most significant positions in the debate held since the end of last century.
More...
20. Lambdaoperátor a jednoargumentové lambda-predikáty. V kapitole o predikátoch sme poukázali na rozmanitosť predikátových výrazov prirodzeného jazyka a na možnosť utvoriť predikát z ľubovoľného výroku odstránením niekoľkých výskytov niektorých jeho individuových mien.
More...
In this article, beliefs in demonic creatures of human and non-human origin will be presented, based on the ethnographic material collected during the fieldwork research in the broader area of Knjaževac in eastern Serbia, starting from the summer of 2014. Our previously published text dealt with the spatial aspect of beliefs in the other world, through locating and describing liminal areas which bear the characteristics of both this and the next world. Spatial context of these intermedial zones, as will be shown, represents an important condition for the emergence of supernatural phenomena in the demonological folklore. Furthermore, spatial context is filled with cultural content which can be described and analysed. This will be one of the goals of our paper.
More...
The article is diverse on two parts. In the first part, the author refers assumptions of Bohdan Chwedenczuk book, “Przekonania religijne” [Religious Beliefs] that was devoted to justify the thesis according to which religious statements are meaningless. He emphasizes a role of so called Hume Requirement that was postulated as a demarcation line between meaningful and meaningless words in Chwedenczuk argumentation chain. Next he indicates main objections against the Requirement which were considered by Chwedenczuk. The second part of the article is a discussion with critiques that were emerging after publishing of “Przekonania”. Such philosophers as J. J. Jadacki, M. Przełęcki, K. Kondrat, M. Pawliśzyn, W. Wolanczyk and I. Zieminśki formulated a number of arguments against the thesis about meaninglessness of religious statements. Author shows that Jadacki, Przełęcki and Zieminśki presented compelling arguments which cannot be undermine basing on the “Przekonania” text, thus these objections must be included if the Chwedenczuk’ś theory could be considered as justified. Arguments formulated by Kondrat and Wolanczyk are possible to refute and Pawliśzyn’ś critique is pointless.
More...
Verbs, as the most important open word class, and prepositions, holding the same status among closed classes, are involved into particular syntactic-semantic relations in the Arabic language. Despite that, verbs and prepositions, as meaningful units, have been treated separately in scientific analyses. Relevant classic grammar texts do not offer the answer to the question which specific verbs are associated with specific prepositions, i.e. which prepositions are associated with specific verbal semantic fields. Ideas like these can be found only in some recent linguistic enquiries, which attempt to connect prepositions and verbal semantic fields through research in two directions: analyzing verbs and the related prepositions, on the one hand, and prepositions and the corresponding verbs, on the other hand. The presence of a significant number of verbal triliters in the text of the Qur'an and their associations with prepositions have led to the formation of numerous verbal semantic fields. This paper draws attention to the most frequent semantic field in the Qur'an, the one related to motion verbs.
More...
11. Formy a ich hodnoty. Keď vo výroku bez premenných niektoré (prípadne všetky) individuové mená alebo predikáty nahradíme premennými (každý nahrádzaný výskyt individuového mena individuovou a každý nahrádzaný výskyt predikátu predikátovou premennou tej istej árnosti), pričom rôzne výrazy nahradíme rozličnými premennými, dostaneme schému pôvodného výroku, ktorá sa nazýva výrokovou formou.
More...
The article focuses on collective names in the German language which are used to identify well-known people. In addition to proper names and individual common names, collective names offer themselves as another way of designating of persons. Since collective names used to designate people have formal similarities (they are nouns of singular form and plural meaning) and are very similar in their semantics (they refer to well-known people), their inventory is considered as a semantic field. Starting from an introduction into the nature of personal collective names in the German language and the concept of semantic field, selected German collective names of this kind are analzyed. At the center of the analysis is their lexicographic meaning, which is confronted with their useage tendencies in contexts. The study shows usage nuances of personal collective names in German.
More...
The author deals with specific conditions for possible aesthetic experience and aesthetic perception in the conditions of theatre artwork performance. Opinions of J. Mukarovsky on avant-garde theatre, opinions of J. Derrida on Artaud’s theatre of cruelty and opinions of N. Goodman on art language including theatre art are the background of her thoughts.
More...
The author of this sketch interprets Bogusława Latawiec’s poems in the context of women’s signatures. Poetry of Latawiec was usually read by critics in relation to the Polish avant-garde tradition represented by men: J. Przyboś and T. Karpowicz. The author recalls N. K. Miller’s proposition of feminist reading and her theory of text as an arachnology. Analysing Latawiec’s poems she shows some signs of feminine writing contained in metaphors: a thread, textiles, weaving, sewing, needlework. These signs are of particular importance in the metatextual poems talking about the process of creating as a weaving a text.
More...
The main concept of Anna Augustyniak’s poetic volume (Bez ciebie, Warsaw 2014) is based on poetics and semantics of a number of categories: deficiency, body, affection, journey. They make an entanglement, which shows the metamorphosis of feminine lyrical subject, at first being mentally, emotionally and sensually disconnected (excluded by itself) from the environment though love, later again connected with world through the journey in geographically-cultural and spiritual dimension. In this case, the strong affection (falling in it and out of it after the parting) can be treated analogously. Construction and titles of several poems included in volume create an enumerative series describing the condition of subject (condition “without”), both as addiction and as deliverance, inclusion and exclusion. “Traveling erotics” – as Alicja Jakubowska-Ożóg named these poems – are also an individual realization of a convention of literary genetics. A poem appears as a body of inclusion, which encloses a story of love.
More...
This article provides a general overview of the intersecting fields of metaphor research and research on ‘nations’ and ‘the national’, reflecting on the levels at which metaphor is relevant to the study of these concepts. Many case studies concentrating on specific issues, such as EU integration, have demonstrated that metaphors play a role in constructing both national and supranational identities (see e.g., Marks 2004; Hülsse 2006; Musolff 2000 etc.). However, a general overview of the levels at which metaphors are relevant to the study of ‘the national’ is still lacking. This study addresses these levels by focusing on three topics: the banal reference to the nation as a personified individual and its possible implications, the family metaphor as the key metaphor that constitutes the nation and related concepts in public and nationalistic discourse, and the type and role of metaphors in scholarship concerned with nations.
More...
Tento článok pozostáva z dvoch častí; prvá časť má vysvetľujúci charakter, druhá j e skôr polemická.
More...
9. Molekulárne výroky. Zložené výroky jazyka 1. rádu sa tvoria viacerými spôsobmi. V tejto časti nášho výkladu sa budeme zaoberať stavbou výrokov utvorených z atomárnych výrokov pomocou tzv. výrokových spojok.
More...
The issue author deals with in the opening part of the article is concerned with a problem of explanatory semantics; in the second part, starting from the point of analysing the source fragments, the author is claiming that the term lekton does not corresponds with the term expression; the third part is discussing the attitudes that locate lekton directly to out thoughts; the fourth part presents searching for the answer referring to the question in what sense is possible to talk of the Stoics that they were formalists; the fifth part demonstrates some of the parallels and also differences between the semantics of Frege and that of the Stoics; the sixth part contents discussing an adequacy in explaining lekton as the speech act; the seventh part is trying to presents Stoics\' understanding of the concept of individual lekton across the solution of \'the dead one\' paradox; in the eight part, the author is sketching the óbject\'-explaining lekta as the logical constructions, while in the concluding part he is explaining the functional mature of some distinct kinds of lekta. In reconstructing the nature of lekta as logical constructions (since the most of lekta are constructions that construct the functions and value this functions is related with the term of śtate of affairs\'), author is commenting them not just as more adequate than so far served explanations, but also as well as the candidates of an acceptable and a persuasive unique theory.
More...
7. Atomárně výroky. Pomocou individuových mien (či už vlastných alebo deskripcií) a predikátov sa dajú konštruovať výroky, v ktorých sa konštatuje, že to a to indivíduum má tú a tú vlastnosť, alebo že tie a tie indivíduá dané v určitom poradí sú v tom a tom vzťahu.
More...
Logická stavba viet, ktorými sa budeme zaoberať, j e celkom prostá. V našom výklade sa sústredíme 1. na jednoduché vety, v ktorých sa konštatuje, že a) (indivíduum) a má vlastnosť P, b ) medzi (indivíduami) a „ a2,..., an je vzťah R, resp. že (indivíduá) au a2, an sú v o vzťahu R, (pričom "a", " a . . . , "an" zastupujú ľubovoľné výrazy označujúce indivíduá, "P" ľubovoľný výraz vyjadrujúci vlastnosť a "R" ľubovoľný výraz vyjadrujúci tzv. «argumentový vzťah),
More...
In recent years, there have been many studies in organizational behavior literature which are far away from scientific concern and conducted under the influence of management fashion and enthusiasm. In these studies, contextless rhetoric which is based on an arbitrary use, contrary to semantics and syntax, obtained by taking a word from its context and called as “metaphorical neologism” is used. Moreover, it can be argued that the presentation of these studies under the name of scientific activity does not mean anything other than wasting time and mind. The main purpose of this study is to problematize the “metaphoric neology” which is frequently used in the organizational behavior literature and to draw the attention to the risks of problems related to the interest in “saying new things” which is conducted for scientific studies and expressed as “neologism” in foreign literature. It is thought that the study will contribute to the fact that literature polluted by metaphorical neologisms which are contrary to the basic meaning and usage of language and far away from scientific concerns cannot have any contribution to scientific processes in general and to literature in particular. The main philosophy of the study is handled in an interpretative and critical manner. “Neologism” is called as the production of rootless, careless concepts with the interest of fashion, enthusiasm and meaningless “drunkenness of innovation” which are contrary to the morphological and semantic structure of the language. While neologism sometimes adheres to the rules of conception production of language, these “new words” emerged as coinages or neologisms have some important problems in terms of morphological informational and semantic or morpho- semantics. These studies carried out on behalf of scientific activities do not contribute to scientific knowledge, literature and practice. The neologisms, which have no meaning in the word presence of the language and the factual world, threaten the organizational behavior discipline in terms of knowledge and the structure of language. In addition, researches which are fed to neologism in order to add scientificity to the process are supported by false causations and researches which do not go beyond stating the obvious have increased pollution in the literature. Neologisms are the conceptions that are produced without paying attention to the harmony between form, meaning and non-language reality. Their production is not due to the need for new concepts required by scientific, cultural, technological, economic and social progress. In contrast, it is enthusiasm, fashion, or obsessive “passion for innovation”, an unquestionable childish enthusiasm for innovation. When metaphoric neologism is taken in terms of “Organizational Behavior”, “what” of “neologism” which in fact is not found in language and emerged as a result of the combination of word production with ignorant courage and fashion enthusiasm starts to be important. Neologism, an English word, is derived from Greek neo (νέο)) “new” and logos (λόγος) words, and in Turkish, it is expressed as new “word”, “derived word”, “innovation”, and neologism. Neologism, new derived words, are the words or phrases which are not yet fully accepted in the language but are new or try to find a place in language. The word neologism was used in French in 1734 as néologisme and in 1759 as néologie. The word was first recognized in the English language in the studies written in 1800 and the usage of this word as “neological”, “neologist” and “neology” was seen in these years. In Turkish language, this word was first used by N. Ataç in his work “Diyelim” written in 1954. The concept is relatively new in Turkish Dictionary. In the large Turkish dictionary, it is expressed that the concept of neologism has the origin of the French and its meaning is given as “derived”. The neologisms in the field of organizational behavior, which emerge as a form of syntaxes consisting of a definer and defined, are in two ways as naming and variational neology. In naming neology, neologism is produced to name a new object, phenomenon, or thought. Whatever this kind of neologisms call, they actually qualify them because they are made with retronyms. In the literature of organizational behavior, “Cyber slacking”, “Psychological Contract”, “Materialism Tendency”, “Workplace Impoliteness”, “Organizational Deviation Behavior”, “Self-Leadership”, “Distributed Leadership”, “Organizational Attractiveness”, “Work Engagement”, “Work Place Spirituality”, “Entrepreneur Behavior”, “Innovative Behavior” etc. are the examples of neologism. In variational neologism, neologisms are produced by taking the language from its context in order to increase the expression power of the language. In this kind of neologism, the expression possibilities of language are challenged and strange forms of expression emerge. In variational neologisms, the existing word or sentence is used in different meanings from its most known meaning. Servant Leadership, Psychological Capital, Organizational Socialization, Contextual Performance, Confidence Asymmetry, Prosaically Motivation, Recruitment, Employee Sabotage, Organizational Organicity, Paternalistic Leadership, Nightmare management, Deontological Justice etc. These words sometimes occur in the form of chain noun phrases: Toxic Personality Characteristics, Resistance of the Leader and Followers, Hybrid Third Party Response Strategies are the examples of this kind of neology. As a result, science first of all wants to investigate events and facts. This is the expression of the desire of science to know the cause of the events in question. For example, the scientist consciously or possibly intuitively focuses on a phenomenon and examines whether an event occurs in the phenomenal world and whether this event happens again when the necessary and sufficient situations occur. This is the fact (repeats constantly) and the science or scientist tries to find out the conditions under which this fact is re-emerged, in short, find out the reason. In the scientific process, this phase is called as “scientific explanation”, that is explaining the cause of the facts. The explanation is to present how the process is, what are the situation, person or events and their reasons. In this sense, both explanation and description are related to making complex things understandable but correspond to different activities used to make the things understandable at different levels.
More...
Jazyk a metajazyk. Prirodzený jazyk j e mimoriadne zložitý útvar, ktorý možno skúmať z mnohých hľadísk a pomocou rôznych metód. Svedčí o tom i bohatá členitosť jazykovedy a mnohovrstvovosť j e j skúmaní.
More...