Embleme mitice în poezia exilului la Ovidius. Procedee omofonice

Author(s): Cristina Popescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 32/2014

Le poète des Métamorphoses, des Heroïdes et des Fastes, celui qui a fait de la mythologie le thème de son chef-d’œuvre, Ovide inclut le mythe aussi dans les deux recueils d’élégies de l’exile, Tristia et Epistulae ex Ponto, de sorte qu’on peut constater une permanente alternance entre la mythologie et l’histoire concrète, entre le mythe et la réalité humaine.Le recours à la mythologie dans la poésie de l’exile doit être compris comme le résultat de l’aspiration du poète vers une certaine objectivation et vers le symbolisme révélateur. L’auteur utilise le fonds mythologique comme élément de comparaison pour des histoires courantes et, souvent, devient rhétorique, soit pour atténuer ses chagrins, soit pour nous mettre dans la situation de recevoir directement leur message émotif. D’autrefois, Ovide fait usage du mythe pour suggérer des réalités plus profondes qui, à cause des circonstances politiques, ne pouvaient pas être exprimées expressis verbis sans mettre l’auteur en péril.Cette œuvre regroupe une série de personnages mythologiques qui deviennent des emblèmes clef de l’exile ovidien qui servent pour exempla en divers moments de ses élégies, de manière que la réalité historique et la fiction mythique se réunissent dans une symbiose parfaite

LEVELS OF SEMIOSIS WITH THE VICTORIAN HOUSE AS A SIGN IN 19TH CENTURY ENGLISH NOVELS

Author(s): Ioana Boghian / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2014

This paper is an attempt to illustrate the lexico-semantic level of semiosis, that is, we shall mention the synonymous terms relating to the concept of ‘house’, those terms embodying the representamen/sign vehicle/signifier, together with their semantic significations, so that we may illustrate the vast material that 19th-century English novels offer for our present approach. In order to understand the way in which the concept of the “house” signifies on the pragmatic level of semiosis, we should take into consideration such aspects as: who uses the house, how the house as an object is used by various subjects (owners, inhabitants, guests, servants) and the specific purposes for which the house is used. In order to better understand the way in which the pragmatic level of the semiotic process works, we should also include the syntactic level of signification, a level that helps us establish the relations between object (house) and (humans) subjects, relations mainly based upon the paradigms of “need”, “desire” and “power”.

Editorial: laughter and humour in communication

Author(s): Sergey Troitskiy,Aleksandr Lavrentev,Alyona Ivanova,Liisi Laineste / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The editorial article for the special issue of EJHR “Laughter and Humour in Communication” provides an overview of all the presented articles and highlightsthe general idea of the issue.

Book review

Author(s): Annie Gerin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Not quiet on the Tasman front?

Author(s): Steven Loveridge / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2014

There is a fascinating idiosyncrasy within New Zealand cartoonist’s depiction of Australia during the Great War. Running parallel to comradely images of fresh-faced ANZACs marching together, New Zealand cartoonists produced acrimonious sketches of their neighbour and ally as dysfunctional and even disloyal. These representations might be considered as charting the limits of neighbourly sentiments and good-natured humour. This article surveys the context, in history and humour, behind these depictions and questions how they fit within the wider panorama of New Zealand’s war effort and the humorous irreverence conventionally considered to be a key aspect of the trans-Tasman relationship.

Каузалне конструкције С + генитив у руском у поређењу са српским у контексту језичке слике света

Author(s): Biljana Marić,Dragana M. Kerkez / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2021

In this paper, we examine causal nominal constructions with the preposition S and the genitive in the Russian language in comparison with Serbian from the syntactic and semantic aspect. Comparing the given construction with a similar OT + genitive, we come to conclusions regarding the specific meaning of the examined construction. The given meaning can be called specific from the aspect of the Serbian causal system. The paper also points to other syntactic studies on the Russian language that draw attention to the specificity of the so-called „small syntax“ constructions.

La traducción pedagógica como vehículo entre lenguas tipológicamente diferentes

Author(s): Sandra Guerrero García / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 19/2020

Despite the fact that Talmy proposed a classification of languages according to their lexicalization patterns and the fact that a considerable amount of time has passed, there are still no didactic tools that facilitate the language students’ acquisition of necessary mechanisms for descriptions of movements in second languages. Starting from previous researches of diverse authors where the difficulty and the absence of knowledge on the part of the student at the time of codifying the movement is verified, this work highlights the activities that use pedagogical translation as a facilitating vehicle for the learning of movement of English-speaking students of Spanish, with the purpose of avoiding the repetition of errors and being applicable to any language.

Sobre la subjuntivización diacrónica de la forma castellana en –ra

Author(s): Wiaczesław Nowikow / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 19/2020

The present paper analyses the problem of the ‘subjunctivization’ of the verbal form cantara, which originates from the Latin pluperfect indicative tense cantaveram. Actually, cantara is the allomorphic form of cantase. Both of the forms have a grammatical value of the imperfect of the subjunctive mood. The modal alternation in the construction quiso que cantase / cantara is discussed. The material used for the purpose of the study comes from the “Corpus Diacrónico del Español” (CORDE) of the Spanish Royal Academy (RAE) and comprises the period from 1580 to 1930.

Sobre la importancia de la documentación notarial para la historia de la lengua española El caso de las perífrasis deónticas con deber

Author(s): Andrzej Zieliński / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 19/2020

On the occasion of the celebration of the centenary of the publication of Documentos lingüísticos de España, by Ramón Menéndez Pidal, two objectives are proposed: to state the importance of notarial documentation for the history of the Spanish language and to demonstrate that, despite the formulaic form of some parts of these texts, they are a source which registers a considerable number of linguistic innovations in all areas (phonic, morphological, syntactic and pragmatic). In order to demonstrate it, the article deals with three deontic periphrasis with deber found in Documentos lingüísticos and another collections of Spanish notary documents.

Transkreacja w przekładzie melicznym:

Author(s): Olga Mastela / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

Artykuł prezentuje analizę twórczych tłumaczeń melicznych pióra Wojciecha Młynarskiego przeprowadzoną w celu ukazania transkreacyjnego podejścia tego autora do przekładu wybranych piosenek francuskich wykonywanych oryginalnie przez Charles’a Aznavoura. Młynarski okazuje się być prawdziwym mistrzem transkreacji w rozumieniu tego pojęcia, jakie zaproponowane zostało w latach 60. XX wieku przez brazylijskiego uczonego i tłumacza, Haroldo de Camposa (1929–2003). W niniejszym artykule na przykładzie analizy kontrastywnej wybranych tekstów piosenek w ich wersjach oryginalnych i przekładach pióra Młynarskiego podjęto próbę pokazania, w jaki sposób na kanwie francuskich tekstów oraz muzyki polski poeta i szansonista stworzył nowe teksty często obfitujące w zupełnie inne aluzje kulturowe niż te obecne w wersjach oryginalnych. Zachowując dominantę meliczną piosenek, Młynarski modyfikował warstwę semantyczną w celu dostosowania utworów do odbiorców docelowych, co dowodzi, że był świadomy również wartości marketingowej swych tłumaczeń, a więc cechy branej pod uwagę także w dzisiejszym rozumieniu usługi transkreacyjnej jako celowej adaptacji, uwzględniającej realia społeczno-kulturowe oraz sferę emocjonalną docelowych odbiorców, a także specyfikę rynku docelowego. // The paper is devoted to the phenomenon of transcreations (creative re-writings) of selected French songs, made by the famous Polish songwriter Wojciech Młynarski (1941–2017). The artist seems to have been a true master of transcreation, if we understand the concept in the way suggested in the 1960s by a Brazilian scholar and translator, Haroldo de Campos (1929– 2003). In the present paper, on the example of contrastive analysis of selected lyrics in their original versions (performed by Charles Aznavour) and in Młynarski’s renderings, it is shown how on the basis of original French lyrics and music, the Polish songwriter created new texts often abounding in entirely different cultural allusions. Saving the melic dominant, Młynarski at the same time modified the content semantically in order to adapt the songs to the target audience, which proves that he was aware also of the importance of the translations’ marketability – a feature that is taken into account in the contemporary understanding of transcreation services.

Debate between American Philosophers H. Putnam and N. Chomsky on the Internal or Social Nature of Language

Author(s): Yaroslav Sobolievskyi,Hanna Liebiedieva / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2021

The topic of this article concerns the view on the philosophy of language of two leading American thinkers of the 20th century – N. Chomsky and H. Putnam, namely the divergence of their views on the proper approach to the study of language: semantic externalism and internalism. Firstly, N. Chomsky is famous as a linguist, who draws philosophical conclusions from his linguistic research background, thus immersing himself in the field of philosophy of language and philosophy of mind. His political activity can be considered as a separate type of intellectual activity. Secondly, H. Putnam is a philosopher of science, particularly the philosopher of physics, mathematics, logic, from the study of which he turns to the study of language. Thus, H. Putnam and N. Chomsky got there in the field of philosophy of language; their field of study covers philosophy, linguistics, and political science.

Obscure loqui. Zagadki i ich definicje w łacińskich traktatach i podręcznikach poetyki XVI–XVIII wieku wobec tradycji antycznej

Author(s): Barbara Milewska-Waźbińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (55)/2020

Julian Krzyżanowski’s statement that a riddle is a literary genre standing on the border between literature and language is the best inspiration for the philologist to undertake research on this issue. The article contains considerations on definitions and theory of this popular genre in old literature. It has been mentioned that the most complete theoretical and literary reflection on riddles in the early modern era was conducted by the Italian humanist Lilio Giraldi in his Latin work Libellus, in quo aenigmata pleraque antiquorum explicantur, first published in 1539 in Basel and then again in 1551. Giraldi directed his thoughts first to the Latin definition of the riddle noted by Aulus Gellius. The author of the article points out that scholars do not report the ambiguity of the riddle genre in their research, and in particular they ignore the fact that Gellius caused trouble to humanists when he used the word “scirpus” in his definition. Although in ancient times theoretical reflection on the riddle was not too abundant, the author’s attempt to go through ancient sources in Greek (Aristotle, Plutarch, Athenaeus) allows us to penetrate deeper into the definitions, terminology and semantics of the riddle genre and to consider its function in modern literary theory and practice terms derived from the Greek language, such as: aenigma, griphus, logogriphus. The author of this article emphasises that in contrast to the theoretical ancient reflection, in the treatises on poetics and rhetoric created in the Renaissance, and above all in the Baroque, including the works of the Jesuits, one can find numerous extensive remarks about riddles which were eagerly practised at that time. An example of the vivid interest in this subject matter is the Latin manuscript discussed briefly in the article. The text was written in the first half of the 18th century and contains, inter alia, notes on the theory of poetry. Among the issues enclosed in this manuscript textbook, much space is devoted to riddles. Despite the terminological ambiguity of the riddle genre and the equivocality of definitions, which were carefully noted by the authors of the theoretical treatises, in the conclusion of this article the author emphasises the extraordinary popularity that various forms of riddles enjoyed in literary practice in the 16th–18th centuries.

Ewolucja kryteriów podziału gramatycznego leksemów (relatory a spójniki)

Author(s): Maciej Grochowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2020

The paper discusses the evolution of the part-of-speech classification of Polish lexemes, and presents the changes in the criteria used to distinguish relative pronouns and conjunctions. The characterization has been based on important works in the field of theoretical Polish grammar, including textbooks, from the beginning of the 20th to the beginning of the 21st century. The author distinguishes two breakthroughs in the history of grammar, the first caused by the influence on research into grammar of the connotation theory, and the other by the influence of the metatext theory.

Textul Muzical îN Secolele XX-XXI. Aspecte Semantice

Author(s): Pavel Gamurari / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2020

This article addresses some aspects of semantics. Important historical, theoretical and practical landmarks are mentioned in the context of the proposed title. In general, the study of music as a type of language should be considered a separate area, which is undoubtedly related to semiotics, but cannot be reduced to just that. Therefore, the definition of semiotic properties in music should not be associated with a statement of it’s linguistic nature. Apparently, semiotic laws may not have total power in the space of artistic communication. Paradoxical, but by denying semiotics in universalism and it’s full complicity, it may be possible to reveal it’s new explanatory possibilities. In some cases, semiotic models in music have a clear, "open" appearance, in all other situations, they are optional or absent. If in previous stylistic eras the color had at most a structural role, the composers of the twentieth century go beyond this mentality, focusing on the special functionality of the timbre, which has become a main parameter of sound. This direction imposes some changes in the musical language, the formal structures, the compositional techniques, the widening of the possibilities of emitting the sound on the traditional instruments, etc. Theories argued by illustrious musicologists and composers are presented. This article is a part of a more complex research.

Polisistemul Literar și Cultural și Problema Literalismului în Cadrul Actului Traducerii

Author(s): Irina-Marinela Deftu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2020

In this work we intend to investigate some aspects related to the act of translation represented by the problem of the literary and cultural polysystem, the approach and consideration of a text as part of a tradition, determined linguistically, culturally, etc. and the problem of literalism, a reassessment of the process and the literal option of rendering and converting in another code the message from a source-text into a target-language – literal option considered most often a process for mechanical rendering of the communicated message by the source-text and a monotonous one. Moreover, throughout our research, we will consider the idea that by performing the act of translation – a catalyst for a cultural flow and a cultural consumption and, at the same time, "a process of social influence through which a nation imposes to other countries their own beliefs, values, knowledge and behavioral norms, as well as their general lifestyle” – the product (the resulting text in the target-language) represents, in fact, an influx of the source-culture, a cultural imperialism that ultimately determines a linguistic imperialism through a subtle strategy of attractiveness through culture by generating a non-coercive power, a soft power. Thus, following the linguistic, but also cultural contact within the act of translation, certain transfers are inevitably generated either from the source language to the target language or from the target language to the source language, and the option for one process or another of the translator can be explained from the perspective of a cultural or dogmatic conditioning within a linguistic community.

Między biedą a bogactwem na Podhalu – leksyka dotycząca warunków bytowych człowieka na podstawie tekstów gwarowych

Author(s): Ewa Sikora / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2021

This article attempts to answer the question of which lexical units belong to the semantic field of poverty and wealth in the Podhale dialect. The material basis of the study are the dialectal texts, mainly the memoirs of Podhale Gorals, but also some pieces of recollective literature, and the folk tales. The analysis of the amassed material indicated the lexemes and phrasemes, both belonging to the general Polish language, and characteristic of the Podhale dialect. From the analysis of the contexts conclusions can be drawn as to valuing people in a rural community based on the amount of their property. In language it is manifested by the words with semantic components related not only to the material status, but also the social role.

Preliminary report to the edition of Edward Sapir’s Comparative dictionary of Indo-Chinese and Na-Dene

Author(s): Michael Knüppel / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

In the report the author explains his aspired project of the edition of Edward Sapir’s Comparative dictionary of Indo-Chinese and Na-Dene, kept as a manuscript in the Franz Boas estate in the library of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. The manuscript forms one volume of Sapir’s Comparative dictionary of Na-Dene languages.

Образ вора в восточнославянской несказочной прозе

Author(s): Tatiana Vladimirovna Bauer / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2021

This article discusses the status of thievery in the East Slavic tradition. The prime objective of the publication was to determine the place of the thief in the system of characters with supernatural abilities who also belong to the “knower” category. This category usually includes masters, magic experts, and semi-demonic beings. The work is based on the materials of the peasant culture of the mid-19th — early 20th centuries. A systematic description of the image of the thief as a character with supernatural abilities comprised the first stage of research. The research study reveals the reasons for the inclination to theft and typical characteristics and motifs that confirm the demonological status of the thief. The set of supernatural qualities placed this status higher than that of magic experts, but lower than that of semi-demonic beings. Thus, on the conventional scale ‘man — semi-demonic creature’ thieves are above sorcerers and witches. The characters acquired common motifs and characteristics; a lexicological rapprochement between them is revealed in the research. Additionally, the ideas of the thieves’ special social status, which associates them with sorcerers and witches, in the rural community were revealed.

Дом и представления о нем в русских свадебных приговорах

Author(s): Yulia Krasheninnikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

In this work, a list of the house nominations, stylistic and poetic means and techniques used to describe the groom’s and bride’s houses are considered based on published and archival materials of the 19th — early 21st centuries. The description of the newlyweds’ houses is formed by depicting three macrolocuses: the adjacent territory, or courtyard; the zone connecting the courtyard with the interior of the dwelling (porch, door, threshold) and the interior of the house, the image of which is formed by sequentially naming the loci that are most significant from the ritual viewpoint (place of honor, wide bench, furnace, etc.). The houses of both the groom and the bride are described using the very same poetic means of the ‘house’ semantic group. The concept of the bride’s house as a “strange” space for the groom’s party is manifested in speeches related to climbing the porch, opening doors, crossing the threshold and entrance. As the groomsman progresses and claims the house territory, the sense of the house as “strange” intensifies, reaches a critical point at the moment of crossing the threshold and declines after the entrance to the house. The dynamics of the groomsman’s image is revealed in speeches emphasizing the crossing of the threshold. The entrance of the best man to the house is interpreted as a case of crossing the boundary: penetration of the “strange” space is accompanied by a deterioration in vision, the onset of limpness and muteness, being marked, losing clothes or shoes, and giving away material values (money). As he claims the “strange” space and transcodes it into “own space,” the temporary physical indisposition of the groomsman passes. The courtyard, staircase, steps, porch, and threshold are regularly depicted in the descriptions of houses and adjacent territory. The most frequent epithets are wide and new. Numerous diminutives are another feature of the texts that describe the house.

Three Ways of Looking at a Tiger: Animal Minds in Yann Martel’s "Life of Pi"

Author(s): Xinyi Cao / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Engagement with animals is a central theme in Yann Martel’s novel Life of Pi, reflected and shaped by the character-narrator Pi’s reading of animal minds. The article examines attributions of minds to animals in three types of encounters with them: observation, interaction, and narration. While in childhood Pi tends to project human temperaments and emotions onto animals, he is forced to recognize animals’ species-specific experiences as the shipwreck foregrounds his embodiment. As such, the novel introduces the logic of nonhuman psychology into narrative development, formulating an intersubjective and interspecies relationship. Furthermore, at the end of the novel, it alerts us to intellectual and therapeutic functions of animals as narrative elements through a comparison between representations of human and animal minds. The text not only identifies different forms of presence of animals in the human world, but generates insights into how narrative in general conveys and responds to complex human-animal entanglements in our reality.