Gatunek mowy:

Author(s): Przemysław Łozowski,Marta Wójcicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

Artykuł stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na postawione w tytule pytanie. Puntem wyjścia jest przegląd językoznawczych koncepcji gatunku mowy o nachyleniu strukturalnym, funkcjonalnym, wreszcie kognitywnym oraz próba odniesienia kognitywnej koncepcji prototypu Ronalda Langackera do wyżej wymienionych ujęć wyrosłych na gruncie polskiej tekstologii. Jako egzemplifikacja analizowanych koncepcji gatunku służą dwie współczesne wersje o Kopciuszku. Na ich przykładzie autorzy starają się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, dlaczego należą do gatunku bajki w świetle przywoływanych koncepcji oraz co nowego, w zakresie genologii, przynieść może aplikacja koncepcji Ronalda Langackera. // The article revolves around the title question, starting with a brief overview of the major accounts of what the speech genre can possibly be in structurally, functionally-, and, finally, cognitively-oriented accounts. The latter are identified specifically with Ronald Langacker’s understanding of the prototype, and are here related/compared to the conceptions in selected Polish genre studies. The material basis and the source of exemplification are found in two modern versions of the Cinderella story. The main bulk of argumentation has to do with the research question of why, how, and to what extent these two modern versions can still be considered a Cinderella tale in the light of the respective accounts, and what new perspectives Langacker’s conception of the prototype can bring if applied to speech genre studies.

WZGARDA, LUDZIE I BÓG. SEMANTYKA SŁÓW Z GNIAZDA LEKSYKALNEGO <POGARDA> W ŚREDNIOWIECZU I TWÓRCZOŚCI JANA KOCHANOWSKIEGO

Author(s): Radosław Pawelec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2021

In the Middle Ages, words from the nest ‘pogarda’ (contempt) are characterised by semantic and axiological diversity. They can be found in religious texts in requests addressed to God for not rejecting a man or in negative evaluations of the human disregard for God’s commands and rules. With respect to interpersonal relations, they mean that one person disregards another one, rejects or refuses to help him or her. The latter might have had legal consequences if the person was obliged to provide such help. In Jan Kochanowski’s works, the meanings of such words do not change significantly; first of all, they are specified in their humane dimension in the human world and the stylistic use of their religious markedness is also noticeable. A further semantic evolution goes in the direction of “sharpening” the negative sense of the lexemes, which involves, among others, a change of ethics in the democratic society, where every human being is entitled to equal respect.

Gatherings of the Kajkavian Dialect: Past, Present and Future

Author(s): Đuro Blažeka / Language(s): English Issue: 14-15/2019

The first part of the paper provides basic information on the genesis, distribution, and division of the Kajkavian dialect. The most typical linguistic features of Kajkavian speech are then presented at the phonological, morphological, and syntactic level. The second part deals with the Kajkavian lexicon, its origin, and the current state of interference from the Croatian standard language (pseudo-analogy and the latest semantic adaptations) and the latest trends in research (Kajkavian dialectal lexicology and the development of different dictionaries). The author concludes that the Kajkavian dialect will survive, but the specificities of certain groups and local speeches with permanently preserved ‘solid parts’ will disappear.

Obrazowo mówiąc.

Author(s): Bartłomiej Maliszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

Artykuł jest poświęcony komunikatom wizualno-werbalnym na okładkach czasopism publicystycznych. Bogaty w znaczenia komunikat, który łączy elementy ikoniczne i słowne, pozwala analizować relację pomiędzy obydwoma komponentami, a także prześledzić wielopoziomowy charakter odczytywanych treści. W artykule przedstawiono przykłady ikonizacji przekazów werbalnych i ukazano wpływ obrazu na sposób odczytywania słów, a także wpływ języka na sposób interpretowania znaków ikonicznych. // The article deals with visual and verbal messages placed on the covers of weekly magazines. Rich in meanings, the message which combines the iconic and verbal elements makes it possible to analyse the relation between those two components as well as to examine multiple levels of the contents involved. The article presents examples of the iconicity of verbal messages, shows the influence of image on the way words are read, as well as the impact of language on the manner iconic signs are interpreted.

„Coming out” czyli „wychodzenie z szafy”:

Author(s): Anna Wyrwa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

Artykuł przedstawia analizę porównawczą językowych obrazów świata „wyłaniających” się z polskich i angielskich tekstów prasowych relacjonujących coming out polskiego księdza. Wykorzystany tu model językowego obrazu świata wg Jamesa Underhilla (np. 2011) zakłada wielowymiarowość tego zjawiska, obejmującego nie tylko zakodowany w systemie danego języka sposób postrzegania i konceptualizowania rzeczywistości, ale także wymiary osobisty, ideologiczny i związany z perspektywą mówiącego. Analiza tekstów na ww. temat w odniesieniu do tych właśnie wymiarów pozwala określić, na ile wyłaniające się z nich obrazy są do siebie podobne, a na ile różne. Zebrane artykuły prasowe traktują o tym samym wydarzeniu, ale ponieważ powstały w dwóch różnych kontekstach kulturowych, należy spodziewać się odmiennych oglądów sytuacji. Analiza porównawcza rzuca światło na istotę tych różnic oraz prowadzi do refleksji nad ich uwarunkowaniami. // The article presents an analysis of linguistic worldviews emerging from the Polish and English press articles reporting on the coming out of a Polish priest. James Underhill’s (2012) model of the linguistic worldview used for the analysis assumes multidimensionality of this phenomenon that embraces not only the dimensions of world-perceiving and world-conceiving encoded in language systems but also the dimensions of personal world, cultural mindset and the perspective of the speaker. The analysis of the press articles in relation to these dimensions reveals similarities and differences between the linguistic worldviews emerging from the articles. The newspaper articles collected for the analysis deal with the same event but because they have been created in two different cultural contexts, a different view of the world should be expected. The comparative analysis sheds light on the nature of these differences and reflects on their circumstances.

O stylu (stylach) komentarzy internetowych

Author(s): Elżbieta Laskowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Przyjmując za punkt wyjścia istnienie stylów i gatunków tekstu, opisanych przez A. Awdiejewai G. Habrajską (2006), autorka próbuje określić, jakie cechy stylistyczne (ewentualnie teżgatunkowe) mają komentarze internetowe na przykładzie komentarzy zamieszczanych naportalu Onet.pl. Obserwacja wykazuje, że badane teksty mają przede wszystkim potocznewykładniki językowe, ale nie brak im też wykładników publicystycznych. Można zatem mówićo stylu mieszanym. // Assuming text styles and genres as described in Awdiejew and Habrajska (2006), in this paperI try to determine which stylistic (genre) features can be proposed for internet commentaries,basing on those placed in Onet.pl. The study shows that the analyzed texts have mostlytypological indicators of colloquial style, but they also possess typological indicators ofjournalistic genres. We can thus propose the existence of mixed style.

W poszukiwaniu jednostki mowy.

Author(s): Jolanta Antas,Małgorzata Majewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1&2/2016

Celem tego artykułu jest rewizja takich pojęć jak zdanie, wypowiedź, akt mowy, zdarzenie komunikacyjne w obliczu nowych potrzeb badawczych i szerszego rozumienia języka – języka uwikłanego w złożony proces komunikowania, a zatem jako narzędzia służącego nie tyle do produkcji znaczeń, ile do ich przekazywania i interpersonalnego współtworzenia. Z takiej perspektywy język jawi się nie jako system, ale jako jedno z narzędzi symbolizowania znaczeń i intencjonalnych przesłań, które służą do wytwarzania i regulowania więzi społecznych. Zamiarem autorek jest zatem taka redefinicja tradycyjnych dla językoznawstwa i pragmatyki mowy pojęć, aby stały się one dobrym narzędziem dla opisu typu zdarzenia komunikacyjnego i wytworzonej jednostkowej interakcji. Chcemy też usunąć istniejące zamieszanie terminologiczne, tzn. wyeliminować używanie tych samych pojęć dla określenia innych zjawisk mownych lub innych poziomów mowy, a w rezultacie zhierarchizować te pojęcia oraz wytyczyć im przejrzyste ramy definicyjne. A wszystko to po to, by w tych ramach dała się zawrzeć także perspektywa odbiorcy jako czynnego uczestnika i współtwórcy komunikacyjnego zdarzenia, wypowiedzi, a nawet zdania. // The article aims at a revision of such terms as sentence, utterance, speech act, or communication event in view of new research needs and a broader understanding of language as involved in a complex communication process and thus considered a tool of not only generating meanings, but also conveying them in interpersonal collaboration. From such a perspective language appears to be not only a system, but also one of the tools of symbolizing meanings and intentional acts which serve the purpose of generating and regulating social bonds. The purpose of the authors is thus to define traditional linguistic concepts in order to makes them good tools to describe the types of communication events and the ensuing individual interactions. We also intend to resolve the existing terminological confusion, i.e. to eliminate the employment of the same terms to describe different speech events and different levels of speech, and as a result to place the concepts in a hierarchy and assign them clear definitions. All this is undertaken in order to fit in the perspective of the observer as an active participant and contributor to the communication event, utterance or even a sentence.

Dzieje innych miłości, czyli o nieprzekładalności bezwzględnej w tekstach o wartościach w sztuce

Author(s): Teresa Bałuk-Ulewiczowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1&2/2016

Autorka stawia pytanie o nieprzekładalność „absolutną”, czyli o to, co nie dociera do obcojęzycznego odbiorcy translacji. Na podstawie albumu o zabytkach kultury polskiej przechowywanych w Bibliotece Narodowej w Warszawie, w wersji angielskiej tłumaczonej z polskiego oryginału i mogącej służyć za wzór znakomitego przekładu, ukazuje, jak teksty odnoszące się do sztuki narodowej mogą zawierać takie pułapki dla tłumacza. Mimo doskonałego wykonania przekładu, u docelowego odbiorcy z innego kręgu kulturowego tłumaczenie nie wywołuje tych samych reakcji na specyficzne, inherentne wartości tekstu pierwotnego, doznawanych przez czytelników należących do społeczności kulturowej tekstu wyjściowego. // The author asks whether there is such a thing as “absolute” untranslatability. In other words, do situations occur in which the full translatability of a text is prevented no matter how good the translation and how skilful the translator? She examines the English translation of a volume on national heirlooms, items of Polish heritage preserved in the National Library in Warsaw. This translation may be regarded as a benchmark for quality, yet it turns out that recipients not belonging to the Polish cultural milieu will not be able to respond emotionally in the same way as natives to the cultural values inherent in the original text.

Towards a comprehensive theory of culturally constructed humour

Author(s): Sajjad Kianbakht / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

In the present research, we discuss Humour Studies within Linguistics, focusing mainly on linguistic theories of humour including the Semantic Script Theory of Humour (SSTH; Raskin 1985), and the General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH; Attardo 1994, 2017b). The study demonstrates different types of cultural conceptualisations (Sharifian 2017a, 2017b) that the interlocutors draw upon, such as cultural categories, cultural metaphors, and cultural schemas to create humour, and we argue that the General Theory of Verbal Humour does not account for culturally-constructed verbal humour. Hence, we argue that it is necessary to fill this gap in the most prevailing theory of verbal humour, the General Theory of Verbal Humour, by demonstrating how cultural conceptualisations must be considered in identifying and analysing instantiations of humour, in moving towards a comprehensive theory of culturally constructed humour.

The visual representations of a Biblical proverb and its modifications in the Internet space

Author(s): Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt,Melita Aleksa Varga,Anna T. Litovkina,Katalin Vargha / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Proverbs have never been considered sacrosanct; on the contrary, they have frequently been used as satirical, ironic or humorous comments on a given situation. In the last few decades, they have been perverted and parodied so extensively that their variations have been sometimes heard more often than their original forms. Naturally, the most well-known Biblical proverbs are very frequently transformed and modified in various languages. “He who digs a pit for others falls into it himself” is one of such widespread proverbs originating from the Bible. This proverb exists in almost fifty European languages, including Croatian, English, German, Hungarian and Russian. Below, we would like to demonstrate the occurrence and popularity of this proverb, as well as its transformations in the five languages. The major source for this study has been the Internet and some previously constructed Internet corpora. In the course of the present study we are going to focus primarily on the visual representation of the Biblical proverb in question and its (humorous) modifications as well on the interaction between text and image.

Book review

Author(s): Aleksandar Takovski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Concept “humour” in the linguistic consciousness of the Russian-speaking population of Ukraine

Author(s): Iuliia Kobzieva,Iia Gordiienko-Mytrofanova,Maryna Udovenko,Serhii Sauta / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The purpose of this study was to define and to describe the semantic components of the stimulus word humour in the linguistic consciousness of young Russian-speaking people from Eastern Ukraine. The main method of the research was a psycholinguistic experiment. The sample comprised 400 young people (aged 20-31), males and females being equally represented. The experiment proved that the concept humour in the linguistic consciousness of the Russian-speaking population of Ukraine is represented by four core semantic clusters: “laughter,” “joke,” “merry-making/joy” and “show.” Analysis of female and male associative fields shows that the semantic core of the word humour does not depend on the respondents’ gender identification. The results of frequency and cluster analysis have implied a number of the following conclusions. Firstly, humour and laughter form an inseparable unity of stimulus and reaction in the linguistic consciousness of respondents, although the psychological paradigm considers humour and laughter as two independent phenomena. Secondly, the cognitive component of humour was only reflected in the peripheral cluster “mind” of respondents’ associations. Thirdly, young Russian-speaking people from Ukraine do not have an ideal image of humour represented by a certain comedy show or relevant to any specific comedians. The generalised visualisation of humour is represented by reactions of the extreme periphery. Finally, comparative analysis of the verbalised concept humour in the linguistic consciousness of Russian-speaking population of Ukraine and people who live in Russia did not reveal any national-specific features in the perception of stimulus humour.

Detachment of empathy:

Author(s): Ron Aharoni / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This is a sequel to a previous paper (Aharoni 2018), in which I suggested that the game of humour is played not between two meanings of the same carrier, but between meaning and its carrier: the two are detached from each other by some means. In the present paper I want to substantiate this thesis by some evidence, the main one being referred to in the title of the paper. It is that two well-known theories of humour, both presently neglected to a large extent, are based on this mechanism. In both the carrier of meaning is not words, but actions. In fact, one of the main messages of the paper is that often the carrier of meaning in jokes, and in humour in general, are actions. I will try to show that both Bergson’s “automatic behaviour” theory and the superiority (or derision) theory are based on detachment of empathy, namely of identification. Since, as I will try to show, empathy and identification are man’s (and even animals’) main tool in deciphering meanings of actions, this results in detaching actions from their meanings.

Translating irony into Arabic – who’s having the last laugh?

Author(s): Rashid Yahiaoui,Basema Alqumboz,Ashraf Fattah,Amer Al Adwan / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

Monsters Inc., an animated feature film produced by Pixar Animation Studios in 2001, received significant recognition worldwide. The film was nominated in 2002 for the ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards by the Box Office Films. Two dubbed versions of the film were later released with Arabic translations using Egyptian Vernacular, a spoken dialect, and Modern Standard Arabic, used primarily in formal, written communications. This study examines humor in translation and irony as humor which represents a common technique in “Pixar plotting”. The research investigates the strategies, types, and categories of irony as humor within the translations and the success of those translations at accurately transmitting the humorous meaning. Aimed towards exploring the problems of translating irony across languages and cultures, this research examines the shifts in translations between the two Arabic language versions, using an interdisciplinary theoretical approach encompassing humor studies, audiovisual translation studies, and descriptive translation studies. Furthermore, the research adopts Muecke’s (1978) classification of irony markers to categorize and identify the strategies used in translating irony as humor. The study finds that the two different versions of Arabic utilize similar strategies at certain times and divergent ones at others. They include explication, substitution, omission or addition, in translating irony as humor, with each strategy succeeding or failing at varied levels of meaning transmission. The research suggests that translators’ creativity, or lack thereof, and the language variant used are primarily responsible for the success or failure of transmitting irony as humor for dubbing into Arabic.

Conceptual integration theory and British humour:

Author(s): Joanna Jabłońska-Hood / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

Conceptual integration theory (henceforth CIT), also known as conceptual blending, was devised by Fauconnier and Turner (2002) as a model for meaning construction and interpretation. It is based on the notion of a mental space, which originated in Fauconnier's early research (1998). Mental spaces are structures that constitute information pertaining to a particular concept (Fauconnier and Turner 2002: 40). Interestingly, mental spaces can be linked together and blended so as to produce a novel quality. In this manner, conceptual integration serves as a theoretical model that throws light on creativity in language use. In my paper, I will apply CIT to British humour in order to use its multiway blending together with its dynamic, online running of the blended contents for the purpose of comedy elucidation. It is crucial to observe that British humour is a complex phenomenon which pertains to many different levels of interpretation, i.e. a linguistic, cultural or discursive. CIT possesses a well-suited cognitive apparatus which can encompass the complexity of British humour with all its layers. The primary goal of the article is to analyse a selected scene from a sitcom entitled Miranda in order to show the validity of the theory in respect of humour studies. In particular, I will undertake to demonstrate that CIT, with a special emphasis on its principles such as compression and the emergent structure of the blend can deal with many processes that accumulate within British humour and result in laughter. Simultaneously, I will try to demonstrate that frame-shifting, as proposed by Coulson (2015: pp. 167-190), can be of help to CIT in explaining humour.

Lost in Warsaw:

Author(s): Monika Woźniak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

In 1964, many decades before multilingual movies have become fashionable, a Polish director,Stanisław Lenartowicz, made a war comedy called “Giuseppe in Warsaw.” It narrates theadventures of an Italian soldier who on his way home from the Russian front during World War IIis stranded in Poland. Pseudo-language, translation, mistranslation, and mock translation figureconspicuously in the movie, which shows a series of clashes between Polish, German and Italianlanguages in the most improbable combinations. The original film used no subtitles, because thelinguistic chaos was pivotal to showing the absurdity of the war through the deforming lenses of thecomedy. This paper analyses various mechanisms of the multilingual humour in the original filmand in its subtitled version in Italian, in order to see how the dynamics of humour change in thecase of L3TT which becomes L2 in translation (Italian), especially when the point of the view of theaudience is subverted and the viewers identify with the protagonist rather than the Polishcharacters in the movie.

Stilističke odlike Hasan-agina performativnog iskaza u engleskim prijevodima bošnjačke balade “Hasanaginica”

Author(s): Amina Arnautović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 24/2020

The paper problematizes the ways in which the performative speech act of the verses twelve and thirteen in the Bosniak ballad “Hasanaginica” has been interpreted and translated in its English target texts. The performative speech act is analyzed in the light of J. Austin’s Speech Act Theory, along with certain rules in Sharia law regarding irrevocable divorce (al-baynuna al-kubra). Aiming to raise awareness of the importance of style in translation, the paper further confirms the value of the results obtained through linguo-stylistic analysis of the texts involved.

Wspólny schemat jako motywacja polskich odpowiedników angielskiego przyimka for

Author(s): Katarzyna Rudkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2018

Equipping a linguist with effective analytical tools for contrastive analyses, cognitive methodologies provide access to subtle details of schematic representations in the languages compared, facilitating a deeper insight into the structures of languages at the conceptualization level. This paper presents the cognitive value of the contrastive analyses conducted in the vein of R. Langackerʼs Cognitive Grammar and with reference to the image schema theory, and their contribution to a more multifaceted description of the English preposition for and some of its Polish equivalents. Cognitive analyses allow for identifying the path image schema as the most abstract schema that structures the semantic content of for, and the transformations of which sanction the choice of particular Polish prepositions as its equivalents.

EL-KURTUBI - SLAVNI ANDALUZIJSKI MUFESSIR

Author(s): Dževad Šošić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 15/2011

A prominent Andalusian scholar Abu Abdullah Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Qurtubi, a member of Maliki Law School, made a significant contribution to the development of various Islamic sciences, particularly the development of Qur'anic exegesis. His work Al-Jaami' li ahkam al-Qur'an, written in more than twenty volumes, is considered to be one of the most valuable achievements of Qur'an interpretations.

Raz jeszcze o feminatywach i feminizmie – uwagi spokojne

Author(s): D. S. / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2021

Oba wyrazy u podstaw mają łaciński rzeczownik femina ‘kobieta’, jednakże procesy ich adaptacji w polszczyźnie przebiegały nieco inaczej. Pierwszy z nich: feminatywum (< łac. feminativum dosł. ‘uczyniony zniewieściałym’ < łac. feminativus dosł. ‘czyniący zniewieściałym’ < łac. feminatus dosł. ‘zniewieściały’) należy do słownictwa specjalistycznego, a ściślej rzecz ujmując – do terminologii językoznawczej i oznacza rzeczownik, który – zwykle derywowany od rzeczownika rodzaju męskiego – nazywa kobiecy zawód bądź funkcję albo stanowi żeński wariant nazwy wykonawcy czynności lub osobową żeńską nazwę charakterystyczną [por. Łaziński 2006].