Besonderheiten der Funktionsverbgefüge in der deutschen Konzernsprache

Author(s): Borislav Marušić / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2018

Die wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen der Fachsprachen sind von weittragender Bedeutung, denn die Fachsprachen weisen nicht nur die Abweichungen von der Gemeinsprache auf semantischer Ebene, wie allgemein gemeint wird, sondern auch auf syntaktischer und pragmatischer Ebene auf. Das Gleiche gilt für die deutsche Konzernsprache, eine Varietät des Wirtschaftsdeutschen. Dieser Beitrag hat zum Ziel, die Funktionsverbgefüge des Forschungsgebiets deutsche Konzernsprache nach ihrer Frequenz und morphologischen Typen zu untersuchen. Wir gehen von der Hypothese aus, dass die Frequenz der FVG in der deutschen Konzernsprache nennenswert höher ist, verglichen mit derjenigen aus der deutschen Gemeinsprache. Zugleich erwarten wir eine Abweichung gegenüber der deutschen Gemeinsprache, was die Frequenz der morphologischen Typen betrifft. Falls es bei den endgültigen Ergebnissen zu einem entgegengesetzten Resultat käme, würde uns das suggerieren, dass dieses Gebiet des Wirtschaftsdeutschen keine spezifischen Merkmale in diesem Sinne aufweist. Die Bestätigung der ursprünglichen Hypothesen würde diese spezifischen Besonderheiten der FVG in der deutschen Konzernsprache betonen.

ЗНАЧИМОСТЬ И МНОГОЗНАЧНОСТЬ ЛЕКСЕМЫ НАСЛЕДНИК В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Author(s): Timur Ildarovich Galeev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2017

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the decline of polysemy of the lexeme naslednik (наследник ‘heir’) and its derivatives. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the following objectives have been set: to describe the semantic structure of the studied lexeme and its derivatives in the historical perspective for the considered time intervals; to trace the major changes in the morphemic and semantic structure of words; to describe the potential of the studied lexemes in terms of education of phraseology. The following methods have been used to achieve the above objectives: lexicographic analysis, derivational analysis. Particular attention has been paid to the connotative content of the investigated words and to the peculiarities of their use in artistic and religious texts, legal documents and publicism. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions have been made: in the Ancient Rus, the lexeme was polysemantic and used in the domestic and religious spheres. In the 18th – 19th centuries, the polysemy of the lexeme developed in politics and law. In the 21st century, the word again, as in the pre-Petrine era, was basically used in the meaning of preemnik (преемник ‘successor’). The paper gives a number of examples proving that in the era when the title naslednik was common this lexeme acquired a different meaning, i.e., the heir of property, in legal documents. In speech, the usual nominations of naslednik and naslednitsa (наследница ‘heiress’) functioned (heirs to the traditions). The obtained results are important for further study of particular sections of etymology, historical lexicology.

Мышь в фольклорной традиции восточных славян

Author(s): Margarita Nadel-Czerwińska / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2017

The article discusses the semantics of a number of metasigns (mouse, cat, tomcat, lynx etc.) of the folklore of Eastern Slavs in the mythological context of traditional beliefs and texts. Examples of proverbs, folk fortune telling and fairy tales are given as illustrations.

Не ни е забавно – неуспелият хумор при общуването. Nancy Bell. We Are Not Amused: Failed Humor in Interacton. Munich: De Gruyter Mouton, 2015

Author(s): Dafina Genova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

Book review

Езиковата картина на любовта в старобългарския и в чешкия език

Author(s): Lora Mikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

Every language reflects a certain kind of perception of the world, a conceptualisation of its organization, or a linguistic picture of the world (Zaliznyak, Levontina, Shmelev 2005: 9). This article deals with the linguistic picture of love in Old Bulgarian and Czech. By applying the comparative method, the similarities and the differences between Old Bulgarian and Czech are revealed. The main semes that form the semantic field of love in Old Church Slavonic and Czech are determined as: 1) wish, need; 2) choice, acceptance; 3) relation, unity; 4) closeness; 5) physical acts of love (caress, hug, kiss); 6) dear, precious; 7) compassion, to feel someone else’s pain; to do good things for the person you love. The productive roots that express the semantics of love in both languages are established as: *lask-, *mil-, *ľub-, *prijat-, *drug-, *rad-, *хoť-,*vol-,*god-,*blag-,*dorg-.

BERGEROVÁ, Hana, VAŇKOVÁ, Lenka et al.: Lexikalische Ausdrucksmittel der Emotionalität im Deutschen und im Tschechischen. Ostrava: Ostravská univerzita v Ostravě 2015. 262 s. ISBN 978-80-7464-460-3

Author(s): Jana Rakšányiová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 25-26/2016

Etikete za obraćanje (na primjeru bosanskohercegovačkih drama 20. stoljeća)

Author(s): Amela Šehović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 8/2011

Etiketama za obraćanje, ponegdje nazvanim i etiketama za oslovljavanje (Vasić, 1979: 58), smatraju se nazivi za titule, zvanja, profesije, društvene funkcije, činove itd. (Radovanović, 1986: 140), a pojedini, iako ne svi lingvisti, pridružuju im i etikete za obraćanje srodnicima, prijateljima i poznanicima (Vasić, 1979: 62). Smatra se da se ove etikete od ostalih jezičkih sredstava za obraćanje razlikuju relativnom semantičkom markiranosti (Vasić, 1979: 59), a tvrdnja se dokazuje upotrebom etikete mama, kojom je jasno ispoljen odnos solidarnosti, “jer ga već sama etiketa nosi u sebi kao posledicu postojanja srodničkog odnosa” (Vasić, 1979: 59). Osim toga, njima se dodaju i lekseme drug, drugarica, gospodin, gospođa, gospođica i sl. uz eventualnu upotrebu titule. U analizi etiketa za obraćanje neizbježan je osvrt na upotrebu zamjenica 2. lica. No, to nipošto nije nedostatak, nego faktor koji doprinosi boljem osvjetljavanju analiziranog problema.

Prostorne relacije u frazeologiji Ćopićevih

Author(s): Zrinka Ćoralić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 6-7/2018

The aim of this paper was to determine the frequency, the role, as well as creativity in the use of idioms in Ćopić’s literary works. The analysis focuses on two works, Doživljaji Nikoletine Bursaća and Ne tuguj, bronzana stražo, whereby it can be concluded that Ćopić’s writing style incorporates a large number of idioms used to express linguistic creativity. Only the group prostor/space, položaj/position, forma/form were considered. The excerpted examples were analyzed at three levels: morphosyntactic, semantic and communicative-pragmatic levels. The analysis is comparative, i. e. includes examples in the Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian as well as the German language. It can be claimed that the language of Ćopić’s works is very scenic, expressive and rich in various linguistic phenomena; it is excellent way of showing the richness and creativity of B/C/S languages.

Sąvoka lietuvių mokslo kalboje

Author(s): Asta Mitkevičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 24/2017

The paper deals with the usage of the fundamental term of terminology sąvoka‘concept’ in academic Lithuanian. The research is aimed at establishing the semantic(contextual) partners of this term and its thematic field and to provide an outline of the concept ‘concept’ according to the usage of the term designating it. This is a corpus-based research, the source of which is Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstynas CorALit(Corpus of Academic Lithuanian CorALit) (publicly available at http://coralit.lt). Themain methodology of research is semantic analysis of phrases with sąvoka. Conjunctive usage and contextual synonymy of the term sąvoka which reflect paradigmatic relations of this term were also analysed.The lemma sąvoka was found in the corpus of academic Lithuanian CorALit 779times. It is present in texts from all five fields – the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, biomedical sciences and technological sciences. In this corpus the term sąvokais one and a half times more frequent than the terminology term termin as ‘term’.In academic Lithuanian the term sąvoka has attributes and is an attribute itself, it is also used as an object or subject and only sometimes as a predicative or adverbial modifier.Attributes describe term sąvoka according to name, space, action, content feature,other evaluating feature, time, place, author, language, object, etc. As an attribute term sąvoka is a secondary name, also a possessor or constituent and more deeply –object or subject of an action or a state, etc.As can be judged from objective phrases a concept is an object of usage, thinking,cognition and perception as well as research, linguistic activities and expression. It is being looked for, found, obtained, given, introduced or eliminated, legitimatized,changed or some other actions are performed in its respect. Besides that, a concept is a result as well as an instrument – not only of an intellectual activity, but also, according to the data of the corpus researched, an instrument of expression. Thus, the features of a term are ascribed to a concept.A concept as a subject includes, has or receives something, it changes something or experiences a change, takes place in space, performs a function or random actions, is in various states, is of some quality or is something, and rarely – simply exists.It can be observed from the conjunctive usage of sąvoka that its correlates are units of expression (including the term terminas), general terms of science and other abstract nouns, names of mental formations and parts or aspects of a concept.The terms sąvoka and terminas are used in academic Lithuanian not only in conjunction,but also as contextual synonyms. The usage of terminas instead of sąvokacould be seen as metonymy. Contextual synonymy of terms can be justified only if it doesn’t affect precision and clarity.Inaccurate usage of terms in texts distorts the results of research; therefore conclusions about the true meanings of terms and concepts named using these terms cannot be drawn solely on the basis of term usage in texts.

Tarptautinių terminų apeliatyvacijos aspektai

Author(s): Jurgita Mikelionienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 24/2017

Lithuanian terminology research into eponymous terms of various fields (anatomy,architecture, botany, etc.) began in the 21st century. However, a more systematic view that includes the general aspects of the appellativation of terms is still eligible, especially in order to introduce them to the future translators of the subject language, the editors, and other target groups that are interested in the applied and theoretical aspects of the scientific concepts. Although appellativation complements the terminology most often with the borrowed terms, and most eponymous terms were created back in the nineteenth century, it is an active and relevant way of creating new term names. For example, in January 2016 the discovery of four new chemical elements was announced, which, in line with the IUPAC recommendation to give chemical elements the names of mythological figures, minerals, locations, countries or scientists,in June 2016 were proposed to be named as nihon, moskov, tenesin and oganeson. The given terms were legalized on 28th November 2016.An onym loses its individuality in the process of turning into the appellative term,but acquires new features, and and the new words of various structures enter the language system. The article gives a brief overview of the 816 eponymic words from various fields created on the basis of a proper names selected from the Tarptautinių žodžiųžodynas (Dictionary of International Words) (2013), the structural and semantic varieties of the fully appellative terms, by combining linguistic and extralinguistic aspects related to the encyclopedic and scientific knowledge of various fields. According to the field,all the terms are divided into 15 groups (for example, chemistry, physics, mathematics and astronomy, botany, technical, clothing, sports, choreography, etc.). The main method of appellativation is metonymization when there is a strong logical connection between the proper name of a person or an area and a particular object or phenomenon.The oikonyms have become the background for more than 60 percent of the concepts researched, most of which have developed due to egocentric motives. Not only does the appellative onym acquire new semantic components, but it is often derivativelytransformed: among the deonymized terms there are not only grammatically adapted terms (fermis, klarkas), but also there is an abundance of suffixal derivatives(hesianas, mahometonybė, rusoizmas), compounds and blends (atlantozauras, orimulsija).

Statybos terminijos dūrinių klasifikacija pagal sintaksinius-semantinius sandų santykius

Author(s): Lina Rutkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 24/2017

The rapid development and globalization of science as well as formation of language varieties related to professional activities, the main layer of which is terminology,makes research into terminology very important. There is a noticeable tendency in recent years to create compounds which adhere to the principles of language economy,precision of naming, monosemy and logicality perfectly well. Compounds are researched in various aspects including semantics, word-formation, motivation, origin and standardization. One of the most popular aspects was the morphological aspect of research, which prevailed in the works of Lithuanian linguists of the first half of 20th century. This aspect is closely related to word-formation and its essence is the understanding of a compound as a combination of morphemes. This point of view is still predominant in Lithuanian linguistics. For instance, in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbosgramatika (Grammar of Modern Lithuanian) compounds are classified firstly according to the parts of speech from which their components are derived. In foreign linguistics it is common to research compounds from the semantic-syntactic point of view; there are various classifications based on semantic-syntactic relationship of components of compounds. In Lithuanian linguistics the analysis of solid compounds from the semantic-syntactic point of view is less frequent. Usually compounds are classified into subordinated and copulative compounds without going into more detailed research of the relations between components of subordinated compounds.This paper researches solid compounds from semantic-syntactic point of view. Solid compounds in Lithuanian terminology of construction have been selected as the object of research; due to their abundance and tendencies of development, these terms can to a certain extent represent general regularities of the development of Lithuanian solid compounds. After an overview of the semantic-syntactic typology of compounds by foreign researchers and the point of view in Lithuanian linguistics in regard to relations between components of solid compounds, the paper presents a more detailed analysis of relations between components of compounds which function as generic terms in the terminology of construction. It is suggested to widen semantic-syntactic classification and to classify subordinated compounds further taking into account the variety of relations between components. The suggested semantic-syntactic classification would be less formal and wide than morphological and in addition it would focus less on the second component of the compound (as is common in morphological classification). The research revealed that the second component is the main component in attributive compounds, object-denoting compounds and comparative compounds,whereas adverbial compounds can have either the first or the second component as the main component and in amount-denoting compounds the main component is always the first.The analysis of relations between components of solid compounds which are generic terms of construction showed that there could be five types of relations between components of these determinative compounds: attributive, object-denoting, adverbial,amount-denoting and comparative. Attributive compounds make the largest group of determinative compounds – there were 379 such compounds found in 22 sources.Among the generic terms of construction researched there were also 186 object-denoting compounds, 26 adverbial and 25 amount-denoting compounds. The comparative compounds make the smallest group – only 3 such terms were found. The research also revealed that in all groups there is a certain number of terms having the same main component. The most productive components are akla-, beton-, daug-,dumbl(i)a-, ketur-, -matis, pus-, -tiekis, -traukis, savi-. In comparison with subordinated compounds, copulative compounds are rather rare – 38 terms were found. All such compounds were found in texts about construction materials and they name composite materials.

Knyga iš medicinos žodyno praeities

Author(s): Stasys Keinys / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 24/2017

Review of: Palmira Zemlevičiūtė, XVII–XVIII amžiaus Mažosios Lietuvos žodynų terminologinė medicinos leksika. Monografija. – Vilnius : Lietuvių kalbos institutas , 2016. – 517 p. I SBN 978-609-411-181-5

Jungtinė Lietuvių kalbos instituto ir Lietuvių terminologijos forumo konferencija

Author(s): Rita Dedonienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 24/2017

2 017 m. birželio 1–2 d. jau antrą kartą Vilniuje vyko jungtinė Lietuvių kalbos instituto ir Lietuvių terminologijos forumo (LTF) konferencija. Konferenciją sudarė dvi dalys: pirmoji diena buvo skirta teoriniams ir moksliniams terminologijos klausimams aptarti, o antroji – daugiau praktinėms temoms. Pirmąją konferencijos dieną Lietuvių kalbos institute (Vileišio g. 5) vyko tarptautinė mokslinė terminologijos konferencija „Moksliniai, administraciniai ir edukaciniai terminologijos lygmenys“, o antrąją dieną III Seimo rūmų konferencijų salėje (Gedimino pr. 53) – kasmetinė (jau septintoji) LTF konferencija.

К вопросу о специфике внутренних языковых контактов: русский язык как источник сленгизмов латышского языка

Author(s): Igors Koškins / Language(s): Russian Issue: 162/2018

The article deals with the specifics of the Latvian-Russian language contact and one of its results — slang words and barbarisms. The author consideres also motivations of this kind of borrowings from Russian in the Latvian language. Uriel Weinreich pre¬sented the classification of “motivations of lexical borrowings” in his book Languages in contact. Some postulates of Weinreich’s research can be applied to the study of Russian-Latvian language contacts connected with distribution of slang words. A lar¬ge number of the Russianisms entered in colloquial Latvian as a result of oral com-munication. Slavisms in the colloquial speech (slang) have been borrowed because of internal language contacts and bilingualism. Russian language was eveolving in a so¬ciolinguistic situation of collective bilingualism that assumes the existence of internal language contacts. It is possible to classify Russianisms-barbarisms from the point of view of their motivation in several groups, which are described in the article. Various degrees of adaptation of slang words in Latvian show that various types of lexical in¬terference are parts of one dynamic process.

Polskie baśka, rosyjskie башкá, ukraińskie бáшкá ‘głowa’ i ich etymologia w słowniku Maxa Vasmera

Author(s): Marek Stachowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 162/2018

The three colloquial words for ‘head’ adduced in the title of this paper are of Turkic origin, cf. Tkc. baš ’head’. However, this author contests Max Vasmer’s opinion that the Russian word was borrowed from the Turkic dative form (baš.ka) with the meaning ‘per unit, each; pro Stück’. Moreover, it is suggested that the Ukrainian reflex continues, as a matter of fact, two words.

Белорусская «трасянка» и украинский «суржик»: oб основных различиях в степени влияния русского языка

Author(s): Gerd Hentschel / Language(s): Russian Issue: 162/2018

The article deals with the mixed types of speech in Ukraine and Belarus – Surzhyk and Trasyanka. On the basis of multidimensional research conducted by the scholars from Oldenburg University and their colleagues from Ukraine and Belarus, the author discusses the range of Russian influence on the hybrid languages. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were made on the basis of corpora collected in various regions of Belarus and Ukraine.

Pitanje klasifikatora u znakovnim jezicima

Author(s): Branimir Belaj,Barbara Majdenić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2018

Classifiers in sign languages have the status of linguistic universals and are productive constructions that describe various aspects of referents and their relationship with other elements in a scenario. Classifiers can be divided into four groups: entity classifiers, handling classifiers, size and shape specifiers, and body part classifiers. Each group has a schematic semantic pole which determines the nature of the whole construction. The schematic semantic pole of entity classifiers can be defined as [THING IN RELATION], the schematic semantic pole of handling classifiers as [THING AS ELEMET OF PROCESS], that of size and shape specifiers can be defined as [DIMENSIONS OF THINGS] and of body part classifiers as [PART OF A THING]. The higher degree of iconicity of classifiers derives mainly from the visual nature of sign languages, but the selection of distinctive scenes is always arbitrary. Even though they are productive units, classifiers can become lexical units through lexicalization.

Йоанна Кирилова. Представата за ума в българската езикова картина на света

Author(s): Mariyana Vitanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 37/2018

Ndërrimi i kodeve gjuhësore në shqip në rrjetet sociale

Author(s): Lendita Kryeziu / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

If you happen to be an active user of different social networks like: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, WhatsApp, Viber or Tumblr, you will be able to see that many users use English as a written medium to express their thoughts, wishes, ideas even when their native language is not English.Code-switching is the alternating use of two languages in the same stretch of discourse by a bilingual speaker. In other words, code-switching is used to identify alternations of linguistic varieties within the same conversation.In Kosova, this phenomenon is not new. The lexicon of Albanian language because of many factors such as: many conquests, geographic proximity to other countries and the subsequent globalization has been enriched with loanwords from Ancient and Modern Greek, Latin, Turkish, Italian, the Balkan Slavic languages and later on from English. Not only words were borrowed but frequently speakers of Albanian and other languages in contact used to shift codes from one language to another one. It is a broadly acknowledged fact that in recent years English has become a global language and as such, it is used all around the world by professionals and scholars in international meetings. English is often the official language of international companies, enterprises, Unions and Academic Conferences, and above all, it is the language of the internet.Nowadays, we are witnesses of the widespread use of the above mentioned social networks by the majority of people, specifically young people who spend many hours conversing with their friends and peers. In these conversations, they often switch from one language to another one. Not only this, but there are also cases when they post their statuses or comments using English language. The reasons for doing this might be of different nature: To code- switch into a high prestige language, to be understood only by their circle of friends, for easier expression and for not a specific reason.In this paper the cases of code-switching occurring on these social networks and mostly on Facebook will be researched and analyzed.

L’expression de l’intensité à travers la conséquence en français et en polonais : l’étude d’un cas (en vue de sa description lexicographique)

Author(s): Ewa Pilecka / Language(s): French Issue: 30/2018

In this paper, a contrastive analysis of a certain number of intensifiers belonging to the conceptual domain //FOLIE// (//MADNESS//) in French and in Polish is carried out. Basing on a study of corpora, the author ascertains their degree of equivalence on different levels (conceptual, semantic, morphological-syntactical, that of frequency).