On agentive and instrumental deverbal nominalizations in Slovenian

Author(s): Tatjana Marvin / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2016

This paper presents an analysis of Slovenian deverbal external argument nominalizations in a syntactic approach, where the focus is on Slovenian agentive and instrumental deverbal nominalizations in -(V)lec, the most nu-merous and productive class in the language according to Stramljič Breznik (1999). It is proposed that these nominals fall in three distinct classes according to the type of the Aspect head found in the nominalization: i) episodic eventive nominals, ii) dispositional eventive nominals (both denoting animate agents) and iii) functional nominals (denoting instruments and humans in professional or temporary functions). The last type is newly introduced, as English and French-based approaches such as Alexiadou and Schäfer (2010) and Roy and Soare (2014) cannot accommodate Slovenian data relating to the presence and properties of the genitive objects found in Slovenian functional nominals.

Imenice i pridjevi

Author(s): Matea Andrea Birtić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2016

The paper applies the event-related adjectival tests, formed by Roy and Soare (2014), to the Croatian deverbal agentive nouns with the suffix -ač. Instrument, dispositional and episodic nominals were tested. Although instrument nominals are special in a way, some language evidence suggests that splitting agentive nouns in only two classes (episodic and dispositional), proposed by Alexiadou and Schäfer (2010), also makes sense.

Što nam korpus govori o imenskim skupinama

Author(s): Ivana Matas Ivanković,Goranka Blagus Bartolec / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2016

Noun phrases in Croatian can differ in the degree of correlation between its constituents. Some constituents form a descriptive free word combinations (velik stol ʽlarge table’, sunčan dan ʽsunny day’, slatka kava ʽsweet coffee’, hladne ruke ʽcold hands’), while others form multiword units which concretize extra-linguistic content that can not be ex-pressed in one word (crna kava ʽblack coffee’, krevet na kat ‘bunk bed’, kreditna kartica ‘credit card’, radno mjesto ‘workplace’). Dependent constituents can be adjectives, which are congruent with a noun (velika soba ‘big room’, radno mjesto ‘working place’), or they can be adverb phrase or prepositional phrase (korak naprijed ‘step ahead’, mnogo ljudi ‘many people’, malo prijatelja ‘a few friends’, četkica za zube ‘toothbrush’, roba s greškom ‘faulty good’). This paper will analyze noun mreža (with reach syntagmatic and semantic potential) and its co-occurrences – they can either form a collocation or a free combination of words. The lexicographic description will be compared with the corpus-data. The analyses will take into consideration a list of computationally obtained collocates (collocation candidates) of a node noun. The frequency and the strength between the words occurring within a particular span can differ. The list of collocates obtained from the corpus will be taken into account and we will examine how it coincides with the existing lexicographic description and with theoretical principles of word combination interpretations in Croatian. The aim of the study is to determine how the corpus analysis can improve the treatment of word-combination entries in lexicographic work.

Imenske skupine u čakavskim i štokavskim tekstovima 15.–18. stoljeća

Author(s): Marijana Horvat / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2016

The author analyzes some typical syntactic properties confirmed in texts written in Čaka-vian and Štokavian literary language between 15th and 18th century. One of these properties is the usage of prepositions od + genitive (e. g. da darži put zakona od mista, pisam od ljubavi, zakon od ljubavi, misto od pribignutja, nebeski ličnik od duš, otče od milosardja) expressing possessivity and other meanings (cause, purpose, property, object). The usage of prepositions od + genitive also appears instead of preposition o + locative (e. g. kada čuje da se od njegova prijatelja dobro govori). It reflects a strong influence of Latin and Italian syntax, and later it became a common literary property of the original works written by Čakavian and Štokavian writers.The author also analyzes noun phrases used to express possessivity with the genitive case of the 3rd person personal pronouns (e. g. nje velikoga milosrdja, njih srca), noun phrases po usta + genitive (e. g. Po usta svetoga Jakova apostola), the appearance of the participle declination and the conversion of the participle to a noun (e. g. govorećijem sveto rožario).

Izražavanje posvojnih odnosa u pripovjednom diskursu jednojezične djece govornika hrvatskoga i engleskoga jezika

Author(s): Lidija Šaravanja,Ivana Trtanj / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2016

As a part of a child’s everyday communication, narrative provides a wide linguistic con-text, evaluating isolated words and clauses. This type of discourse requires children to combine words and sentences for a specific purpose. Narrative gives insight into how successful children are in using their communicative linguistic skills. Unlike conversing, storytelling strives to decontextualization which changes the inner organization of narrative. Children’s ability to narrate and create the structures of stories has been thoroughly explored in contemporary literature, whereas the less explored aspect is the aspect of narrative which describes referential cohesion and the usage of referential expressions telling about animate characters (a boy, a dog), objects (a tree, a jar) and about other entities (family, home). The paper investigates the way children, speakers of typologically different languages, process the notion of possession cognitively and linguistically. Both internal (attributive and predicative) and external possession is observed. The aim of the paper is to identify possessive relations that are expressed in children's language as well as the means of expressing them. It is assumed that four-year- olds percieve prototypical possessive relations and utter them using relatively simple, grammatically and semantically prototypical expressions. On the other hand, ten-year-olds are expected to use more complex constructions and perceive more diverse relations between a possessors and a posessee. Comparing the utterances crosslinguistically, children speaking Croatian, a morphologically more complex language, are expected to aquire linguistic means for expressing possession at a later age.

Divkāršais noliegums sengrieķu valodā

Author(s): Gita Bērziņa / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 5/2014

The paper deals with the negation in Ancient Greek. Special attention is paid to the principles and practise of use of double negation, and the possibilities to translate it in Latvian.The analysis of the Ancient Greek language material discloses complex system and shows that varied use of different linguistic elements and means (from simple negative particles to specialized structure of utterance) serves for rendering nuanced semantics of negation. Negation may be partial or absolute. And a variety of elements and aspects have their significance in expression of negative meaning, namely, particular position of negative unit in the utterance, accumulation and mutual combination of several negative units, lexical meaning and grammatical form of the nearby elements, general structure and modality of the utterance, as well as wider context. Possibilities to tanslate negation expressed in Ancient Greek into Latvian are varied. In some cases, it is possible to translate the negation precisely, however in other cases different linguistic means must be used to render the complex semantics of the Ancient Greek utterance, taking into account the particular context, time and modality of the utterance.

Discourse-related word order variation in Latvian

Author(s): Toms Voits / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 5/2014

Latvian language is known to exhibit a fairly free word order. Although the base-generated word order of Latvian seems to be Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), due to the overt morphological marking it is possible to generate transitive sentences containing all possible word order vartiations (SVO, SOV, OVS, OSV, VSO and VOS). The present study aimed to confirm the hypothesis that the base-generated word order in Latvian is indeed SVO and test what discourse characteristics might drive the word order variation in this language. An experimental study was conducted surveying native Latvian speakers on their grammaticality judgements of different word orders across a variety of discourse contexts. Upon inspecting the data I propose a set of assumptions that regulate the word order of Latvian.

Probleme mit der Textproduktion.

Author(s): Margot Heinemann / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2014

The article deals with various forms of teaching text composition for both native and non-native language speakers. A closer look at these forms includes an analysis of methods of evaluating writing ability, as well as the ability to recognize and to produce different text types.

Verbal categories in Salaca Livonian grammar

Author(s): Karl Pajusalu / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 4/2014

The Latvian territory in the central Baltic region has historically been a core area of the Baltic Sea Sprachbund. Besides the Baltic languages, several Finnic varieties have been spoken in this region. The present study focuses on verbal categories of one variety among them – Salaca Livonian, the only ancient Vidzeme Livonian dialect for which a language corpus is available. In the research history of Finnic languages, Salaca Livonian has often been seen as a mixed variety of Estonian and Livonian. However, it has actually been a mixture of at least three languages – Estonian, Livonian, and Latvian. This paper is an attempt to analyze Salaca Livonian verbal categories according to Estonian and Latvian grammatical traditions. Two main hypotheses are studied. First, it is shown that Salaca Livonian verb forms combine Finnic and Latvian grammatical categories. Secondly, the forms which allow different descriptions indicate weak boundaries or transitions between categories. Salaca Livonian verb morphology unites a number of archaic and innovative features in the making of verb paradigms.

Traces du passé dans le français contemporain

Author(s): Zygmunt Marzys / Language(s): French Issue: 05/2005

Leksikografska obrada glagola, glagolskih kolokacija i sintagmi u dvojezičnim tehničkim rječnicima

Author(s): Josip Luzer,Sandra Tominac Coslovich / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2016

The paper emphasizes the importance of consistent and unified lexicographic treatment and of the inclusion of verbs, verb collocations and verb phraseology in bilingual specialized dictionaries. The analysis of 9 bilingual technical dictionaries has shown that multi-word lexical units that have a verb as one of their components are rarely included in bilingual specialized dictionaries, and when they are included, their representation is not unified. This can be partly attributed to unclear boundaries of multi-word lexical units but also to the lack of a sound theoretical basis. Therefore, this paper argues that the lexicographic treatment of such units should be theoretically based. Thus, the Sociocognitive and/or Frame Based Theory approaches to terminology seem to provide the best guidelines in this regard. The inclusion of various usage examples taken from the specialized corpus of texts in a specific domain is also highlighted as an important segment in assembling specialized dictionaries. A model for a more consistent lexicographic treatment of multi-word lexical units containing verbs is also provided.

РЯЗАНСКИЕ БИТВЫ В ЛЕТОПИСНОЙ ТРАДИЦИИ ДРЕВНЕЙ РУСИ

Author(s): Inna Vasilevna Denisova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

In this article, we analyse the fictional representation of the Ryazan battles in the chronicle tradition of Old Russia. We present comparative descriptions of the battles of 1365, 1378 and 1408 based on all-Russian chronicles compiled at different times and in different places. We also single out a number of poetic features of the Ryazan chronicle writing, such as broadening of military formulas, expressivity of narration, complication of syntactic constructions, etc. The analysis of the texts under consideration proves the existence of the Ryazan chronicle that has not survived to the present day.

ОСНОВНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА ПРОПОЗИЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ ПРИ ДЕРИВАЦИОННЫХ ПРОЦЕССАХ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ФРАНЦУЗСКОГО ЯЗЫКА)

Author(s): Sergey Vladimirovich Balakin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

This article studies the basic properties of syntactic and derivational propositions in the tideway of cognitive linguistics. A proposition consists mainly of arguments (actants), predicates and circonstants. Using the French language as an example, we reveal such properties of propositions as syncretism, fractality and contractibility. Contractibility of propositions implies the number of elements which remain non-profiled in word and speech production. We show that contractedness of a propositional structure can lead to the effects of entropy, pseudo-information and implicitness, which are left out by the neighboring context.

ЯЗЫКОВЫЕ СПОСОБЫ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ РЕЧЕВЫХ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ ГЕРОИНИ РОМАНА И. БАХМАН «МАЛИНА»

Author(s): Elena Olegovna Semschikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

The article deals with the narrator’s verbal expression in the novel “Malina” by the Austrian writer Ingeborg Bachmann. The syntactic, phonological, lexical and thematic levels of the text are studied. It is shown that the changes in the narrator’s verbal appearance are determined by the introduction of intermedial elements from the musical sphere in the narrative. Such synthesis of the two kinds of art has its own features. The rhythmical component of the verbal text is an important sound characteristic of the analyzed extract. Numerous techniques used for the complete assimilation of the musical component in the novel are found, which makes it possible to talk about the character’s “new” language and the author’s original style.

Gramatizēšanās un morfoloģizēšanās attieksmes

Author(s): Andra Kalnača / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 2/2012

The current paper is devoted to the analysis of relations between grammaticalization and morphologization. In spite of grammaticalization one-direction development argued by Heine etc., there are some theories of furcation or reflexive processes in modern linguistics. These are lexicalization and morphologization theories. The main conclusions are the following:1 Depending on grammaticalization and morphologization the development of the language system can be interpreted either mutually subordinate processes, or two independent processes. Morphologization is one of the grammaticalization stages on the first case, final stage of the language development on the second case.2 If the furcation or reflexive processes of language system development are taken into account than all manifestations can be treated as part of grammaticalization.

Saitiņas primārajā un sekundārajā predikācijā

Author(s): Ilze Lokmane / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 2/2012

The article analyzes the most widely used copular verbs in Latvian. They can participete in formation of different compound parts of sentence. Compound predicate may be either verbal, nominal or adverbial. In Latvian, subject is not an obligatory part of sentence. In subjectless sentences, the predicate may be either nominla or adverbial. Copula may be part of the subject in combination with the dative form of noun or prepositional phrase. Compound semi-predicative component consists of participle or infinitive form of copula and an adjective. Use of verbs of seeming in subject raising constructions shows that the borderline between lexical and copular use of verbs is not clear-cut and reveals different degrees of grammaticalization.

О ДРЕВНЕРУССКОМ ИМПЕРФЕКТЕ

Author(s): Oleg Feofanovich Zholobov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2015

The paper discusses the functioning of the Old Russian Imperfect. Particular attention is paid to the so-called Augment and Perfective Imperfect history. The results of the analysis of Imperfect forms in some ancient manuscripts are provided. They are the new evidence of the usual nature of Imperfect forms in the Old Russian language.

СЕМАНТИКА УСТУПИТЕЛЬНОСТИ И КАУЗАЛЬНОСТИ В АСПЕКТЕ ВНУТРИТЕКСТОВОГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ

Author(s): Natalia Alekseevna Andramonova,Liliya Abrarovna Usmanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2015

The paper considers the specifics of discourse-text relations of concession and causality. The composition and functions of argumentative constructions eliminating incoherence in concessive statements are revealed. The conditionality of concessions and reasons by the contextual-situational component and mental-perceptual characteristics of the subject of verbal and cogitative activity is determined.

Classes et relations sémantiques : l’exemple du verbe regarder

Author(s): Aude Grezka / Language(s): French Issue: 28/2016

The subject of this study is to broach the problems associated with polysemy and its treatment on the example of the verb regarder. The traditional lexicographical approach to the polysemy of the verb regarder consists mainly of listing synonyms. A huge disparity emerges among the proposed synonyms. We show here the importance of semantic classes to solve the problems of polysemy and thus treat various uses of the verb regarder. A sufficiently precise description can predict the link between semantics and syntax. The use of “controlled semantics” by the facts of language reflects many correlations among configurational, combinatorial and syntactic features of the verbs and their semantic characteristics.

Worum es geht: Zum Funktionenspektrum eines Thematisierungs-Ausdrucks in der allgemeinen Wissenschaftssprache

Author(s): Cordula Meißner / Language(s): German Issue: 25/2016

Verbs like ausgehen von, beziehen auf or darstellen that contain semantically concrete basic verbs (gehen, ziehen, stellen) form an essential part of German general academic vocabulary, i.e. vocabulary that is used across disciplines. Recent work has illuminated the inventory of these general academic verbs, the areas of meaning expressed by them as well as aspects of their polysemy. However, indepth studies on the functional application and usage of the verbs in connection to the speech acts expressed remain to be conducted. It is only by such investigations that the expressive potential of this lexis can be revealed. The paper reports on a corpus study that exemplarily analyses the usage and functional application of the expression es geht um in research articles from the field of German philology and thereby shows how general academic expresssions are specifically utilized in scientific texts and adapted for disciplinary specific needs.