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Współczesny potencjał frazeologizmu motywowanego mitem Feniksa

Author(s): Magdalena Puda-Blokesz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2019

The article aims to present whether and how the phraseme to be reborn || rise (like a Phoenix / phoenix) from the ashes exists today in various texts of culture (recorded after 2000 in the National Corpus of Polish, drawn from the web and elsewhere), how it is present in various registers of communication and whether this petrified lexical unit is undergoing any changes. The analysis is preceded by a cultural introduction into understanding the symbolic power of Phoenix hidden in the phrase, as well as the insights into the systemic (lexicographic) state of the expression and the attempt to establish its source and the approximate time in which it was created.

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Causation and dispositions: Towards a semantic characterization of the French causative verb laisser

Author(s): Marta Donazzan,Clémentine Raffy,Klaus Von Heusinger / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The French causative verb laisser can enter two different constructions: a monoclausal one resembling the faire-infinitive construction (Kayne 1975, Alsina 1992, Guasti 1996, Folli & Harley 2007) and a biclausal one. While differences in interpretation between these two constructions have been pointed out (Kayne 1975, Enghels & Roegiest 2012), the link between structure and conceptual representation has not been clearly defined yet. In this paper, we tackle the syntax and semantics of causative laisser adopting as a background Talmy’s (1988) force dynamics model of causation. We further show that the link to the selectional restrictions of the causative verb can be made by considering forces as dispositional causal properties (Fara 2001), that is, properties that become relevant with respect to the role of an entity in a causal chain.

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Not all object experiencers are the same: The role of se and the argument structure of Serbian psych verbs anticausatives

Author(s): Peđa Kovačević / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The goal of this paper is to account for the observation that some Serbian object experiencer anticausatives take instrumental NPs as expressions of the causer participant whereas others take od(‘from’)- PPs. Following a number of authors (Alexiadou et al. 2013, Doron 2014, Anagnostopoulou & Samioti 2014, a. o.), I assume that differences in the licensing of expressions introducing event participants point in the direction of structural differences in terms of presence/absence of certain layers of verbal structure. The observed difference is accounted for by assuming that instrumental NPs are syntactically licensed by VoiceP while od(‘from’)-PPs are rejected by VoiceP owing to a semantic clash. Consequently, full VoiceP structure is present with psych verb anticausatives that license instrumental NPs and absent with psych verb anticauatives that license od(‘from’)-PPs. The analysis presented in the paper has implications for the syntactic and semantic status of SE as well. It is suggested that Chierchia’s (2004) reflexive approach to anticausatives can be extended to psych verb anticausatives which license instrumental NPs whereas the standard approach (Schäfer & Vivanco 2016) should be retained for typical anticausatives with inanimate internal arguments and object experiencers that license od (‘from’)-PPs. Such a “middle-ground” solution follows from the syntactic structures I propose for these two different sets of psych verb anticausatives.

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BEDOUIN AND DRUZE SPEAKERS’ COLLOQUIAL ARABIC IN ISRAEL: PRESENT VS. PAST

Author(s): Judith Rosenhouse / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2020

Every language changes in time. Languages are, however, not the only thing that changes. All that we learn keeps evolving, including Arabic. As in the past, also current linguistic changes reflect the economical, technological and social circumstances. Thus, Classical Arabic is unlike Modern Standard Arabic and modern Arabic dialects are not like old ones. Following a short survey of the historical background of Bedouin and Druze speakers' settlement in the north of Israel, this paper examines texts spoken by Bedouin and Druze college students from several locations in that area (Brand 2013). A few phonological, syntactic, morphological and lexical features of these texts are discussed with examples. Their features are compared with features found in texts from Schmidt and Kahle(1918, ex-Bedouin speakers) and Blanc (1953, Druze speakers).The findings suggest that in Israel both Bedouin and Druze speakers codeswitch with Hebrew, the dominant language there. This codeswitching refers mainly to modern words in their vocabulary. Phonetic features of Arabic dialects, Modern standard Arabic and Hebrew are mixed, thus expanding the native speakers’ phonetical inventory. Syntactic and morphological changes also exist, reflecting effects of rural or urban near-by Arabic dialects. I n addition to the linguistic analysis, natural and artificial mathematical fractals are presented in the Introduction. Fractals are a rather new theoretical element, which has already been used in linguistics and can be further developed in Arabic dialectology. They are recalled at the end of the paper, because some of their features are revealed also when analyzing the development of the Bedouin and Druze speakers’ dialects. Inconclusion, the analysis of the Bedouin and Druze dialects suggests that new studies and methods of study are required in order to update our knowledge of current structures of Arabic dialects.

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PERIPHRASTIC COMPARATIVE STRUCTURES IN MODERN STANDARD ARABIC – WHICH ONES SHOULD BE TAKEN AS MANIFESTATIONS OF ANALYTICALLY ORIENTED EVOLUTIONS?

Author(s): Ovidiu Pietrăreanu / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2020

This paper deals with evolutions that appear to become significant in relation to the way in which degrees of comparison are expressed in Modern Standard Arabic. It deals mainly with structures that represent different types of deviations of what would generally be considered the norm of Modern Standard Arabic: the use of periphrastic structures where single units might have been expected, the adverbialization of the elative ’akṯar within structures conveying the comparative degree, the erosion of the norm-sanctioned use of specifying complements after annexations conveying the superlative degree headed by ’akṯar, the apparent reluctance to use verbal nouns as specifying complements when they are associated with the passive voice. In searching for possible or plausible reasons for these tendencies and phenomena, we have highlighted the plurality of domains and disciplines that can shed light on them: phonetics, morphology, syntax, rhetoric, stylistics. We have also advanced some expectations concerning the way in which some of these phenomena might evolve.

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Towards a unified analysis of three cross-linguistically correlated telic constructions in Romanian

Author(s): Imola-Ágnes Farkas / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Recent approaches to the theory of aspectuality assume that there is a conceptual similarity and cross-linguistic correlation between the (un)availability of goal-of-motion, strong resultative and aspectual cognate object constructions. This paper, examining Romanian data, brings further evidence in favour of the parallel between these three telic constructions and supports the tight correlation between them. It shows that although, at first glance, this verb-framed language shows patterns that seem to argue against the above correlation and especially against the unavailability of these structures, they prove to be only apparent counterexamples to it. Moreover, without questioning the typological classification of Romanian as a verb-framed language or the validity of the cross-linguistic correlation between these constructions, it reveals that a more detailed analysis of aspectual cognate object constructions in Romanian requires a different and more careful approach, which also takes into consideration the source of the diachronic data.

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INDIRECT EVIDENTIALITY AND THE EXPRESSION OF THE SPEAKER’S STANCE IN ROMANIAN

Author(s): Cecilia-Mihaela Popescu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The study aims to emphasize how lexical particles and grammatical constructions ex- press indirect evidentiality and the speaker’s stance in Romanian. As with the other Ro- mance languages, Romanian contains the grammatical means to express the speaker’s knowledge source, such as the Conditional Mood, a prototypical quotative/reportative evidential marking, or the Subjunctive and the Future, which, together with the Presump- tive, a modal form specific to this linguistic system alone, function as markers of indirect evidentiality of the inferential type. Additionally, each of these forms can be augmented by a rich lexicalized system of adverbs and particles. For example, pesemne [‘probably’, literally on + signs], poate [‘may be’; a regressive form from the third person singular of the verb a se putea < Late Latin *potere (Classical Latin posse)], probabil [‘proba- bly’, < a borrowing from the Fr. probable and the Lat. probabilis] are lexical particles of inferential evidentiality, and cică [‘supposedly’; a lexicalized form from the expression [se zi]ce că – literally it said that], pasămite [‘apparently’ whose etymology is controver- sial] and chipurile [‘supposedly’; a borrowing from Hungarian, literally ‘faces’] are means of quotative/reportative evidentiality. This lexical and grammatical system marking indi- rect evidentiality will be analyzed with respect to their grammaticalization processes, but also addressing the discursive behaviour.

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Gender stereotypes in educational texts: a comparative study of Indonesian and international primary English textbooks

Author(s): Rahmah Fithriani / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Despite the claim that the world is progressing toward gender parity, gender stereotyping continues to be a challenge for many countries, including Indonesia. This critical discourse study sought to investigate if gender stereotypes (still) exist in English language textbooks (ELTs) utilized in international and local (Indonesian) contexts. To this end, this study analysed visual texts portraying male and female characters from the student books of English Chest 6 and Let’s Go 6 from a Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA) perspective. In terms of gender representation and responsiveness, both quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed that both ELTs depict unequal portrayals. Furthermore, gender stereotypes were identified in both educational documents under investigation in two social settings, namely family and occupation/profession. This empirical research implies that, in order to achieve more equality in education, both textbook authors and schoolteachers around the world should be fully aware of gender issues encapsulated in educational documents.

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Reviews

Author(s): Marina Ivanova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This paper contains following book review: Mur-Dueñas, P. & Lorés, R. (2022) Scientific and Parascientific Communication. MDPI. 122 pp.

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СТРУКТУРА, СЮЖЕТНО-КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫЕ И РИТОРИЧЕСКИЕ ФУНКЦИИ ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНЫХ И ВОСКЛИЦАТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ В СКАЗКАХ И. И. ДМИТРИЕВА

Author(s): Anfisa V. Rozhkovа / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2023

The relevance of the study is determined by an insufficient description of the linguistic and stylistic features of I. I. Dmitriev’s fairy tales. The purpose of this work is a comprehensive analysis of interrogative and exclamation sentences in these fairy tales. The paper presents the first classifications of these types of syntactic constructions, determines their role in the creation of rhetorical figures, and describes their functions taking into account the genre characteristics. Seven fairy tales served as the material for analysis. The research methodology included the review, classification and stylistic methods. Interrogative and exclamation sentences are present in all texts. Interrogative sentences can be classified into three groups: rhetorical questions, hypophores, and actual questions. When characterizing emotionally charged constructions, the position of the exclamation mark and its combinations with other punctuation marks were taken into account, which helped to distinguish three groups of sentences. Rhetorical exclamations form a separate category within each group. Interrogative and exclamatory sentences often become structural and compositional signals showing the key points of the plot or marking the speech of characters. The results of the analysis show that the demand for small phraseologized complete or incomplete simple sentences is determined by a particular genre’s focus on lively conversational speech. The combination of punctuation marks within one sentence (question mark – exclamation mark, exclamation mark – period, ellipsis – exclamation mark) serves as a graphic signal of emotionally rich and natural conversational intonation. In turn, rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations and addresses characteristic of poetic language create additional expression. The results of the research may be useful for further study of the literary language of the XVIII–XIX centuries.

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UN MODELLO DI PRESENTAZIONE DELLE PREPOSIZIONI ITALIANE ESPRImENTI CAUSA E DEI CASI SERBI NEL MATERIALE DIDATTICO

Author(s): Dragana Radojević / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1/2023

The aim of this paper is to propose a model for a didactic representation of Italian prepositions and their Serbian equivalents that could facilitate 1. the comprehension and acquisition of Italian prepositions by Serbian learners of L2 Italian, and 2. possibly also the comprehension and acquisition of Serbian cases by Italian learners of L2 Serbian. Italian prepositional constructions and Serbian morphological cases may express the same syntactic and semantic functions. Taken separately, both Italian prepositions and Serbian cases have been studied in great detail and in depth, not only from the point of view of inflectional morphology, but also from syntactic and semantic perspectives. However, the functions that these categories perform in the two languages have to date been compared only sporadically and in very general terms, without any attempts of a systematic and exhaustive contrastive analysis. Additionally, the authors of didactic materials intended for Serbian speakers learning Italian, as well as Italian speakers learning Serbian as an L2, often do not pay sufficient attention to a contrastive representation of Italian prepositions and Serbian cases. For this reason, they still represent one of the most frequent error types during the process of acquisition of the languages in question. Therefore, this paper compares the Italian prepositional constructions consisting of simple prepositions followed by nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs on one side, and their Serbian equivalents on the other side, by means of contrastive analysis methods. The results of our analysis could be applied in the creation of grammars, dictionaries, textbooks, and additional didactic materials for L2 Italian for Serbian learners and for L2 Serbian for Italian learners.

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Glagolsko-imeničke kolokacije na primjerima osnova pojam, teza i argument u diskurzivno-erističkim strukturama hrvatskoga i njemačkoga općeznanstvenoga jezika

Author(s): Mirjana Šnjarić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 95/2023

This paper investigates the linguistic means used to express general scientific activity above the level of an individual word. Th e corpus approach and the contrastive method are used to analyze typical and characteristic, general scientific VERB + NOUN collocations of the Croatian language and compare them with collocations in the German general scientific language. Th e aim is to find out how VERB + NOUN collocations are positioned within euristic structures of scientific language, and finally to assign the collocations to the corresponding type of general scientific language activity. General scientific collocations are an important part of everyday scientific communication, primarily written. A bilingual list of isolated translation equivalents of transdisciplinary VERB + NOUN collocations in Croatian and German (e.g., use (scientifi c) sources ‘(wissenschaftliche) Quellen heranziehen’, use arguments ‘Argumente heranziehen’, apply the approach ‘einen wissenschaftlichen Ansatz’) has been compiled to meet the needs of Croatian authors in scientific writing. Furthermore, a contrastive approach is used to compile a list and provide a description of VERB + NOUN collocations through which eristic structures of scientific communication are realized, focusing on the most important interlingual differences and problems arising in the scientific writing of native Croatian speakers. Th e results of the research also have implications for native speakers of Croatian language who publish their scientific research in the Croatian language as they provide insight into the application of VERB + NOUN collocations in contemporary scientific language. Th e results of the analysis also show that there is a lack of contrastive research on the lexico–syntagmatic level and interlingual comparisons of individual aspects of the two scientific languages.

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GRAMMATICAL SYNONYMY OF CAUSATIVE STRUCTURES

Author(s): Ana-Maria Dudău / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01 Supp/2023

The term causality expresses the cause-effect relationship between two situations: one situation (action) generates another situation (action). There is no cause without effect and vice versa. In the linguistic sense, causal means "That which expresses a motivated dependence or what is connected with the expression of such dependence, the canonical model of a causative structure involves two different actions, one of which determines the other, and two different actors, the first of which exerts an action on the second. From a semantic perspective, the relationships between verbal actions and the status of performers are complex and require some observation.

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Sintagma – relaționalitate sintactică sau categorială?

Author(s): Valentin Roman / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2023

Our paper aims at presenting a controversial outlook on the syntactical/ syntagmatic model stated by D.D. Drașoveanu, based on the so-called "relational meaning", starting from a work of Mircea Minică, Semantica relației în limba română (2018), in which the author considers that the terms of a syntagm are relational in themselves (i.e. "categorical relationality") and not as a result of an external relation (i.e. "relational meaning").

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O wieloznaczności i funkcjonalności terminu dopowiedzenie. Na przykładzie nowotestamentalnych apokryfów staropolskich

Author(s): Olga Ziółkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 76/2020

The article contributes to the discussion about the possibility of transferring terms between diachronic and synchronic linguistics. Using the term dopowiedzenie (‘apposition’) as an example, we address homonymy and confront various definitions that can be found in the literature. The examples analysed in the article are sourced in Old Polish New Testament apocrypha (Historyja trzech kroli ‘The history of the Three Kings’ and Rozmyślania dominikańskie ‘Dominican Meditations’). The term dopowiedzenie was defined by Laskowski and adopted by, among others, Grochowski, Wiśniewski, Dobaczewski. The definitions in which apposition is seen as an asyntagmatic and contextually dependent unit have been created on the basis of synchronic research and assume, to a large extent, appealing to the language competence of the speaker. Most examples cited in such articles are invented, i.e. created deliberately by the writer. Problems with the adaptation of a term that has developed in the field of synchronic research to diachronic research were already pointed out by Pastuchowa, who suggested that a historical linguist should take language material as a starting point. This, in turn, leads to an observation that the proposed definition and the criteria for the identification of apposition are not applicable to old material. Moreover, the term thus defined is non-intuitive. The term dopowiedzenie was also used by Krążyńska to describe one of the medieval techniques of expanding simple sentences. In this approach, however, the term is blurred, imprecise, although intuitive. Most probably the term was not adapted from one research area to another, but it was created independently. The reason for this can be its transparent word-formation structure and intuitive understanding. It is difficult to propose clear and unambiguous criteria for the extraction of appositions from Old Polish texts. This is due to the fact that we do not know whether a particular language element is an integral part of a sentence (constituent) or whether it is secondary, added (with or without the use of a conjunction). Examining the origin (e.g. the use of a rhetorical figure, the glosses incorporated secondarily in the main text) or the range of the added meanings does not help in resolving the issue. It is the knowledge of the written relic and scholarly intuition that seem to be the key.

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Translation as a source of information on text creation – the case of sentence openings in Norwegian and German

Author(s): Ewa Data-Bukowska / Language(s): English Issue: 76/2020

The paper examines the way declarative sentences are introduced in a text in two closely related languages – Norwegian and German. It aims to reveal to what extent the languages under investigation are similar when it comes to meaning construal in this respect and which mechanisms may be classified as language specific. For the purposes of the study, the Norwegian item DET, which possesses multiple functions in sentence openings, has been chosen as a point of departure in a detailed contrastive analysis based on translation data taken from a parallel corpus. The research shows clear similarities in word order between Norwegian and German in sentence openings. However, in German, the notional subject, complex adverbials and even objects, are clearly preferred as thematic and most prominent parts of an event, while they typically appear in the sentence-final position in Norwegian. These differences in meaning construal are explained on the basis of different perspectives adopted in German and Norwegian – a narrow point of view in the former and a distant one in the latter.

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Struktura syntaktyczna a psychologiczne prawo bliskości

Author(s): Aleksander Kiklewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The subject of the article is a special type of non-accommodative relationship of syntactic components, defined as a correlative relationship: it occurs between collaterally subordinated syntactic actants that are located in the immediate closeness – in a linear contact order. The correlative relationship is based on the sentence structuring in terms of the linear order of components, and the psychological law of proximity plays a decisive role in its formation. Correlative groups are additionally conditioned by such factors as lexical identity of components, high frequency of reproduction, regularity, i.e. correspondence to the phrase patterns. Some correlative groups are compact – they have a common position and a common syntactic function, and they have partly also a phraseological character. One of the widespread types of correlative groups is realized within the bounds of coordinate relationship, e.g. ma i.

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Позицията на допълнението в разговорната реч

Author(s): Lyubomira Borisova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

In the following article I will annotate and annotate some of the more specific positions of the complements in the colloquial speech. The main goal is to focus on the constructions which are unclear or incorrect for the traditional literary norm. The resources for the research are mainly taken from the electronic environment or from personal observation. I have used the resources down below for my own results and observations, which deal with the peculiarities of the Bulgarian word order and the specifics of the colloquial speech.

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ДОМІНАНТИ НАУКОВО-ДОСЛІДНИЦЬКИХ ЗАЦІКАВЛЕНЬ ІЛАРІОНА СЛИНЬКА

Author(s): Olena Kulbabska,Nataliіa SHATILOVA / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2022

The relevance of scientific research is determined by the importance of the scientist's scientific heritage as a separate milestone in the history of Ukrainian linguistic science. The purpose of the scientific work is to determine the main facets of the scientific and scientific-methodical activity of the outstanding Ukrainian grammarian and linguodidact of the founder of the syntactic school of the Chernivtsi University Professor I. I. Slуnko. The research methodology is based on general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as on specific linguistic methods ‒ descriptive with methods of classification and generalization of linguistic facts, logical comparison. Conclusions. Scientific achievements of Professor I. I. Slуnko (19.06.1912–01.01.1994) played an indisputable role in the development of linguistic studies not only in Bukovina, but also in Ukraine. In particular, two directions in the creative heritage of the scientist - the field of modern and historical syntax - are interconnected and complement each other, expressing the genesis of the formation of the syntactic system of the Ukrainian language on a national basis and the author's desire to preserve Ukrainian identity in the system of means of expressing thought. Promising are further studies of the linguistic personality of Ilarion Ilarionovуch Slуnko in all its manifestations ‒ temporal, spatial, evolutionary, cultural and aesthetic, status and social, linguoculturological, etc.

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Dvostrukosti u predikatskoj kongruenciji zbirnih imenica

Author(s): Hurija Imamović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 34/2023

This paper deals with duality in subject-verb agreement with collective nouns, from the perspective of cognitive rather than traditional grammar. Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian grammars all tend to treat collective nouns in terms of morphology but duality in number and gender agreement vis-à-vis collective nouns used as subjects in terms of syntax. The literature notes that collective nouns are often inconsistent both regarding subject-verb number agreement (e.g. Telad pase vs Telad pasu), and gender agreement with adjectives, whether they occur with subject complements (Telad je neposlušna and Telad su neposlušna) or past participles (Telad je pasla and Telad su pasla). There is rarely any more detailed analysis of the causes of this duality in subject-verb agreement for collective nouns used as subjects. Using a corpus of texts that comprises all five styles used in Bosnian, this paper explores the cognitive approach to subject-verb agreement for with collective nouns and its stress on the strong semantic motivation of differences in the collective noun subject-verb agreement. The criteria for the hierarchization of agreement and of animacy are confirmed, while those for the hierarchy of empathy are partly confirmed.

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