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Едносъставни глаголни изречения, безлични глаголи, предикативи и форми на изразяване на субективност в българския език

Author(s): Maxim Stamenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2023

One of the essential aspects of the concept of subjectivity proposed by Émile Benveniste (1966) is related to the idea that there are only two parts of speech in the language where the category of subjectivity is directly expressed in the category of grammatical person – these are (personal and possessive) pronouns and verbs. In sentences comprising a subject and a predicate, the person of the nominally or pronominally expressed subject must agree in person with the finite verb form (predicate). Taking this assumption as a point of departure, I consider the possibilities for realising the category of subjectivity in the cases where (pro)noun – verb person agreement is violated, as in the so-called subjectless sentences in Bulgarian.

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Razvojna obilježja dječjega jezika u ovladavanju sintaksom hrvatskoga jezika

Author(s): Katarina Aladrović Slovaček / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2012

Acquisition of language includes the occurrence of grammar, therefore it is strongly connected with the following language components: phonetics and phonology, morphology, semantics, lexicology, pragmatics and syntax. When the child produces its first word (1 – 1.5 year), this is the moment when its syntactic development begins. The sentences produced between the first and the second year are single-element expressions (so-called telegraph sentences of truncated structure (Jelaska 2007). About the age of two, the sentence is extended to become a two-element structure, while at the age of three the child already possesses a certain fund of words to which it can apply morphological rules and which it can arrange in more complex syntactic structures (Kuvač 2007). It is considered that the child extends its sentence by one word per year so that on the average, a seven-year-old child can produce a sentence of seven words (Pavličević-Franić 2005). The concept of the children’s language (Jakobson 1941, according to Bežen 2009) is a result of early language learning and it is a crucial issue of the language acquisition which does not end when the child enters school. Therefore, it is the aim of the research to determine the developmental features and their influence on acquisition of Croatian language syntax in early institutional teaching (from the age of 7 to the age of 12, i.e. from the 1st to the 6th grade of primary school). The corpus consists of written works of students (N = 174). The data will be analyzed by the method of content analysis and processed by the SPSS statistics software.

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O jednom sintaksičkom modelu s figurativnim konceptom u prijedložno-padežnih izraza s mjesnim i prostornim značenjem

Author(s): Jasmin Hodžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2012

This is an overview of a syntactic model formed by a figurative principle, where the structuring of the linguistic content and its meaning, is determined and made by that same concept by which metaphorical forms evolve. The meaning of such term is defined by the context, literal reading of the language content. Therefore, the seemingly unacceptable forms of language impose their new, figurative meaning. The replacement, or reduction of the lingual content, is conducted in a way that it preserves the logical connection to the point of origin, the literal content. This concept is found in the use of prepositional and case significant terms i.e. their local and spatial properties. The linguistic sign is changed by metonymic mapping. This enables a better exchange of information in the communication process, a literal understanding can lead to interference in the communication channel. This paper demonstrates the grammatical validity of such linguistic forms and expressions, and thus resolves the possible dilemma about certain spelling issues.

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Support (= Light) Verbs

Author(s): Igor Mel’čuk / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2022

The paper proposes a formal definition of support verb as (roughly) a semantically empty verb serving as a syntactic “prop” to a predicative noun such that the phrase V(support)(N) + N is synonymous with the verb V0 derived form N: ‘V(support)(N) + N’ = ‘V0(N)’, as in ‘to give an order’ = ‘to order’ or ‘to receive an order’ = ‘to be ordered’. The following points are discussed: support verbs as collocates, representation of support verbs in terms of lexical functions, semantic and syntactic properties of support verbs, semantic additions to support verbs (in particular, causation and phasic meanings), realization verbs, and the role of support verbs in theoretical and applied linguistics.

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Les verbes supports et autres actualisateurs du prédicat nominal <comparaison> dans un texte scientifique

Author(s): Alicja Hajok,Katarzyna Gabrysiak / Language(s): French Issue: 34/2022

Support verbs (verbes supports) and other realizers of the predicative noun <comparison> are the subject of this study. We submit to analysis the constructions prevalent in academic texts. The proposed analyses refer to the research on the realization of the predicate noun and are in line with the current research on the lexical-syntactic structures specific to the genre.

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Cause and motion meet manner in translation

Author(s): Ruxandra Drăgan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The SEND‐NP‐V‐ING‐PP construction, the transitive variant of the V‐V‐ING‐OBL pattern, also incorporates the Goal of Motion (cf. Dragan 2016b). According to Talmy (1985; 2000), the Goal of Motion is favored by speakers of Germanic languages to describe motion events, but it is not generally available in Romance, where motion is typically expressed by Path verbs and optional PPs, and Manner is omitted. Building on Talmy's claims, the article explores the compensation strategies selected to translate the SEND‐NP‐V‐ING‐PP construction from English into Romanian and relates the resulting syntactic structures to his theory of lexicalization patterns. It is shown that, at least in the translation of narratives, Talmy's lexicalization pattern for Romance is the exception rather than the rule as Manner is frequently translated to preserve the visual dynamism of the scenes.

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Grammaticalizing Affixes of Spatial Orientation in English

Author(s): Boryana Bratanova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The study dwells on aspects of the complexity of encoding space in language by focusing on affixes of spatial orientation in English. As a linguistic means of denoting space, prefixation is of higher productivity compared to suffixation in English. The affixes of spatial orientation in English are explored with reference to the process of grammaticalization in view of their origin in prepositions and spatial adverbs. The grammaticalization path of spatial affixes in English is outlined followed by a detailed study of their function with reference to derivation as a type of word formation. The lexical meanings of spatial affixes in English are also analysed, namely general lexical meanings of horizontal and vertical orientation and specific lexical meanings of degree, manner, direction, etc. The grammatical meanings of spatial affixes in English are also analysed mainly with reference to the category of aspectuality, drawing parallels with the aspectual function of adverbial particles of phrasal verbs.

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Наблюдения върху изразяването на подлога в българската устна реч

Author(s): Yovka Tisheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

In this paper, two of the main characteristics of spoken language syntax will be discussed: dislocations and doubling of the predicate’s external argument (subject) of declarative sentences. To illustrate syntactic variations for subject position data from spontaneous and public speech, as well as from informal computer mediated communication are observed. Structural and discourse-oriented analyses applied here show how speakers use syntactic structures in spoken interaction. To identify when and why such variations occur, Topic-Focus configurations are also present.

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REPETITION STRATEGIES IN RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE

Author(s): Andreea Ramona Nicorescu (Andronache) / Language(s): French Issue: 18/2019

The aim of the paper is to present some aspects of repetition strategies in the first two books of the Bible from the perspective of discourse analysis. This approach is based on the signification proposed by Patrick Charaudeau for discourse strategy as a possible choice in performing a speech act and it leads to two analysis levels concerning syntax-discourse on the one hand and emotional and representational intensity on the other hand.

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ანუ კავშირის გამოყენებისათვის ზეპირმეტყველებაში

Author(s): Tea Burchuladze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 4/2022

When observing the functioning of the connector anu, a number of peculiarities occur in the spoken language. It can be used instead of the whole sentence, which is often attested in modern speech. Traditionally, the connector anu is usually placed in the middle or at the beginning of the sentence, although sometimes it can even be found as the initial word of the sentence. When the sentence begins with the mentioned connector, it is obvious that the function is the same (it clarifies a certain word or event), but we have a nuanced difference - this clarification is not within one sentence, but it clarifies in the second sentence what is mentally expressed in the first sentence (sentences). And that's why the structure starts with the connector anu. It is natural to start the sentence with that connector in the spoken language when the speaker discusses something or asks a question, which means explaining something to another person. Both the intonation and the content focus on this connector - explanation and clarification are important in this case. That is why, in a dialogue the answer begins with the connector anu for the purpose of explanation. Such constructions are interesting from a syntactic point of view as well. They have an elliptical structure. Some words are often omitted (in most cases the words: issue, fact, circumstance, situation, etc). It is not uncommon for a sentence to end with the connector anu in a dialogue in the spoken language. This is specific when the speaker pays particular attention to any point by the interrogative word (in this case by the equalizing connector anu) when they clarify something in the form of a question and want to hear the explanation. The connector anu is found in both simple and complex sentences. In the speech, it is attested in all kinds of complex sentences, and its place in the construction depends on which word or part of the sentence it specifies or explains - it can be attached at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the sentence.

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Approche contrastive anglais-français de la création lexicale science-fictionnelle

Author(s): Alice Ray / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2022

Imaginary genres have always played with language and lexicon in order to build their worlds. The science fiction genre, in particular, creates a lexicon on the borderline between literary creation and scientific and technical terminology so the stories can be framed elsewhere or in the future. The translation of these invented words can be a real challenge for translators because of their very nature as hybrids, but also because of the science fictional megatext. The translation treatment from English into French of these neologisms, known as “fiction terms”, shows different strategies of lexical (re)creation. Following a terminological approach, this paper presents a contrastive analysis of lexical creation strategies and morphosyntactic structures between the two languages on a list of science fictional terms from the audiovisual field and extracted from a corpus of science fiction novels.

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TRANSLATING TITLES: ROALD DAHL’S THE BFG IN ROMANIAN

Author(s): Mădălina Șraier (Ștefănescu) / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2019

This article treats the subject of translating titles and the implications of such an undertaking. Given that titles are of major importance to the rhetoric of a text, their translation requires proper deliberation. Any change, irrespective of how extensive it is, can have an impact on the functions fulfilled by the title and, consequently, on the reception of the text by the reading public.Such changes can be operated either on a part of the title or on the entire title when freely translated.This paper presents three classifications of titles in order to apply them to the three translations of Roald Dahl’s The BFG into Romanian, since each version has been given a different title from the previous one. The Romanian translators’ solutions in this respect are analyzed in the second half of this article in an attempt to highlight the main shifts in meaning they incur and how they are interpreted as a result of these changes.

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Architectural Elements in Vasile Herman’s Symphonic Works (I)

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Architectural Elements in Vasile Herman’s Symphonic Works (I)

Author(s): Mirela Mercean-Țârc / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This study on composer Vasile Herman’s five symphonies, structured in two parts, aims to integrate their syntactic and morphological features with the system of organizing musical time that is specific to the orientations and directions of 20th-century music. From this perspective, our analytical approach tries to highlight the role of sound architectures in the development of a personal language, in which the composer’s approach to form becomes a hallmark of his style. V. Herman made his début in the 19720s with the symphony 7 ipostaze fonice alcătuind un Nomos [7 Phonic Stances Making Up a Nomos], where he freely experiments with the series organized according to mathematical criteria, then in the 1980s, he writes the other four symphonies: Symphony No. 2, Memorandum, in 1980; Symphony No. 3, Metamorfoze-Doime, in 1982; Symphony No. 4, in 1984; Symphony No. 5, Omagiu cântecului, in 1988, a symphony with choir and baritone soloist, in junction with the vocal-symphonic, in which vocality and the chosen folk verses are intrinsically tied together in a semantic dependency. The composer takes on the aesthetic task of giving expression to the most universal essences of the Romanian folk song in a contemporary language. In terms of the stylistic and aesthetic aspects of contemporary music, the analyses will highlight the implications and changes that the musical language elements – tonal systems: modal, serial dodecaphonic, serial modal; modal, geometric harmony; complex polymorphic, heterophonic syntax; thematic-constructive rhythm – will impose on the structural dialectics of the symphonies.

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POLSZCZYZNA KRESOWA NA EKRANIE – ANALIZA JAKOŚCIOWA FILMOWYCH WYKŁADNIKÓW STYLIZACJI W SERIALU BOŻA PODSZEWKA W REŻYSERII IZABELLI CYWIŃSKIEJ

Author(s): Klaudia Abucewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 70/2022

This article concerns the problem of dialectization in a show Boża podszewka by Izabela Cywińska. It analysed language indicators occurring on phonetical, inflectional, word-formational and syntactic planes in 15 episodes of the show. In the research, besides indicating features of north-eastern borderlands’ dialect, it also highlited occurance of features from other polish dialects within characters dialogue.

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Количественная характеристика качества "доброта" в современном публицистическом дискурсе

Author(s): O.A. Usacheva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2022

This article considers the quantitative features that characterize the concept of kindness in modern Russian journalism. Their high frequency speaks to how this quality is perceived by Russian people. The core meanings in the structure of the concept were revealed: “the quality lacking in modern society,” “the number of manifestations of the quality.” It was shown that the specificity of the quantitative determinants is defined by the journalistic discourse that uses quantitative data to influence the reader. Word combinations implying “a lack of kindness,” contexts that contrast the past and the present (“there used to be a lot of kindness”), and gradual characteristics (calls to be kinder and make the world a kinder place) actualize the first core meaning. The second core meaning is conveyed by expressions with the semantics of discreteness (“records of kindness,” “concentration of kindness”). Non-standard phrases with quantitative semantics were also registered: in most cases, they are formed by metonymic transfer. A shift in the long established structure of the concept of kindness takes place because it has become associated with the idea of utility. The syntagmatics of the lexeme denoting kindness in the modern Russian language expands due to the current tendency to identify kindness with charity.

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Структура сравнительных предложений в языке турецких СМИ

Author(s): K. A. Verkhova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2022

This article is devoted to the analysis of the structure of comparative sentences in Turkish mass media texts of the 20th and 21st centuries. The interest in this topic has been triggered by the question of whether the language of Turkish mass media can be recognized as a form of literary Turkish, as well as by the potential for establishing the structural patterns of Turkish polypredicative and complex sentences. The latter can be used for a comparative historical analysis of the syntax of Turkic languages, which still has not yet been attempted. Here, the research aims to trace the development of syntax in the language of Turkish mass media through the example of the functional-semantic field of comparison. In order to fulfill this aim, the following tasks were solved: to study the functional-semantic field of comparison as a language universal and to analyze its structure; to investigate the morphological, lexical, and lexical-syntactic means of expressing comparison in Turkish that are used in the structure of polypredicative and complex sentences; to examine in detail how these means are used in the texts of Turkish mass media; and to review the statistical data on the changes taking place in the structure of comparative sentences in the language of Turkish mass media. The obtained results show that the language of modern Turkish mass media is characterized by a gradual transition from morphological to lexical-syntactic means of expressing comparison, as well as by the optional use of lexical means and the loss of their syntactic independence. Furthermore, the dominance of means belonging to the microfield of qualitative comparison was revealed. The most preferred and frequently used constructions anchored in the language turned out to be the construction of assimilation -DIğI gibi in the microfield of qualitative comparison and the construction of degree with the additional meaning of potentiality -(y)AcAk kadar in the microfield of quantitative comparison.

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Морфологические особенности первых печатных Евангелий на удмуртском языке

Author(s): Maria P. Bezenova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (47)/2022

The article describes the morphological features of the first printed Gospels in the Udmurt language. These editions are the first longest coherent Udmurt texts, that is, they are one of the first sources for studying the formation of the morphological system of the standard Udmurt language. The paper describes the main grammatical categories of the noun (number, possessiveness, case) and verb (voice, mood, tense), as well as non-finite forms of the verb (infinitive, participle, gerund). The study is based on the corpus of texts that includes translations of the Gospels of Matthew and Mark into the Glazov dialect and the Gospel of Matthew into the Sarapul dialect of the Udmurt language, which were published in 1847. The analysis was carried out by comparing the linguistic data from the sources with the one from the Udmurt literary language and its dialects. Whenever possible, questions of the origin of morphological indicators are touched upon in order to determine the innovative or archaic nature of the features identified in the sources under analysis. The analysis reveals various kinds of characteristics in the texts of the first Udmurt Gospels. At the same time, many features are characteristic of the sources both in the Glazov and Sarapul dialects, which probably indicates the compilers’ desire to make all translations as easily understandable as possible for the speakers of different Udmurt dialects. However, the translations into the Glazov dialect still have some distinctive characteristics, such as the functioning of special possessive forms, the presence of secondary spatial cases, the use of egressive forms in the elative function, which indicate their dialect affiliation.

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Взаимное расположение атрибутивных прилагательных по данным тюркских текстов

Author(s): Pavel Valerievich Grashchenkov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (48)/2023

The paper aims at modelling of the ordering of adjectives from different semantic classes in a noun phrase from theoretical, typological and experimental perspectives. This phenomenon, being an issue with narrow theoretic scope, had been one of the starting points that gave rise to the cartographic syntax approach. The cartographic syntax approach, proposed and elaborated in formal linguistics, postulates a universal arrangement of adjectives from different semantic classes. Alternatively, in both formal and functional linguistics, it is sometimes suggested that adjectives inside a noun phrase do not create a strong hierarchy and the order of particular adjectives might be influenced by their lexical meaning. This paper discuses the results of the corpus study of Bashkir, Tatar, Turkish, Kazakh and Kyrgyz texts. The goal is to answer the question: Which of the noun phrase models suits the Turkic data better? For this study, we analyse the distribution of noun phrases with different orderings of multiple attributive adjectives belonging to 4 semantic classes: EVAL[uation], SIZE, AGE and COLOR. The data has been collected from the Wikipedia texts for the target languages (approx. 146M words). We came to the conclusion that adjectives do not form a strict hierarchy of functional projections, where each semantic class has its own position. The data from the selected Turkic languages show some patterns of adjectival ordering (such as SIZE-COLOR or AGE-SIZE). At the same time no strict ordrering restrictions have been observed. We conclude that treating adjectives as adjuncts in the noun phrase structure is a more suitable approach.

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Akuzativne zamjeničke zanaglasnice ju i je u bosanskome, hrvatskome i srpskome: kontrastivno korpusno istraživanje standardnih i razgovornih idioma

Author(s): Zrinka Kolaković,Edyta Jurkiewicz-Rohrbacher,Jasmin Denise Gradischnig / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2023

Empirical studies on variation in clitic use are almost entirely lacking. However, a careful contrastive analysis of both BCS grammar books and language advisor handbooks indicates differences in the usage of clitics not only between BCS standard varieties but also within their colloquial varieties. This paper deals specifically with variation in usage of the third-person feminine accusative CL ju and je ‘her’. According to the previous literature, the usage of the CL variant ju is more limited in Bosnian and Serbian than in Croatian standard (cf. Silić & Pranjković 2007; Mrazović & Vukadinović 2009; Ridjanović 2012; Piper & Klajn 2014). To test the range of this variation, we turn not only to traditionally compiled reference corpora with language material that should reflect standard BCS varieties (Santos 1998; Utvić 2011; Čermák & Rosen 2012; Brozović Rončević et al. 2018) but also to {bs,hr,sr}WaC, three massive web corpora (Ljubešić & Klubička 2014) available via a unified, functional interface NoSketchEngine, with morphosyntactic annotation based on the common tagset. We manually annotated 3.916 data points with CL variants ju and je. This study shows how language corpora can give us valuable insights into the range of variation not only in the BCS standard varieties but also in the real language use, i.e., their colloquial varieties through the frequency of forms and patterns which are partially discarded by the BCS normativists. The generalized linear regression model revealed statistically significant differences in the usage of the CL ju between the standard Croatian variety on the one hand, and standard Bosnian and Serbian on the other. It also showed that BCS colloquial varieties differ significantly concerning the distribution of the CL variant ju. Furthermore, our data showed that the distribution of the CL variant ju is significantly different in standard and colloquial varieties of analyzed languages. Finally, based on our generalized linear regression model, we showed that the -(j)u ending of the CL host has a significant impact on the choice between the CL variants ju and je: it decreases the probability of the ju usage.

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Apsolutne konstrukcije u evanđeoskim tekstovima hrvatskih protestanata

Author(s): Ivana Eterović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 62/2019

In this paper, the results of the research on absolute constructions in evangelical texts by Croatian protestants are presented. The texts analyzed include texts located in the Glagolitic and Cyrilic editions of the New Testament, and the Glagolitic, Cyrilic, and Latin editions of Postila, thus continuing the linguistic analysis of Croatian protestant issues. The basic aim is to determine the state of those constructions, but also consider the impact of potential templates in order to better understand their role in the creation of the first complete Croatian translation of the New Testament. Previous research has shown that when creating their translations, Croatian protestants used the “Lectionary of Bernardin of Split” (so called Zborovčićev lekcionar, 1543), so it was expected that the hypothesis on the higher representation of the nominative absolute compared to other syntactic constructions would be confirmed, which this research has proven. This syntactic feature can therefore be undoubtedly attributed to lectionary tradition, while the few examples of the dative absolute are the result of Croatian Church Slavonic influence and a reflection of the Glagolitic education held by Croatian protestants.

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