Počítačom podporovaný výskum maďarských nárečí na Slovensku

Author(s): Károly Presinszky / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2020

Computer supported research of Hungarian dialects in Slovakia began in 2010 at the Institute of Hungarian Linguistics and Literary Science, Faculty of Central European Studies, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra. The research is carried out using dialectological software developed by two researchers (Domokos Vékás and Fruzsina Sára Vargha) from Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, creating regional dialect databases, first for the Žitný ostrov/Csallóköz region and then for the whole Slovakia Hungarian dialect region. Before a detailed presentation of research results and possibilities in the field of digitized dialectological data, the study briefly describes the methods and Hungarian results of digital dialectology. Based on Hungarian research in Slovakia, it shows how it is possible to generate maps showing the geographical and social distribution of linguistic phenomena and acoustic phonetic analyses of data aligned with sound files. Important results of digital dialectology in Nitra are recently published audiobooks of Hungarian dialects in Slovakia, which can be used in addition to the needs of the researchers as a collection of multimedia dialect texts in school education and in the promotion of dialects.

РАЗВИТИЕ НА ПРОЗОДИЧНИТЕ МОДЕЛИ В РАННАТА ДЕТСКА РЕЧ

Author(s): Mirena Patseva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The aim of the work is to trace the development of the prosodic models of the subminimal and minimal words in the child speech production up to a year and nine months of age. It is substantiated that the dominance of trochaic structures in the corpus of child speech reflects a general metric tendency of the Bulgarian language, which is also observed in studies of lexical units with unclear morphological structure. The study traces the quantitative weigh and ways of the realization of the tendency. It is expressed both in the predominant choice of binary units from the adults’ language that are reproduced prosodically correct, and in cases without prosodic compliance with the original word. Among the latter cases, we observe stress shifts to the left in iambic foot units and transformation of the structures into trochaic foot, shortening of units with ultimate stress to moraic trochees or epenthesis of a final unaccented vowel or syllable resulting in syllabic trochees. The main findings outlined in the analysis of the data of the early speech production are formalized by constraints ranking within OT. The dominant constraints of the minimal word stage are: preservation of the accented syllable and the right edge of the target word, as well as the tendency towards binarity of the speech units and left orientation of the accented syllable. In the next stage of mastering the prosodic structure of the language, a reorganization of the constraints occurs, with the dominant position being the preservation of the components of the prosodic structure in the presence of segmental modifications. The mastery of prosodic information is interpreted as a rearrangement of constructs.

THE ROLE OF THE MUSICAL HEARING IN THE FORMATION OF PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL COMPETENCE

Author(s): Marianna Popova,Ksenia M. Tokmakova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The main objective of the study was to determine whether the musical hearing may be considered among factors affecting the degree of a foreign accent in a second language (L2) and how important it is mastering the perceptual and productive aspects of the suprasegmental level of foreign languages by students of linguistics specializations. The results of the study showed that subjects with developed musical hearing performed tasks on both aspects - perceptual and productive - more successfully. However, there are reasons to assume that the significance degree of the influence of a developed musical hearing on both the perceptual and productive aspects may differ depending on a range of other factors. Therefore, further research aimed at establishing the role of musical hearing in the hierarchy of the factors affecting the development of the phonetic and phonological competence is of great importance. The obtained results might contribute to finding new original forms and methods of teaching phonetics of foreign languages based on musical art, as well as to improving the efficiency of mastering the phonetic-phonological competence by students of linguistics majors, and to creating auxiliary programs aimed at the developing of musical, and, consequently, phonetic hearing.

A CORPUS-BASED ANALYSIS ON EXCLAMATIVES IN THE PHILIPPINEvENGLISH (ICE-PHI)

Author(s): Myla l. Santos,Amirul Mukminin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Exclamatives constructions in the Philippine English form a variegated class which is often confused with other types of clauses. These structures are characterized by intonation contour, emphatic stress and propositional properties beyond their syntactic form. Using the AntCoc protocol, this corpus-based study presents a survey of the categories and syntactical characteristics as well as the functions of the exclamatives found in ICE-PHI with 199 hits out of 1,172 tokens from the word collection. Key words such as what, how so, such a/an and others were used to locate the target hits of the utterances. Analysis was made on the syntactic and formulaic forms, semantic categories and pragmatic impressions. Results show that 'so' exclamatives posted the highest frequency, followed by the prototypes, and 'the such a/an' exclamatives. Minimal occurrences were recorded for DP – 'the way' exclamatives and nominal exclamatives. A majority of the exclamatives followed the initial exclamative phrase syntactic formula except for the 'such a/an' exclamatives which follow the subject auxiliary inversion. The syntactic features and functions of the exclamatives illustrated the semantic nature of the structures which differentiated them from seeming to be similar structures as in expressive/emotional utterance.

Kritický náhľad na automatický prekladač do štúrovskej slovenčiny

Author(s): Siniša Habijanec / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2023

The paper critically examines the web application "Ludevít", which is intended to enable the translation of contemporary Standard Slovak into the Slovak language of Ľudovít Štúr as it was standardized in his foundational work Nauka reči slovenskej (1846). The application is based on relatively simple rules of transformation of graphemic clusters that are, as I demonstrate, insufficient to bridge the two major differences between Štúr’s language and Modern Standard Slovak. The first is the difference between the writing systems – in Štúr’s language the relationship between a grapheme and a phoneme was unambiguous, whereas in Modern Standard Slovak such is not the case. The second difference is related to a few, but, nevertheless, frequent endings that are not isomorphic in the two language systems. For these reasons "Ludevít" produces too many incorrect results to be considered a reliable language tool.

Korpus textov rusínskej wikipédie

Author(s): Radovan Garabík / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

Shënime mbi të folmen e Ndroqit dhe të Pezës (Tiranë) (vazhdim)

Author(s): Mehmet Çeliku / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2020

In this article the author describes the dialectological features of the dialect of Ndroq and Peza. He describes the phonetic, morphologic, syntactic and lexical system of the dialect in its main features, compared to the other dialects of the same region, southwest of the geg dialect, and he reaches in this two conclusions: 1. The main features of the dialect of the localities of Ndroq and Peza are almost the same; therefore, in both of these localities a common dialect is spoken. Only in some villages of Ndroq, such as Sauqet, there are some linguistic phenomena different from the common dialect. This is explained with the influence of the neighboring Shijak’s dialect. We can mention, among others, the development of the groups pl, bl, fl in pj, bj, jf and rather the extensive use of gerundive instead of present continuum. 2. As the author has pointed out in his study of the dialect of Peqin, “Among the series of features that separate the dialect of Peqin from that of Elbasan, belong, on the one hand, features that are characteristic of other dialects of southwestern Geg, on the other hand, some characteristic features only for this dialect”. The present study dedicated to the dialect of Ndroq and Peza, confirms the rightness of the conclusion that the same features that differentiate the dialect of Peqin from that of Elbasan, also distinguish the dialect of Ndroq and Peza from that of Elbasan. Consequently, the dialect of Ndroq and Peza, which is close in many basic features to the dialect of Peqin, can certainly be included in the group of dialects ofsouthwestern Geg. It is now premature to formulate all the distinguishing features of southwestern geg dialect from the features of southeastern geg dialect, since not all the dialects of each group have yet been studied.

Šmilauer – Tesnière – závislostní syntax

Author(s): Jarmila Panevová,Patrice Pognan / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

The article compares two representative approaches to the description of dependency syntax: Šmilauer’s syntax for Czech (1947) and Tesnière’s structural syntax focused on syntax in general (1959). Similarities and differences between the two leading representatives of modern syntax are the object of comparison. The degree of general knowledge of Tesnière’s approach in the Czech environment is considered in the works of Šmilauer before Tesnière’s most comprehensive work was published. Both authors use graphic means to capture the syntactic structure of a sentence, called stemmata by Tesnière. Both authors, however, differ in their conception of the central sentence pair of syntactic structure: subject and predicate. While Šmilauer considers the subject to be the basic source of agreement for the predicate, for Tesnière the subject is one of the members dependent on the verb (in the same vein as the objects or adverbials). This approach then led Tesnière to introduce the notion of verbal valency reflecting the necessary participants in the action expressed by the verb. Both authors also differ in their representation of the order of words in the graphic representation: Šmilauer respects the surface order of words in the sentence structure, while Tesnière mostly places the actants to the left of the governing verb and the circumstants to the right.

ASPECTE METODOLOGICE ALE DIAGNOSTICĂRII INTELIGENŢEI LINGVISTICE LA ELEVII DE VÂRSTĂ ȘCOLARĂ MICĂ

Author(s): Valentina Botnari,Cătălina Rusu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01/2024

This article highlights the essence and importance of the possession of linguistic intelligence by students of young school age as a valuable acquisition in learning English language. In this sense, a tool is proposed to diagnose the level of linguistic intelligence purchased by students of young school age, namely a test that contains items related to the four aspects of linguistic intelligence: phonology, semantics, syntax and praxis. The results of the application of the respective test are provided by statistical processing methods such as: the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program, Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient, frequency analysis, cross-frequency analysis, T-test for paired samples, Pearson Correlation. The article also includes estimates of the value of the findings, including the areas of their exploitation.

The Role of Phonesthemes in EFL Learners’ Word Acquisition

Author(s): Haotong Zhao / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2024

Phonesthesia is one of the counterexamples of the arbitrariness of human languages. Although an individual word still appears arbitrary, a group of words bearing the same sound pattern might share similar meaning. This study investigated phonesthesia as a route to improving word acquisition. First, by comparing the guessing accuracy of phonesthemic versus prosaic words, we found phonesthemic words were significantly guessed better, suggesting EFL learners’ sensitivity to English phonesthemes prior to explicit instruction. Phonesthemes provide hints for learners trying to ascertain the meaning of an unknown word. However, according to the participants’ self-report, such sensitivity seems to lie somewhere in between pure clang association and genuine phonesthemic association. In another experiment, we examined the effect of phonesthemic knowledge, induced by explicit instruction, on the retention of phonesthemic words. The experimental group was taught 12 English phonesthemes while the control group was not. It was revealed that learners equipped with phonesthemic knowledge could retain phonesthemic words significantly better over an interval. We argue this is due to an extension of the lexical network in learners’ minds. The second experiment further verified the facilitative role of phonesthemes in word retention. It is recommended that EFL teachers raise learners’ attention to phonesthesia, which may potentially assist in word learning.

Errors in Latin Inscriptions on Renaissance Works of Fine Art

Author(s): Olesia Lazer-Pankiv,Nataliia Korolova / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2024

Ever wider spread of the Latin language in Europe during the Renaissance period resulted in de facto bilingual society. Latin grew into a cultural code to understanding the ancient high culture heritage though in everyday life people kept using local dialects. Classical Latin was also used as the language of education and by the 15th century, most of the aristocratic elites had achieved a high-level proficiency in Latin. The desire to become a part of the elite class pushed artists, their customers, friends or relatives to place Latin inscriptions on works of fine art. Occasionally they even hired experts to create the text for the inscriptions. However, they were not always well-educated humanists and connoisseurs of the classical Latin, therefore the inscriptions contain numerous errors both in the original, custom-made texts and in quotations from ancient works. The analysis of the Latin inscriptions on paintings, frescoes and engravings of the Renaissance period shows that the most common errors are phonetic and orthographic. This reflects the peculiarities of the pronunciation of Latin letters and letter combinations in this period: use of digraphs (ae, ое), alternation of letters е-а, o-e, o-u, а-о, replacement of y with i, simplification in writing doubled consonants, interchange of ti and ci, parallel use of letters k and c, substitution of Greek aspirates with single-grapheme counterparts etc. Fewer are the errors of the morphological (declension) and syntactic (use of syntactic constructions, agreement, etc.) levels. Even rarer are the lexical deviations from the norms of classical Latin: most of the vocabulary of the inscriptions comes from the classical period. The desire to avoid incorrect use of certain forms often led to hypercorrection. In some cases, the errors were made because the artists did not understand the meaning of the inscription.

MANIFESTATIONS OF IDENTITY AND ALTERITY IN ENGLISH: BETWEEN SEMANTIC DIVERGENCE AND STRUCTURAL CONVERGENCE

Author(s): Andrei BOLFOSU / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article is an attempt to investigate the divergences in meaning of the variants of English spoken worldwide under the semantic and structural perspective. From the philosophical standpoint, the identity/alterity dichotomy and/or unity is applicable to the scope of this article in that structural convergence falls under the definition of identity, whereas the semantic divergence is defined by the philosophical category of alterity. It is well-known that due to several factors as geographical isolation, cultural identity, regional features, along with others, have led to the development of new connotations ranging from shades of meaning to utterly novel significances, which may puzzle both native speakers originating from other regions or the non-native speakers. One of the aims of the present article is to elucidate the different meanings ascribed to the same words or structures in relation to the variants of English spoken in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, and a special emphasis has been put on the underlying differences between British and American concepts that may lead to ambiguities, which subsequently may grow into misunderstandings. Another aspect that we have considered here is the translation into Romanian of sentences containing such structures with differing concepts depending on the region where it is used. The third focus of this paper is to provide meaningful recommendations to the translators and/or language learners on avoiding the translation traps and correctly get the message of the sentence where a regionalism has been in use, or on being able to timely identify the non-standard meaning of the word. Nevertheless, the multiplicity of meanings attributed to English structures worldwide (alterity) is thought of as an asset rather than a loophole not only by linguists who study the incongruent-pace evolution of English in different corners of the world, but by the native speakers as well. Incidentally, thinkers as Levinas, Castoriadis, and Baudrillard describe the alterity as a transcendent phenomenon stimulating diversity, and hence, progress.

Sur un traitement du hiatus inter-lexical en vieux slave

Author(s): Sylvain Patri / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2024

In a context of inter-lexical hiatus, a low posterior vowel at the end of a lexical word can be raised if the following word begins with a high anterior vowel.

JEZIK MARTIĆEVA PRIJEVODA PRIPOVIJETKE BIJEDNI NOVAK

Author(s): Marijana Galić / Language(s): English,Croatian Issue: 7/2024

The paper studies the language of Martić’s translation of the short story Bijedni Novak (Poor Novak). Namely, Grgo Martić is a Franciscan from Bosna Srebrena who worked tirelessly as a writer, making him the most prolific Franciscan writer of the 19th century. In addition to writing a lot, Martić was also translating. This is no surprise because he was conversant in Latin, Italian, French, Turkish, Hungarian and German. He translated René written by the French romantic writer François-René de Chateaubriand under the title Bijedni Novak. In the ten style verse, it is noted that Martić adapted the translation to the recognizable tone of his literary work, following the Zagreb school of philology, the Central Bosnian idiom, but also the Franciscan writing tradition. The paper therefore analyses the language of Martić’s short story Bijedni Novak through spelling, orthography, phonology, morphology, syntax and lexis. He printed the story in Đakovo in 1886 at the bishop’s printing house.

Archaizmy leksykalne dotyczące pola tematycznego KULINARIA w gwarach śląskich

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2024

The subject of the observations made in the article are old lexemes related to the thematic field CULINARY (documented in lexicons of historical Polish language, mostly unknown to the users of the contemporary language, which have been preserved in Silesian dialects to this day. The aim of the study is to present and discuss these lexemes from different thematic fields (such as NAMES OF DISHES AND THEIR INGREDIENTS; NAMES OF FURNITURE AND KITCHEN FACILITIES; NAMES OF DISHWARE; NAMES OF MEAL; NAMES OF ACTIVITIES RELATED TO EATING), showing their historical continuity, as well as demonstrating formal and semantic relations between the old word and the dialect. The material basis of the text constitute 45 selected lexemes concerning widely understood culinary, which were excerpted from Leksykon dziedzictwa kulinarnego Śląska [Lexicon of the Culinary Heritage of Silesia] (by Lidia Przymuszała and Dorota Świtała-Trybek), as well as Słownik gwar śląskich [Dictionary of Silesian Dialects] (ed. Bogusław Wyderka). The text meets with the postulate of the needs for research on dialectal culinary vocabulary and on the linguistic history of Polish cuisine, combining both of these issues.

K statusu markeru 2. os. sg. -s

Author(s): Petr Karlík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

The study tries to show how the schizophrenic behavior of the Czech phi-marker -s both as a C-2 clitic (Ty-s četl // Ty jsi četl “You’ve read”) and a V-clitic (Ty četl-s // *Ty četl jsi “You’ve read”) could be derived within the theoretical framework of the phi-feature geometric analysis.

ТЕМПОРАЛНИ ГЕНИТИВ У ГОВОРУ СЛАТИНСКОГ КРАЈА КОД БАЊАЛУКЕ (РЕПУБЛИКА СРПСКА)

Author(s): Dijana M. Crnjak,Biljana Savić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 29/2024

This paper isolates the syntactic and semantic models of the temporal genitive with the meaning of temporal identification – temporal localisation (simultaneity and successiveness) and temporal quantification, specifically temporal quantification in the narrow sense (longitudinality, terminativeness and ingressiveness) and temporal frequency (regularity). It further isolates typical temporal meanings expressed by the genitive: direct temporal localisation without awareness of the passing of time, with the presence of processuality markers (-): usred / početkom / u koncu / koncem + genitive; direct temporal localisation with awareness of the passing of time, with the presence of processuality markers (+): preko/ za vrijeme + genitive; direct temporal localisation unmarked in terms of awareness of the passing of time, with the presence of processuality markers (+/-): kod + genitive; direct temporal localisation with actualisation markers: ovaj, neki, jedan, isti, prošli, prvi, drugi + genitive; indefinite indirect temporal localisation with linear circumlativity markers: oko + genitive; definite direct temporal localisation – temporal anteriority; prije/uoči/ispred + genitive and temporal posteriority: poslije/iza + genitive. The meaning of temporal quantification in the narrow sense is expressed as longitudinality: čitav/cijeli + genitive, ingressiveness: od + genitive and terminativeness: do + genitive, while the temporal frequency was confirmed in the meaning of regularity: svaki + genitive. The corpus was collected in field research of the speech of the Slatina region in the north-west of the Republic of Srpska. The analysis compared the recorded aspects of temporal relations expressed with the genitive to the state in similar speeches of the Herzegovina-Krajina dialect.

Zur phonologischen Adaptation der deutschen Entlehnungen in der südmährischen Varietät. Einige Bemerkungen zum deutsch-tschechischen Sprachkontakt

Author(s): Dalibor Zeman / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2024

The article concerns lexical borrowings from German into Czech. It is a continuation of our previous paper which deals with German-Czech language contact in Central Europe.2 Due to the longstanding coexistence of both the Czech and German/Austrian ethnics, lots of German/Austrian loan-words became naturalized in Czech. A significant language contact area in Central Europe is the contact area based on the former centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. From this contact area, a remarkable territory emerged in Vienna that was particularly affected by the influence of Czech on German. Although there always existed a high degree of inter-national mixing at various stages in history, there was never done any real harm to the essence of either of the two languages. A fascinating aspect is the parallel changes in pronunciation in both languages, for example, in vowel sounds and diphthongs. Today it is generally accepted that, to make these sound changes, both languages had to develop similar internal expectations and that these developed in parallel. The objective is to offer a brief description of phonological and morphological adaptation of German loan words in the south Moravian variety. The author concludes that the phonological and morphological structures of German loan words in the south Moravian variety are more differentiated than those of German.

Ефектът на лексикалната честотност върху регресивната асимилацията на обструентите по признака звучност

Author(s): Bistra Andreeva,Mitko Sabev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This study investigates the relationship between the frequency (or predictability) of linguistic units and the anticipatory voice assimilation of obstruents in Bulgarian. Using a speech corpus and word-level language models, we calculate the surprisal of word forms ending in the consonants /t/, /ʃ/, and /x/ in inflectional and lexical morphemes. We then employ a linear mixed model (LMM) to analyse how surprisal, the voicing of the following obstruent, and morpheme type affect the voicing realised in the examined consonants. The findings demonstrate that linguistic predictability affects articulatory precision by modulating the degree of anticipatory assimilation, with different effect sizes for different morpheme types. More specifically, obstruents in less predictable words are articulated with greater precision than those in more predictable words, especially within lexical morphemes. This reveals a complex interaction between information density, morphology and articulation, providing avenues for further research in phonetics and phonology.

Ударение при формообразуването на съществителните, прилагателните и числителните имена в банския говор

Author(s): Radoslav Tsonev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This article presents the accent paradigms emerging from the different forms of nouns, adjectives and numerals in the Bansko dialect. This dialect tends to stabilise the accent in specific rhythmic-intonational groups, where stress distribution occurs within the boundaries of a single phonetic word. In such accent systems, the combined influence of morphological and rhythmic-intonational (syntactic) factors leads to the development of a distinct rhythmic melody. In the Bansko dialect, this phenomenon is observed both in phrases containing a phonetic word (base word + enclitic) and in polysyllabic (four-syllable or longer) words with double stress.