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Дискуссионная заметка к статье М. А. Ключевой «Первые марийские буквари (лугового наречия) 1870-х гг. Ч. 2. Особенности консонантизма»

Author(s): Juliya Victorovna Normanskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (27)/2017

В помещенной в настоящем выпуске журнала статье М. А. Ключевой «Первые марийские буквари (лугового наречия) 1870-х гг. Ч. 2. Особенности консонантизма» разобраны основные отличия графики [УСОЧ 1870; Букварь 1873] от литературного марийского языка, плюс приведены диалектные паралле- ли, в первую очередь, по словарю [Beke]. Далее к каждому рассматриваемому слову, по возможности, даны праформы по [Bereczki 2013] или указания на источник заимствования, или возможные параллели внутри финно-угорских языков, выявленные уже самим автором. В настоящей заметке не ставим цели детального разбора этимологических гипотез, с которыми не всегда можно согласиться, но, опираясь только на материал, собранный М. А. Ключевой и приведенный в статье, безусловно, весьма ценный, показать, что его можно проинтерпретировать иначе, чем это было сделано в статье.

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ПРИНЦИПЫ И КРИТЕРИИ ФОНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СЕГМЕНТАЦИИ РЕЧЕВОГО ПОТОКА: ДИСКУССИОННЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ

Author(s): Mihail Borisovich Popov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2017

The paper discusses the criteria for segmentation into phones, which is one of the procedures for establishing the phoneme inventory in a given language. For the most part it is a matter of the St. Petersburg School of Phonology (Shcherba School). For the Shcherba School, it is the constituent (not distinctive) function of the phoneme that is the most important. Accordingly, the segmentation into phones should rely on the semantic level of language, i.e., on morphemic boundaries: if in a given language a morphemic boundary is possible inside an ambiguous sound segment, this segment must be a realization of two phonemes. English monophonemic diphthongs and Russian biphonemic and monophonemic diphthongs demonstrate the effectiveness of this criterion, as well as a prevocalic glottal stop, which is not a phoneme in Russian, being rather a part of the next vowel, because it is never separated from the next vowel by morphemic boundary. Application of the criteria of morphological alternations and so called “residual discriminability” has been criticized. One can relate the use of these criteria at the stage of phonological segmentation to unclear discrimination of the notions “syntagmatic identification”, “autonomy” and “reality” of phoneme as a linguistic unit. The hypothesis has been put forward in the paper that the notion of “residual discriminability” is the product of erroneous interpretation of L.V. Shcherba’s statement, which says not about the criteria of phonological segmentation, but about autonomy of phoneme with regard to morpheme.

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ALTAY TÜRKÇESİNİN AYIRT EDİCİ SES BİLGİSİ ÖZELLİKLERİ

Author(s): Abdullah Elcan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 35/2017

Altai Turkish is the literary language of the Altai Turks living in the Altai Republic and the Altai Kray of the Russian Federation in the South Siberia Region. The phonetic features of Altai Turkish are suitable for the phonetic features of General Turkish. However, some differences have emerged for a variety of in-language and non-language factors. The fact that Altai Turkish became a written language in a relatively short time has resulted in the continuation of the standardization process; some elements of the spoken language occasionally passed on to the written language, thus creating binary forms in Altai Turkish's phonetics. In this study, the distinctive features of the phonetics distinguishing Altai Turkish from Turkey Turkish will be examined under two main headings as synchronic and diachronic phonetics.

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FONEM W MODELU STRUKTURALNO-FUNKCJONALNYM – ANALIZA BIOPSYCHICZNYCH UWARUNKOWAŃ KSZTAŁTOWANIA SIĘ POJĘCIA FONEMU (ZALEŻNOŚCI MIĘDZY PERCEPCJĄ A MOTORYKĄ WERBALNĄ)

Author(s): Olga Jauer-Niworowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2018

This paper presents the formation process of the notion of phoneme in the structural and functional model. Biopsychic considerations of the notion’s formation are presented with relations between perception and oral motor skills taken into account.

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Obezvučivanje šumnika na završetku sloga u njemačkom jeziku

Author(s): Selma Rakovac,Azra Bešić,Ivica Tokić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 8/2011

U ovom radu opisujemo pojavu obezvučivanja šumnika na kraju sloga u njemačkom jeziku. U njemačkom se jeziku ova pojava naziva Auslautverhärtung, a u engleskom final devoicing. Šumnici na koje se odnosi obezvučivanje na kraju sloga u njemačkom jeziku su zapornici: b-p, d-t, g-k; zatim tjesnačnici: v-f, z-s. U radu ćemo na osnovu višeglasnog prikaza sloga prikazati pravilnosti vezane za ustroj ove pojave u njemačkom jeziku.

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/Õ/ HÄÄLDUSE VARIEERUMINE

Author(s): Pire Teras / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 63/2017

There are 9 vowels in Estonian: /i, ü, u, e, ö, õ, o, ä, a/. Unlike other vowels the classification of the vowel /õ/ has been problematic. In the phonetic transcriptions /õ/ has been transcribed as [ɤ] or [ɯ] (IPA) or [e̮] (Finno-Ugric transcription). What are the possible reasons for this variance? This paper gives an overview of the results of experimental phonetic research focusing on the quality of /õ/: articulation, acoustics and perception. All these results, as well as phonetic transcriptions of Estonian dialects, point to variation in the quality of /õ/. In the articulation of different speakers the configuration of the body of the tongue and its height are similar to the close back vowel /u/ or to the close-mid back vowel /o/, but /õ/ is unrounded ([ɯ] or [ɤ]). In the acoustic analyses /õ/ has rather been compared to the close-mid vowels than close vowels, admitting that /õ/ can be closer than other close-mid vowels. Perception tests have shown that /õ/ occupies the space corresponding to both the close-mid and close vowels. The pronunciation of /õ/ can also vary due to the speaker’s regional background. Phonologically, /õ/ has been classified as an unrounded close-mid central or back vowel or unrounded close back vowel. Considering the phonetic variation of /õ/, a compromise in the classification of /õ/ can be that it is an unrounded non-open back vowel.

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Важније особине вокализма српских говора околине Шипова

Author(s): Slađana M. Cukut / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 48/2017

This paper presents the material about the pronunciation and distribution of five vow els and sonants with a vowel function: r, l, n, and nj. Vowel reduction, vowel substitution and non-standard vowel articulation are typical for these, speeches as, other western Ser bian speeches. Pronunciation of vowels e and o after the accented syllable and the reduc tions of the vowel i in medial and final position are distinctive features of these speech es. The distribution of sonants with a vowel function is much more widespread than in the standard language.

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Akustické vlastnosti oslovenia v trénerskom komunikačnom registri

Author(s): Marianna Kraviarová,Marianna Kraviarová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 35/2018

This paper focuses on the sound level of addressing communication acts in the coach´s communication register, which takes place during communication between the coach and the pubescent players practicing team ball games – football – in training and game dialogues. Speech analysis was focused on prosodic phenomena that arose by tone, power, and time modulation of speech. Sound recordings were analysed in the Praat program and then statistically evaluated by the Statistica program. The aim of the research is to show the differences in the acoustic realization of the addressing communication acts in the coach´s microsocial communication register within training and game dialogues.

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Ukrainian Obstruent + Sonorant and Sonorant + Obstruent Consonant Clusters in Online Adaptation by Native Speakers of English

Author(s): Kateryna Laidler / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

In the process of loanword adaptation words often undergo various changes in order to comply with the phonological system of the borrowing language. At the phonotactic level the most commonly applied modifications of alien consonant clusters include vowel insertion, consonant deletion and cluster modification. The present paper examines online adaptation of Ukrainian word-initial twoconsonant sequences of radically different segmental makeup and sonority relations, namely, obstruent + sonorant (e.g. /zm/, /vn/) and sonorant + obstruent (e.g. /rt/, /mʒ/), which are illicit in English, in order to establish the major phonological patterns of anglicization and account for them in the light of Optimality Theory.

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ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВА ВРЕМЕНИ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ И ИСПАНСКОМ ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИИ: ПОЗИЦИЯ И ФОНЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ВЫДЕЛЕННОСТЬ

Author(s): Elena Nickolaevna Makarova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1 (178)/2019

The article deals with the problem of syntactic and intonation characteristics of adverbial modifiers of time in English and Spanish.Different types of word order in these two languages account for peculiar features of their position and phonetic prominence.Ways of adverbial modifiers’ marking on the basis of their communicative significance in English and Spanish are described.Production and perception experimental methods involving native English and Spanish speakers are proposed. The methods include analyzing both native English speech and English speech of Spanish speakers. Results of comparative research of the English examples and their Spanish translations in different contexts are presented; analyses of incorrect variants revealed onthe basis of the perception experiment in the reading of Spanish speakers is given. Dependence of adverbial modifiers’ position in Spanish sentences on their informative significance is demonstrated. The results prove that Spanish speakers’ difficulties withintoning English sentences are caused by the interfering influence of their native language. The importance of the study resultsfor improving English and Spanish teaching methodology, as well as their applicability in courses on comparative and contrastivelinguistics are set out.

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Функционирование аффрикат в коми языке

Author(s): Rimma Popova,Galina Punegova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

Affricates are analyzed from the point of view of their functioning in Komi dialects. The positional-combinatorial conditions for the occurrence of affricates as well as their similar and distinctive features in the phonetic structure of a word are studied and described in detail. Types of correspondence of affricates in the dialects as well as the phenomena of affrication and desaffrication observed in Komi dialects are revealed.

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О могућим приступима изучaвaњу језика

Author(s): Naila Valjevac / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1-2/1991

Die vorliegende Arbeit hat zum Ziel, auf die Gesamtheit der Elemente aufmerksam zu machen, die die Sprachnorm beeinflussen. Dabei wird besonders die Rolle des Idiolekts und der Umgangssprache betont, als eine Verbindung zwischen Dialekt und Standardsprache. Ebenso wird auf die Bedeutung komplexer soziolinguistischer Forschungen hingewiesen.

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Neke fonetske osobine Ljubušakovog „Istočnog blaga“

Author(s): Ibrahim Čedić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3-4/1987

A few relevant phonetic features from Istočno blago (Eastern Treasure) by Mehmedbeg Kapetanović Ljubušak are analyzed in the paper which is a contribution towards the explanation of this author’s relation towards Vuk’s norm. It has been affirmed that Ljubušak’s phonetics, apart from the features from his mother tongue speech, shows the influence of Vuk’s norm, folklore koine and the written linguistic practice, The basic feature is that he has tried to bring the language in accord with Vuk but with the obligatory retaining of the series of features, characteristic for the speeches of the Muslim population and their written expression.

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Generative Phonology, Description and Theory

Author(s): Stanimir Rakić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/1985

Review of: Michael Kenstowicz and Charles Kisseberth, "Generative Phonology, Description and Theory", New York, Academic Press, 1979.; by: Stanimir Rakić

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THE EFFECTS OF CULTURE ON VOICE LIKABILTY

Author(s): Hille Pajupuu,Rene Altrov,Jaan Pajupuu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This study investigated the effects of culture on voice likability assessments. A total of 32 Finns and 32 Estonians rated the likability of 40 Finnish and 40 Estonian female and male voices. The voices represented two phonogenres: poetry and interview. The results showed that Finns and Estonians liked the same voices, but the listeners preferred Finnish voices reading poetry to Estonians, and Estonian voices in interviews to Finnish. The gender and age of the speaker only had a low impact on likability ratings. An analysis of acoustic correlates of voice likability was also conducted, which showed that likable and unlikable voices were differentiated by a set of frequency, energy and spectral parameters, but not tempo parameters.

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O nekim problemima srpskohrvatske fonologije

Author(s): Radoje Simić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/1980

Der Autor erörtert Probleme, die sich aus den bisherigen Untersuchungen zu phonologischen Fragen in der in- und ausländischen Linguistik ergeben. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die Feststellung des Phoneminventars der serbokroatischen Schriftsprache. Wesentlich sind ausserdem einige Probleme der experimentellen Phonetik wie röntgenographische Untersuchungen der Konsonantenphysiologie, ausserdem die akustische Analyse der Tonalitätsmerkmale der Konsonanten, namentlich der Affrikaten, u. a.

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Stratégies pausale et intonative des connecteurs discursifs dans le vœu présidentiel de 2011

Author(s): Perihane Adel Hassan / Language(s): French Issue: 05/2012

This article constitutes an analysis of the discursive connectors exploited by President Nicolas Sarkozy in his greetings for the year 2011. Analyzes based on the study of the relation between the argumentative function of the connectors, the suprasegmental features and the pause. This study required the use of prosody analyis software.

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Сегментные правила в автоматическом парсере Корпуса хакасского языка

Author(s): Philip S. Krylov,Vera S. Maltseva,Aleksandra V. Sheimovich,Anna Vladimirovna Dybo / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (32)/2019

The article describes a fragment of the work process of an automatic parser for Literary Khakass. It analyzes data using “synthesis”, i. e., through multiPLe straight and reverse passes that check various hypotheses. The article describes the transformation of a morphophonological transcription of a word-form into an orthographic one. Literary Khakass is not very normative as a language, and existing grammars do not reflect every feature of its morphophonology well enough. Thus, for some stages of the process we use rules derived from our analysis of the corpus data and of the dialectal materials we have collected.

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KUR’ÂN KIRAATİNİN ANA DİNAMİĞİ: HARFLER

Author(s): Alican Dağdeviren / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 17/2008

This article aims to evaluate the whole features of the Qur’anic letters and to indicate the authentic reading of these letters. First stage of correct recitation is to know the place of pronunciation of letters and their particular features. The Qur’anic letters stem from five basic parts of our head. These are throat, tongue, lip, mouth, nasal fossae. The most proper phonetic for every letter is contrast features as a cehr-hems, şiddet-rihvet, beyniyye, isti’lâ-istifâl, itbâk-infitâh, izlâk-ismât or acknowledment features of some letters and non-existence of contrast such as istitale, inhiraf, kalkale, lîn, safir, tefeşşi, tefhim, tekrir ve terkik.

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Požičkóva i zvųkorędna otęžkě vųtrě proběgu búdovanä međuslověnskoga jazyka

Author(s): George Carpow,Rafail Gasparyan / Language(s): Slavic (Other) Issue: 1/2019

This article provides an investigation of constructed language popularity criteria and reveals some of them in the paper. In this article, some proofs are provided for foreign words amount reduction necessity within interslavic language construction process. Authors devise an algorithm for determining the source for a new neologism being brought into the language. Authors try to maximize indexes of homonymy and allophony, while identifying a necessary and sufficient amount of phonemes for the language, relating allophones and phonemes of the language being constructed and comparing different possibilities of language alphabet content. / Članek-òv ïmá izučenije kriterijov oblübenostï tvornyh jazykov i otvori něktory iz nih v råbotji. V ovomu članku ïmá něktory dokazy potrěbnostï znïženä ličby ïnozemnyh slověs vųtrě proběgu búdovanä međuslověnskoga jazyka. Tvorca privođat alĝoriŧm dlä ustanovanä zdroja novyh neoloĝizmov zavodimyh v jazyk-òt. Tvorca probat maksimizovati ïndeksy gomonimstva i alofonstva i dostati potrěbnyǐ i dostatočnyǐ dlä jazyka sbor fonem, sojodnošat alofony i fonemy v råzvojennomu jazyku i soråvnat råzličny možnostï sodòržanä jazykóvoji azbuky.

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