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ЛІНГВАЛЬНА ПРИРОДА ДІАЛЕКТНОГО ДИСКУРСУ ПРО ЇЖУ, ЯКУ ГОТУЮТЬ ПІД ЧАС ВЕЛИКОГО ПОСТУ

Author(s): Natalia Rusnak,Yulia Rusnak / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2017

Discourse is one of the most commonly used terms in modern philology. Currently, discourse is considered as a set of thematically correlated texts: texts, which are united in a discourse, texts pointing to one common theme. The content of the discourse is not revealed through one single text, but intertextually, through a complex interaction of many individual texts. In the frame of this definition of discourse, all the dialectal texts(DT) of Bukovinian dialects may be qualified as ritualistic dialectal discourse, narrower – the dialectal discourse about ‘food that is prepared during Lent’. Each DT brings to the general panorama of calendar of rites some unique trait, calling through the "voice" of some particular dialect, contributing to the "polyphony" of Bukovinian dialects. Lexemes food that is prepared during the Lent’ in the Easter discourse are presented by such linguistic patterns as: fa'sul'i z ci'bul 'koju ta ol'ijkoju, g'ribki su'šeni, kulesha, šušinic'i, gruš'ki, jebluka, mama'lička, časni'čok, s'i'maine:e molo'ko, 'zapraška, piro'gi, etc. Lexeme ‘Paska’ (Easter) in the dialectal discourse is functioning with three meanings: 1. The name of a religious holiday, although in Bukovnia villages more often the word ‘Vi'likǵden’ is used. 2. the ceremonial bread. 3. festive basket (figurative meaning arose on the basis of synecdoche: part becomes whole).The discourse on the Easter of the Bukovinian dialects reflects, first of all, the spiritual culture of the Ukrainian nation, which belongs to the calendar spring ritual. Analysis of language units of dialect discourse of ‘food that is prepared during the Lent’, showed a large number of descriptive names. The category of food in DT function in diminutive form. Analysis of the related factors exposed the sphere of language units functioning in the discourse, testified to the role of dialect bearer in reconstruction of reference situation, showed the two ways of presentation of identical information – expressive and rational.

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Multiple-clause constituent questions: intonation and variation in Hungarian

Author(s): Louise Mycock / Language(s): English Issue: 2-3/2010

When a question phrase bears a grammatical function in a subordinate clause but the interrogativity it introduces extends over a higher clause, there are two main possibilities in Hungarian: (i) the question phrase appears preverbally in the clause over which it takes scope, or (ii) the question phrase appears in the subordinate clause while the scope of interrogativity is indicated by the presence of another question phrase in the higher clause (the scope-marking construction). In order to understand the features shared by these two types of question and the ways in which they differ, this article explores the intonation of these types of multiple-clause constituent questions in Hungarian. The results of experimental investigation are reported and discussed, and the significance of these findings is evaluated in the context of wider typological variation in the formation of multiple-clause constituent questions.

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Някои характеристики на Анкарския вариант на говорната норма на Турския език (четене на текст и спонтанна реч)

Author(s): Hashim Akif / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2011

There is a necessity of massive investigations of Turkish literary language’s oral speech in the point of view the codification norm and the use. This is very important for obtaining reliable data in comparative investigations. On the basis of auditory and acoustic analysis there have been written many peculiarities in the speech norm - Ankara variant , but they have not been marked up to now in orthoepic dictionaries and phonetic literature.

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Словото като изкуство на човешкото поведение

Author(s): Eugenia Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2011

This article targets those willing to improve their oral proficiency; it is essentially a summary of a vocal (oral) training as it is supposed to be: from training to breathe properly to learning proper pronunciation.

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Neka istraživanja u oblasti prozodije srpskohrvatskog jezika

Author(s): Asim Peco / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 3-4/1987

In dieser Arbeit werden die bisherigen Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiet der serbokroatischen Akzentlehre dargestellt, und zwar auf drei Ebenen: a) der phonetischen Untersuchungen, b) der Erklärung des Akzentwechsels und c) des phonologischen Werts des Akzents.

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Impoverishment of phonetic inventory or changes in phonetic inventory of the Italian–speaking population in Western Slavonia

Author(s): Vesna Deželjin / Language(s): English Issue: 87/2019

This paper focuses on sibilant and interdentally fricative phones perceptible among reliable as well as all other types of speakers of the Italian Vernacular of Western Slavonia (IVWS). The production of fricatives in IVWS should be observed in relation to their presence in similar Italian dialectal vernaculars, namely in northern Veneto dialects, particularly in the archaic Belluno vernacular, and in western Friuli patois. The first research hypothesis is the proposition that a lack of correspondence in the pronunciation of certain phones can be treated as an expected phenomenon, due to the changes that the speech community has undergone. The second hypothesis is that the absence of some phones will be perceptible and consistent mostly among unreliable speakers and semi–speakers. The results show that the targeted phones exist in the pronunciation of mainly those speakers who have not been in contact with modern Italian variants; at the same time, the same phones are often substituted with near phones that exist in either modern Italian vernaculars or in the majority Croatian language.

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Influence of Italian orthography on pronunciation of phonemes in Regional Italian

Author(s): Irena Marković / Language(s): English Issue: 87/2019

There is evidence today that, depending on different regions, Italians pronounce certain phonemes in different way. For example, the grapheme in zio ‘uncle’ and zitto ‘quiet’ in Northern Italy is always pronounced as [dz], while in the South we hear [ts]. The situation is very similar with the grapheme , which has two different outcomes, [s] and [z], depending on diatopic variable and distributional context (Berruto; Benincà ; Sobrero; Telmon; Canepari). These particular types of pronunciation and articulation can be explained by several factors: dialectal influence on Regional Italian, incoherence of the orthographic system for certain phonemes (with some of the phonemic distinctions being graphemically undistinguished) (Maraschio; Cignetti and Demartini), phonemic (non)functionality and problematic phonemes in Italian language (Muljačić). In this paper we will try to examine the significance of each of these factors that have influenced the variation in pronunciation of Regional Italian as well as the usage of the problematic phonemes in Italian language in the future. On one hand, this paper will compare studies on different articulation and perception of Italian phonemes depending on regional variability (Regional Italian), especially for the problematic phonemes in Italian language. On the other hand, we will analyse the possible influence that the incoherent orthographic system has on the loss of distinctive functions in pronouncing those phonemes (today and in the past). In this way we will try to understand what is going to happen in the future with the (non)articulation/perception of certain phonemes of Standard Italian and how this will affect the phonemic system of Italian language.

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Passive constructions in Lithuanian and Latvian

Author(s): Kristine Levane-Petrova / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2018

The aim of this article is to analyze passive constructions in Latvian and Lithuanian. The correspondences of the Lithuanian past passive and present passive participles as the predicates (that together with the auxiliary constitute the passive forms in Lithuanian) in Latvian were analyzed in the Lithuanian-Latvian-Lithuanian parallel corpus (LiLa). This research is limited to the analysis of the correspondences of Lithuanian passive constructions in the passive voice in Latvian. The analyzed data show that the compound tense forms of the passive in Latvian are the first correspondence of the Lithuanian passive constructions with the past passive participle as a predicate. These constructions are in the passive voice in both languages, and both have resultative meaning (stative passive). The simple tense forms of the passive in Latvian are the second correspondence of the Lithuanian passive constructions with the present passive participle as a predicate. These constructions are also in the passive voice in both languages, and both have process meaning (dynamic passive). This study proved that the passive voice constructions are more often used in Lithuanian in comparison with Latvian, as many correspondences of Lithuanian passive voice constructions were identified in the active voice in Latvian.

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Fonetikos išlyginimas vykstant kodų kaitai

Author(s): Nijolė Tuomienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 80/2019

The present article addresses the principal phonetic phenomena of the languages used in borderland areas (Belarus, Voranava district (Вороново)) and their interaction. It analyses the phonetic convergence of the dominating local language varieties – Belarusian, Polish and passively used Lithuanian – and establishes the tendencies of this process. The situations of natural communication in the context of code-switching are analysed in the study: when the speakers are fluent and use several languages at the same time by actively switching between them in conversations. It is sought to reveal how the competition of languages affects the phonetics of these languages. The research is based on the theory proposed by Valerijus Čekmonas, the researcher of the interaction of languages and Slavicist: the speaker switches between languages according to certain rules which can be described by algorithms. Based on this method of algorithms, the study reveals the phonetic tendencies and proves a very important role and influence of the now passively used Lithuanian language on the articulation of contemporary Slavic languages. The research showed that the reasons of convergence of phonetic phenomena of the language varieties functioning in the borderland areas are mainly sociolinguistic. After comparing the phonetic peculiarities of local Polish and Belarusian dialects, it turned out that the phonetics of both dialects is essentially the same. The informants pronounce the soft consonants used in the local Lithuanian dialect in the same way as they are pronounced when speaking local Slavic dialects. The cases which are not typical of Belarusian and Polish dialects when consonants are intensively confused were recorded; it is likely a feature of the Lithuanian substratum.

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POVEZANOST USPJEŠNOSTI VJEŠTINE ČITANJA S NEKIM ASPEKTIMA FONOLOŠKOG RAZVOJA

Author(s): Draženka Blaži,Iva Buzdum,Marijana Kozarić-Ciković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2011

Corelation between phonological variables and reading ability was examined on sample of 36 examinee of 2nd grade students of the regular elementary school. Phonological variables included in the examination are: voice articulation, words and logatomes repeating, consonant deleating, and voice analysis and synthesis. Reading ability was examined with text for 2nd grade of elementary school. It was expected to find corelation between reading ability and phonological variables. With statistical analysis of the resultes, it was obtained that reading ability does not corelate significantly with ability of voice articulation and voice analysis, but there is significant corelation between reading ability and variables: repetition of words and logatomes, phoneme deleting and voice synthesis.

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TEORIJSKI PRIKAZ DJEČJE GOVORNE APRAKSIJE I OSTALIH JEZIČNO - GOVORNIH POREMEĆAJA NA TEMELJU DIFERENCIJALNO - DIJAGNOSTIČKIH PARAMETARA

Author(s): Draženka Blaži,Ivana Opačak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2011

This article will present a neurological childhood speech sound disorder kown as Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) based on the researches of some specific characteristics. Various authors agree that the childhood apraxia of speech is a disorders in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g., abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone). CAS may occur as a result of known neurological impairment, as a consequence of neurobehavioral disorders of known or unknown origin, or it can be an idiopathic neurogenic speech sound disorder. According to these authors, the main problem is planning and/or programming spatiotemporal parameters of movement sequences which can result with errors in speech and prosody. One of the main problems regarding this disorder in research and clinical practice is recognizing the right time for distinguishig this disorder from other speech language disorders. This article will elaborate some speech and language disorders such as articulation and phonological disorders, specific language impairment, dysarthria and oral apraxia.

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PERCEPTIVNA PROCJENA GLASA

Author(s): Ana Bonetti / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2011

Perceptive assessment is the most often used tool in diagnostics and evaluation of effectiveness of voice therapy in everyday clinical setting, even in centers that have rich choice of objective and subjective methods that can be used with the same purpose. Although the contribution of the acoustic analysis in diagnostics and quantification of abbreviation of specific features of voice quality is huge because it enables objective and uniformed documentation of clinical work, perceptive voice assessment is inevitable in the sense of interpretation of the results of objective analysis of voice quality, as well of making the decisions concerning future arrangements. This paper represents an effort to underline the positive and negative sides ofperceptual voice assessment as described in recent literature and an opportunity to once again raise the constant question in the field of voice disorders - can we trust the ear when describing voice quality?

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FONOLOŠKE VJEŠTINE I FONOLOŠKO PAMĆENJE: NEKE RAZLIKE IZMEĐU DJECE UREDNOGA JEZIČNOGA RAZVOJA, DJECE S PERINATALNIM OŠTEĆENJEM MOZGA I DJECE S POSEBNIM JEZIČNIM TEŠKOĆAMA KAO TEMELJNI PREDIKTOR ČITANJA

Author(s): Jasmina Ivšac Pavliša,Mirjana Lenček / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2011

Contemporary research interests that are focused on the reading development and associated difficulties try to define the role of different cognitive processes as predictors of reading difficulties and disorders. Numerous research emphasize phonological variables as the most important for success in reading. Despite the fact that children with perinatal brain lesions as well as children with specific language impairments are at risk for developing reading difficulties, segment of phonological skills in these two populations is insufficiently investigated (especially in Croatian). The aim of the research is to compare three different groups of six-year-olds (children with typical language development, children with perinatal brain lesions and children with specific language impairment) on tasks that assess phonological skills and phonological memory. Except the analysis of differences, the features of the groups are described. The results show that these groups have statistically significant differences on the majority of variables that capture phonological skills and phonological memory. Beside its ’ empirical value, this research also contributes to the clinical work of speech and language pathologists because it describes features of phonological skills in children at risk for learning disabilities, further more, it enables the creation of appropriate intervention procedures based on phonological skills as predictors of reading difficulties.

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VOICE QUALITY, ARTICULATION, NASALITY, PROSODY AND OVERALL INTELLIGIBILITY IN THE SPEECH OF SUBJECTS WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT

Author(s): Martina Ozbič,Damjana Kogovšek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

In early infancy, hearing loss significantly affects the development and intelligibility of speech in children with hearing impairment. Assuming that both speech and voice disorders occur in the speech of hearing-impaired speakers, the present study will 1) analyse the speech and overall intelligibility of 91 hearing-impaired speakers (from ages 5 to 23, M = 13 years, 56% males, 44% female) who exhibit an average hearing loss of air conductivity of99 dB (SD = 19.48); 2) compare latent space in the hearing impaired (HI) subjects ’speech and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (known as ICF) speech and voice functions to determine whether they overlap partially or totally; 3) investigate the presence of an autonomous factor of nasality and determine through analysis of the latent structure of speech whether nasality is a matter of articulation or phonation; and 4) investigate the correlations between derivedfactors and speech intelligibility of HI subjects from a closed list of words. Using principal component analysis, four relevantfactors were determined that explained 65.650% of the total variance. The first prosodic factor, the fluency and rhythm of speech, explained 40.036% of the total variance, the second factor of quality of speech production (voice, articulation and resonance) explained 11.430%, the third factor of micro-chaining explained 7.970% and the fourth factor, nasality, explained 6.214%. The ICF and speech factor distributions were similar but not identical. In this study, speech can be seen in terms of four dimension factors on the micro- and macro-segmental levels: prosodic factors, voice, resonance and articulation quality and nasality. The four factors, especially the second factor of voice, resonance and articulation quality, show statistically significant correlations with the intelligibility of speech in HI subjects (p < 0.01).

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MOTORIČKE GOVORNE VJEŠTINE DJECE KOJA MUCAJU

Author(s): Katarina Pavičić Dokoza,Mladen Heđever / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2010

Speech performance could be the result of either the capacity of the system itself and/or the speech skills which have been learned over a period of time. Skills concept is considered as a fundamental characteristic of motor production whose development can be seen as a continuum covering stages from cognitive stages to an automatic performance. Results of different studies have revealed that individuals who stutter differ from persons with normal speech production regarding the kinematic, orofacial nonspeech and speech tasks. Such results lead us to have doubts that individuals who stutter are more toward the weak margin of the speech motor skill continuum and that there is dysfunction within the cortical and subcortical areas of the motor control system that does not relate to speech motor behavior alone. The purpose of this investigation was to explore speech motor skills in children who stutter and to find out if there is a correlation between motor speech tasks and duration of stuttering on one hand and the subtests of Riley Instrument for stuttering severity on the other. Results showed that children who stutter achieved poorer results regarding speech-motor control (diadochokinesis) than control group. There were not statistically significant difference between groups on F2 transition and voice tremor variables.

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Neka obilježja fonološke obrade prijevremeno rođenih osmogodišnjaka

Author(s): Zdravko Kolundžić,Vlado Drkulec / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2007

In this research we tried to determine the existence of differences in phonological processing between premature born children and children born on term at the end of the first year of their elementary school education. We also tried to determine the role of after-birth measurements - the age of gestation (GD), weight at birth (PM) and Apgar index – in prediction of processes of phonological elaboration. Two groups of children matched by age, sex, education of their mothers and school class they attend were studied: 34 children born before 37 weeks of gestation and 34 children born after 37 weeks of gestation (control group). Considering that the group of premature born children achieved significantly poorer results on every observed variable, it seems that premature birth carries the risk of developing problems in phonological processing. The regression analysis showed that after-birth measurements are predictive to skills examined in this research. These results, which are in concordance with the results of similar studies, indicate that premature birth is significant risk factor when phonological processing is concerned. Inadequacy of phonological elaboration contributes considerably to the emergence of difficulties in the development of reading and writing skills, which often results in academic failure.

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Fonološka svjesnost u djece koja mucaju

Author(s): Senka Sardelić,Ana Bonetti,Iva Hrastinski / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2007

Although some researchers reported 30 - 40% incidence of phonological disorders among children who stutter (Wolk, Edwards i Conture, 1993, Melnick i Conture, 2000), the connection between stuttering and phonological disorders has not yet been strongly confirmed. The aim of this research was to determine possible connection between stuttering and the phonemic awareness. The group of 21 children who stutter and their fluent pairs were compared on initial phoneme identification, final phoneme identification, phoneme analysis, and phoneme synthesis tasks. The subjects were between the ages 5; 3 and 7; 0 (years; months). According to results of statistical analysis, children who do not stutter performed better on phoneme analysis task then children who stutter. The results of initial phoneme identification task and final phoneme identification task, and and synthesis task showed no significant difference between groups.

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Gordana Kovačević, Akustička analiza glasa vokalnih profesionalaca

Author(s): Damir Horga / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2007

Review of: Gordana Kovačević, Akustička analiza glasa vokalnih profesionalaca, Graphis, Zagreb, 2006.

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Razlike u akustičnim karakteristikama glasa između nastavnica i vokalnih neprofesionalki

Author(s): Ana Bonetti / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2007

The aim of this paper was to investigate possible differences in voice quality between the group of 20 female teachers and the group of 20 female non-professional vocal users, aged between 35 and 50 years. Recordings of the sustained phonation of the vowel /a/ were acoustically analyzed by using MDV Program. Differences between the selected groups of subjects were tested by using discriminant analysis. The results showed statistically significant differences between the groups in the mean fundamental frequency, fundamental frequency range, and on variables describing short-term frequency and amplitude perturbations of the fundamental frequency, while on the variables describing harmonicity of the voice no significant differences were detected. Considerably high average values of the perturbation measures gained in the group of female teachers suggested that everyday demands of the teaching profession have a negative impact on the health of the vocal mechanism, and that the teachers should be informed about the vocal hygiene techniques in order to prevent the development of voice disorders in this population.

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Kvantitativna procjena nazalnosti u govoru djece s oštećenjem sluha i čujuće djece

Author(s): Luka Bonetti / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2006

In this paper, comparison of the results of quantitative assessment of nasal emission produced during pronunciation of sentences with and without nasal consonants was carried out for the group of hearing impaired children (N=11) and the group of normally hearing children (N=12) by using NasalView system. The relationship between nasal emission, phonation characteristics, speech tempo and pure tone average was also observed. Average nasalance percent during pronunciation of sentences without nasal consonants differed significantly between the two groups of children, as well as the average speech rate, but no general relationship was found between nasalance scores, vocal pitch control, speech tempo and pure tone average. The results suggest that the ability of observed children with hearing loss to control velopharingeal activity is limited, but present, and that it does not depend on the level of phonation control or the control of the speech rate, but rather on individual factors (quality of residual hearing and the successfulness in its use). It is also evident that observed children with hearing loss have certain potential to develop or improve the control of velopharingeal activity in the process of speech and hearing rehabilitation.

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