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Ударение в непроизводных именах с однородным вокалическим составом в гыданском диалекте… тундрового ненецкого языка. Часть I. Фонетические слова с гласными нижнего и среднего подъемов

Author(s): Maria Konstantinovna Amelin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (26)/2017

In the article the field data collected by the author during the work with native speakers of the Gydan dialect of Tundra Nenets in Gyda village (Tazovski municipal district, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) in September 2011. The article deals with the problems of suprasegmental phonetics of the Gydan dialect (the idiom of Gyda and the Gydan tundra of the Tazovski municipal district). The basic and secondary acoustic correlates of stress (word accent) in the underived nouns with homogeneous vocalic structure (with low and mid vowels) in the Gydan dialect are considered in the article. In the paper the combinatorics of the primary and secondary acoustic correlates of stress in the Gydan dialect is considered and the conclusion that the word accent in the Gydan dialect is expiratory and quantitative with tonal features is presented, i. e. The main acoustic correlates of stress are temporal, expiratory and tonal marking of a stressed vowel compared with the unstressed. While marking of a stressed vowel of the first syllable is mainly based on the expiratory emphasis, marking of a stressed vowel of the second syllable is mainly based on the temporal emphasis and tonal and expiratory marking is not obligatory.

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Meranie Voice Onset Time slovenských explozív

Author(s): Marianna Kraviarová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2016

We investigated VOTparameter of Slovak oral voiced and voiceless stop consonants in initial and intervocalic word position by analyzing the speech recordings from national radio station Ràdio Slovensko. Next, we tried to find relation between the stops and the place of articulation and we examined the dependence of following vocal. We pointed out the tendency to increase VOT before high vocals. Finally, we examined whether gender affects the parameter VOT. Though female VOT is higher than male, it is not a statistically significant indicator in this research sample.

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Към въпроса за устойчивостта на някои диалектни фонетични особености в мезолекта на Опака

Author(s): Rumyana Rusinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 14/2014

The study extends the research on the stability and frequency of usage of some phonetic features of the mesolect spoken by the Opaka residents. Markers of the dialect’s vocal system along with competing features of standard language system are a subject of the study in attempt to analyze the existing varieties including the influence of numerous sociolinguistic factors.

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Le support vocalique comme véhicule de la métaphore linguistique: une étude comparée quadruple

Author(s): Angela Coşciug / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2010

From ancient times French, Spanish, Romanian and Russian have been in contact. Interferences between these languages can easily be observed today. These interferences are mainly in the phonetics of these languages, especially at the qualitative and quantitative levels of the vowels. This aspect allows the researchers to include all these languages among the Indo-European languages.

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LES PIÈGES DE L’ÉTYMOLOGIE : LES DIFFICULTÉS DES FRANCOPHONES AU COURS DE L’APPRENTISSAGE DU LATIN

Author(s): Tibor ŐRSI / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2009

The fact is generally acknowledged that, based on the geneticrelation between French and Latin, knowing one facilitates greatlylearning the other. Therefore, if we start learning Latin after we learnedFrench, we expect a rapid progress, but we are faced with a number ofdifficulties when trying to learn Latin, due to the fact that the twolanguages belong to different linguistic systems as far as theirmorphology is concerned. It is true that most of the French vocabularycomes from Latin, but the phonetic changes that have occurred along thecenturies made it difficult for us to recognize easily the relation betweenthe two linguistic systems. Apart from the phonetic changes, there are alsoimportant semantic changes; what this paper will underline is the frequentdissonance between the French and Latin vocabulary.

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KONTRASTIVE BEHANDLUNG DES SPRACHLICHEN HUMORS: DEUTSCHENGLISCH-RUMÄNISCH

Author(s): Gina Măciucă / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2009

In an attempt to approach language humour contrastively, thepresent contribution investigates three German specimens of linguicomedyin terms of humour-generating devices and subsequently submits to thereader various strategies for translating them into English and Romanian,with ample glosses on the difficulties encountered in the process.

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ЗВУКОВА ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ПОЕТИЧНИХ ТВОРІВ СИДОРА ВОРОБКЕВИЧА ПЕРШОГО ПЕРІОДУ ТВОРЧОСТІ (1863-1867)

Author(s): Tetyana Nykyforuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2017

The aim of the study. The phonical aspects of S. Vorobkevych works (1863-1867) published by O. Makovey are examined in the given article. Methods of research: formal, which is often based on the use of statistics, quantitative material processing, comparative, descriptive, comparison for the analysis, synthesis and synthesis of scientific theories, as well as methods of literary observation, classification and systematization. Scientific novelty. For the first time systematic representation of the main features of phonics in S. Vorobkevych's poetry of this period, the specifics of the sound organization of poetry works of the writer have been clarified and the hypothesis about active use of phonemic techniques by the poet was expressed. Conclusions. In the lyrical works of this period, the following background instruments, such as alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, internal rhyme, have been certified. The following examples indicate the number and quality of the phonical components. In the majority of poems of this period, alliteration is applied, and, to a lesser extent, the assonance. Internal rhyming and onomatopoeia are the best represented in the poems created at this time. Frequency of use of internal rhyming indicates the orientation of the poet on folklore-song samples. An onomatopoeia appears as a result of a well-developed sense of hearing and tact in the creative imagination of the poet. Using such means of sound organization of artistic language, the author does not give them special significance. However, there are examples of phonical elements that subconsciously arise from the author in order to reproduce specific emotional feelings. In such cases, alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia and internal rhyme are the means of creating an individual musical worldview in harmony with the melodic imagination of the author at the level of the sound organization of the language. In such way we identified the poetry work in the sound field and came into a conclusion that it reveals Sydir Vorobkevych’s own poetic style and is an important addition to the study of poetics in general.

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ЗІ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕНЬ НАД СТРОФІКОЮ ТА РИМУВАННЯМ ФЕОФАНА ПРОКОПОВИЧА

Author(s): Valentyn Maltsev / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2018

Methods of research: formal, which is often based on the use of statistics, quantitative material processing, comparative and historical. Scientific novelty. For the first time systematic representation of the main features of the stanza and rhyming by Pheophan Procopovych's poetry. Conclusions. The idea of monotony or even the primitiveness of the syllabic poem of the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries has been long established in Ukrainian literary criticism. First of all, such superficial judgments concerned stanzas and rhymes of the Ukrainian syllabic, which was treated as a form with a double-edged structure and a constant pair of female rhymes. Preceding analysis showed that in the first half of the eighteenth century Ph. Prokopoviyh had substantially diversified the stanza of the Ukrainian syllabic verse. In addition to traditional and two-storied strophic compounds that are widely used in syllabic poetry, the poet also referred to the form of a terzetto for one rhyme with the AAA rhyme scheme ("Behind the pock-marked Grave"), in several texts - to the form of a catenary with cross-rhyming of ABAB ("The crying of shepherds in protracted grief" etc.), as well as stanzas for six (AABCCB), seven (AABBCCB) and eight (AbAbCCХx) rows. In addition, an octave with a classical version of this stanza, with a metric structure and a rhythmic pattern has become one of the variants. There is also one text with an unequal structure, consisting of distiches, terzetto and quatrains in the poet's work. In one of the texts ("Secular song") there are regular internal rhymes in the idle rows. The most widespread size of the Ukrainian syllabic – the 13 -syllable verse – is realized exclusively in the two-verse strophic form. At the same time, the second most commonly used "book" size is the 11 syllabic, on the contrary, is presented in various stanza form: distiches, quatrains with cross rhymes ABAB and octaves. The ditches, cross-rhymes quatrains, five-verse and seven-verse were found in strophic syllabic.

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Графические особенности «Словаря Языка Черемисскаго»

Author(s): Oleg A. Sergeev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2019

The handwritten monument of the «Словарь Языка Черемисскаго» (Hermitage collection No. 216; Dictionary of the Cheremiss Language) dates from the second half of the XVIII century. It is a copy of another unpublished Mari dictionary, which is stored in a single copy in the «Adelung’s Materials» in the manuscript department of the Russian National Library. The dictionary is compiled by semi-joint. The monument does not use remote letters, superscripts, which was characteristic of the letter of the end of the XVIII century. Of superscripts, the exception is an acute (´); it is not found in all words. In the dictionary, along with the Cyrillic letter г, the grapheme g is often used. In some positions octal и is replaced with decimal i. As in many monuments of writing of the XVIII century, certain difficulties were in the presentation of the Mari specific phonemes: back-lingual sonant η, frontal labial phonemes ӧ and ü.

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Foneettisten piirteiden ja vieraan aksentin yhteydestä suomen kielessä

Author(s): Maria Kautonen,Mikko Kuronen / Language(s): Finnish Issue: 28/2018

Te aim of this case study is to research the connection between phonetic features and perception of foreign accent in Finnish. Te phenomenon is analyzed with a listener test, acoustic measurements and auditory observations by the researchers. Te speakers are very advanced L2 speakers of Finnish. Te results are compared regarding certain phonetic features. These features are distances between long vowels, sound and syllable durations, pitch (f0) range, mean absolute slope and standard deviation for f0, and articulation speed. Te results give new information not only on the perception of foreign accent but also on the pronunciation of advanced L2 learners of Finnish and their L2 learning paths. From the results we can conclude that all the features have an impact on foreign accent and all the features distinguish L1 and L2 speakers from each other to some extent. Te category of native-likeness forms a continuum where L1-Finnish native speakers, bilingual Finland-Swedish speakers and L2-speakers who have learned Finnish after puberty take different positions. Te effect on accent seems to be clearer for vowel distances and deviations in duration than for f0 features and articulation speed. Differences in vowel distances made a moderate distinction between the L2 speakers, and this feature seems, therefore, to be a promising measure for native-likeness among L2 speakers. Te effects of vowel distances on perceived accent should, however, be examined in further studies with larger speech material and different methods. Results on vowel distances imply that native-like sound qualities are difficult to attain even for very highly advanced L2 speakers. When comparing the results with earlier studies, our observations are alike: deviations in the quality of individual sounds and deviations in sound duration have the most obvious connection to perception of foreign accent.

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Rajakarjalaismurteiden kielikontaktit venäläiskopioiden taajuuden ja fonologian valossa

Author(s): Susanna Tavi / Language(s): Finnish Issue: 28/2018

This article presents a corpus- and usage-based study on the contacts of Border Karelian dialects from the point of view of Russian-origin words (copies, in Lars Johanson’s terminology) and their phonological features. Te aim of the study is to describe the contacts between Border Karelian, i.e. partly mixed Southern and Olonets Karelian dialects, Finnish and Russian by comparing the dialects of six parishes as reflected in the synchronic spoken-language corpus of Border Karelian. Te dialects of Border Karelia were spoken until World War II in the easternmost part of Finland. They are distinguished from other varieties of Karelian by the strong influence of Finnish; this began already in the 17th century, and strengthened after 1944, when Border Karelia was ceded to the Soviet Union and its inhabitants were resettled in other parts of Finland. Te material of the corpus of Border Karelian has been recorded after the resettlement, from informants who no longer lived in their original home regions. Te study focuses on Russian copies that are a conventionalized part of Karelian and do not occur in Finnish. Te statistical tests indicated that differences in the frequencies of these words are statistically significant between the original parish dialects; the easternmost dialect has the most Russian copies, and the number of copies decreases from east to west with each successive parish. The results confirm the general hypothesis of Finnic language varieties as a continuum, on which the effect of Russian gradually grows as one moves east. Te continuum is geographical, and thus Olonets Karelian dialects do not have more Russian copies than Southern Karelian dialects, opposite to the assumptions. Accordingly, the results of the phonological analysis show that features which deviate from the phonotactics of Finnish are most frequent in the easternmost dialects and rarer in the west. Te features of vowels indicate that all Border Karelian dialects have had intense contact with both North Russian dialects and Standard Russian. In conclusion, the lexical and phonological impact of Russian on Border Karelian, increasing gradually from west to east, can be detected in the speech of Border Karelian informants even two decades after their resettlement to a Finnish-speaking environment.

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Mutual intelligibility of Finnish and Estonian vocabulary

Author(s): Charlotte Gooskens,Hanna-Ilona Härmävaara / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2019

This paper reports on an investigation on Finnish-Estonian mutual intelligibility carried out by means of a word translation task among 307 Finnish and 118 Estonian participants. Te results confirm previous findings by Kaivapalu (2015) that both in the spoken and in the written mode Estonians understand isolated words in Finnish better than Finns understand isolated words in Estonian. Older participants performed better than younger participants. Many of the participants had at least some previous exposure to the test language and were therefore familiar with some words and sound correspondences. However, we were also interested in testing how well speakers of the two languages could understand the other language purely on the basis of the similarity of the languages. We therefore separately analyzed the data produced by a subset of participants with no or little exposure to the test language. Te results were still asymmetric, but only in the spoken mode. We looked at various linguistic and non-linguistic factors that could explain why some cognates are more easily recognized than others. To put our results into perspective, we compared them to the results of the similar experiments involving 70 Germanic, Romance and Slavic language combinations.

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Latviešu valodas palatālo eksplozīvo slēdzeņu ķ un ģ akustiskais raksturojums dažādās informantu vecuma grupās (salīdzinājumā ar alveolārajiem afrikatīvajiem slēdzeņiem č un dž)

Author(s): Inese Indričane / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 9/2018

The current paper deals with acoustic cues of the prevocalic palatal stops ķ [c] and ģ [ɟ] in the Standard Latvian produced by informants of the four age groups (5–15, 16–39, 40–59, and 60–80). These consonants become a theme of interest, as their correct pronunciation causes difficulties for a quite wide range of speakers, including children those articulatory basis and habits are still in the process of development and thus are more variable in comparison to adults. The new edition of The Latvian Grammar (2013) contains the chapter of orthoepics, where the most important inaccuracies in the pronunciation of the palatal stops ķ [c] and ģ [ɟ], observed for speakers of the High Latvian subdialects and for the Latvian as a foreign language learners (having no such consonants in their subdialect or native language), are discussed. There are still lack of wider studies for speakers’ age impact on the articulation, acoustics, and perception of the Latvian speech sounds. In the current paper the palatal stops ķ [c] and ģ [ɟ] are studied in the phonetic context of the monophthongs i [i], ī [iː], e [e], ē [eː], e [æ], ē [æː], a [ɑ], ā [ɑː], o [ɔ], o [ɔː], u [u], ū [uː]. The analyzed material consists of CVC syllables, e. g. ķiķ [cic], ķīķ [ciːc], ķeķ [cec], ķēķ [ceːc] etc., pronounced by 20 male speakers (5 within each age group). In the framework of this study two acoustic cues of the palatal stops ķ [c] and ģ [ɟ], a duration of release phase and a frequency of spectral peak, are discussed. The results are compared to the data of the alveolar affricates č [ʧ] and dž [ʤ], since the palatal stops ķ [c] and ģ [ɟ] in children’s speech can be mixed or substituted by the alveolar affricate that is similar in its voicing, i. e. ķ [c] by č [ʧ] and ģ [ɟ] by dž [ʤ] (see Markus, Čeirane 2013). The most markable differences are found in the results displayed by the youngest (5 years old) speaker in comparison to older speakers. Further research, more data for children’s speech and the Tests for Statistical Significance are required to be able better distinguish between individual and age related effects.

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An “Unexocentric” Synthetic Account of cut-throat and chimney sweep: Evidence from Polish

Author(s): Joanna Kolbusz-Buda / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2019

In English, exocentric compounds, such as chimney sweep and cut-throat do not possess an overtly expressed suffix. Instead, they seem to be composed of a verb and an argument of that verb, e.g. dareVdevilN, shoeNblackV. Naturally, such an interpretation would immediately position the quoted examples among the representatives of root compounding.We are convinced that zero derivation plays a significant role in the formation of English synthetic compounds in the same way it is seen in Polish. We believe that the research material from Polish offers a substantial amount of evidence for the active participation of conversion in the process of synthetic compounding. This, in turn, accentuates the need to revisit the classification of such formations as spoilsport and chimney sweep, habitually classified as exocentric.This paper provides an ‘unexocentric’ synthetic account of N-V/V-N compound nouns in English. We believe that a root interpretation of shoeblack and daredevil types does not reflect their genuine structure, which, as we argue, rests on a combination of a nominal and verbal stems followed by a zero affix, being the locus of morphosyntactic features and the semantic referent.In our analysis, we draw on a revised version of LIH, i.e. Lieber and Scalise’s (2007) Firewall Theory, which belongs to the current of the so-called mixed models of word-formation advanced in the recent years by, for instance, Ackema and Neeleman (2004), Lieber and Scalise (2007), and Pafel (2017), allowing for a limited intermodular interaction between morphological and syntactic domains.

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Automatinės garsų kaitos lietuvių kalbos šaknyse

Author(s): Giedrė Sinkevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2001

In inflected languages (such as Lithuanian) morphemes do not have a constant structure: the same morpheme may have a different structure of phonemes or different prosodic elements, for example, the word pairs rasti ′to find′ – rado ′(he)found′, čirškia ′(he) chirps′ – čirškė ′(he) chirped′, pulti ′to attack′ – puola ′(he) attacks′, gauti ′to get′ – gavo ′(he) got′, žaidė ′(he) played′ – žaislas ′a toy′ have the same root even if their formal structure differs. It’s not always easy to recognize, wich words have the same root, where the boundary between the different morphemes is and how to write some words or forms.

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Lietuvių kalbos priegaidės

Author(s): Kazimieras Garšva / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2003

Phonologicaily there is an opposition of two accents - acute and circumflex - in long stressed syllables of the Lithuanian language. The three different variants of the accents can be found: in the diphthongs a, e + I, m, n, r and ai, au, ei; in the diphthongs u + /, m, n, r; in long vowels and complex diphthongs ie, uo. In the first and second position the first (acute) or second (circumflex) component of a diphthong is stressed. There the accents resemble the stress and in many dialects are distinguished very well. In the history of the science of accent of the Lithuanian language about 10 combinations of different intensity, quality and duration were considered the distinctive features of the accents on the basis of different dialects and different methods of examination.

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Компьютерный учебник в Интернете: особенности структуры и формата учебно-справочных материалов по русской фонетике

Author(s): Galina Kedrova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2003

Apžvalgoje pateikti pagrindiniai mokomosios daugiaterpės, interpretacinės knygos-žinyno medžiagos, pateiktos interneto svetainėje, principai, kuriais vadovavosi autorių kolektyvas. „Ruskaja fonetika” (rusų kalbos fonetikos vadovėlis), paruoštas Maskvos valstybinio Lomonosovo universiteto Humanitamių mokslų fakulteto Naujų informacinių technologijų centre ir patalpintas internete adresu http://www.philol.msu.ru/rus/galya-l/. Išsamiai apatariama intemetinio puslapio struktūra ir jį sudarančios mokomosios medžiagos formatas.

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Поэтика иноязычной речи в рассказе И. С. Шмелева «Гассан и его Джедди»

Author(s): Anna Aleksandrovna Skoropadskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2018

The article explores the genesis of the technique of stylization of foreign language in the poetics of I. S. Shmelev’s early prose based on the story “Hassan and his Jeddy”. Making a representative of the Turkish people the main character, the writer pays special attention to the peculiarity of his speech, which not only becomes the key to understanding Hassan’s character, but also diversifies the problematic of the writing. The comparison of the last lifetime edition of the story with the existent manuscript reveals the stages of literary work over a speech portrait of the hero-Turk at the phonographic and lexicalgrammatical levels. The pronunciation defects introduced by the author into Hassan’s speech are non-systemic and inconsistent, that underlines the writer’s intention not to imitate the speech of a foreigner, but to create a speech portrait of the non-native speaker.

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Recomendaciones para la confección de un corpus oral válido para el análisis fonético

Author(s): Nuria Polo Cano / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 5/2018

Mistakes are often made when an oral corpus is collected and sometimes these mistakes could make impossible a future phonetic analysis of the data. To avoid this happen some advices are proposed in this paper regarded to participants, to recordings, and to available tools in order to build an oral corpus. The purpose of this paper is to advice future researchers in building this kind of corpus. These advices will help them to build an accurate corpus to phonetics analysis following current scientific quality standards.

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PREPOZNAVANJE RIJEČI U DJECE S DISLEKSIJOM

Author(s): Tihana Drmić,Marijan Palmović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2012

Phonologica factor in word recognition has been studied in a visual search paradigm in children with dyslexia. The participants, children with dyslexia age 8 and 9 and the control group consisting of their peers with typical language development were asked to find a target word in a table containing randomly positioned words. The experimental conditions manipulated the phonological critérium of possible cohort size and cohort membership. Target word belonged either to a big or to a small cohort and was either a member of the same cohort as the other non-target words in the table or not. The results show that the cohort size is a factor that makes the task difficult to the children with dyslexia, especially when all words in the table belong to the same cohort. In other words, children with dyslexia had problems in word recognition when they were not in a position to use some compensatory strategy and required “precise"phonological knowledge to extract the target word from the environment consisting of phonologically similar word. These results indicate that there is a phonological dimension of dyslexia at least on the behavioral level (i. e. regardless of the possible background causes) and that this phonological dimension of the deficit prevents children with dyslexia to acquire adult-like automatized reading.

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