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СТАРОСЛОВ’ЯНСЬКИЙ СЛІД В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ТА ІНШИХ СЛОВ’ЯНСЬКИХ ЛІТЕРАТУРНИХ МОВАХ

Author(s): Ljubomir Belei / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2017

Old Church Slavonic was the first Slavic literary language and had special influence on the literary languages of all Slavic people; however, this influence on each of the new Slavic literary languages was rather specific, which can be observed in the time, duration, reasons and forms of such an influence. During a long period in Ukrainian history, especially during the time of the Soviet Union, the research into the role of the vocabulary of Old Church Slavonic origin was highly neglected by the scholars. On the contrary, our research shows the depth of the influence of the Old Church Slavonic language that is highly intertwined with Christianity. In the Ukrainian language, the hidden Old Church Slavonic traces can be found not only in the vocabulary related to the church and its customs, but also in the language connected with everyday life and science. Moreover, despite the long-lasting fight between Christianity and astrology, even here we can find many hidden examples of the vocabulary which is Old Church Slavonic in origin, which were mostly fixed in the first examples of Ukrainian editorials.

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Arabiser la phonétique. L’arabisation de l’alphabet phonétique international

Author(s): Giuliano Mion / Language(s): French Issue: 3/2014

Cet article se propose de présenter les lignes principales d’un débat en cours dans le monde arabe depuis plusieurs décennies qui porte sur quelques implications de l’écriture arabe et de la linguistique générale d’un point de vue idéologique. En particulier, on analysera les raisons qui ont poussé certains linguistes arabes à proposer que l’écriture arabe puisse être employée dans la transcription des variétés néo-arabes et, plus en détail, qu’elle puisse substituer l’Alphabet Phonétique International, actuellement en usage, qui se base sur un système graphique essentiellement de type gréco-latin.

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Structural Case and Ambiguity in Reduced Comparative Subclauses in English and German

Author(s): Julia Bacskai-Atkari / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2014

The paper argues that structural case assignment properties of English and German reduced comparative subclauses arise from syntactic requirements as well as processes holding at the syntax– phonology interface. I show that constructions involving both an adjectival and a verbal predicate require the subject remnant of the adjectival predicate to be marked for the accusative case both in English and German, which cannot be explained by the notion of default accusative case, especially because German has no default accusative case. I argue that a phonologically defective subclause is reanalysed as part of the matrix clausal object, and hence receives accusative morphological case.

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Degemination in Hungarian: Phonology or phonetics?

Author(s): Péter Siptár,Tekla Etelka Gráczi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2014

It is traditionally held with respect to Hungarian degemination that geminates do not occur in this language word initially or flanked by another consonant on either side. The occurrence of geminates, true and fake ones alike, is said to be impossible except intervocalically or utterance finally (if preceded by a vowel and followed by a pause). However, this traditional view is oversimplified. Siptár (2000) proposed to amend it by positing three different degemination rules, applying at word level, postlexically, and in the phonetic implementation module, respectively. Furthermore, he reinterpreted several cases that traditionally had been analysed as degemination as lack of gemination. In view of the recent literature, however, the hypothesis can be advanced that the whole issue should be seen as a matter of phonetic duration rather than that of phonological quantity. In particular, the hypothesis is that the familiar degemination effects are not specific to geminates: they are due to phonetic compression of CCC clusters. The paper presents and discusses that hypothesis and cites some results of a small-scale phonetic experiment designed to confirm (or disconfirm) it by empirical data. Six short texts involving all types of geminates and control sequences with both short and long consonants were created. Six consonants (two fricatives, three plosives, and a nasal) were used in the test (and control) sequences. The duration of the target consonant and that of the consonant cluster including it were measured in each case. The results partially support the hypothesis but they also raise some further questions.

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Alan C. L. Yu (ed.): Origins of sound change: Approaches to phonologization.

Author(s): Krisztina Polgárdi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2014

Review of: Alan C. L. Yu (ed.) “Origins of sound change: Approaches to phonologization.”; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. pp xvi + 338.

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The Perception of High Frequency Sibilants in Hungarian Male Speech

Author(s): Péter Rácz,András Shepácz / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

The aim of this paper is to report on an experiment designed to evaluate the perception of high frequency sibilant articulations in Hungarian male speech and to theorise on the results. The main findings of the experiment are that the Hungarian listeners rate high frequency sibilants with femininity. These findings suggest that there is at least some social awareness of sibilant frequency in Hungarian. What follows from this is, in turn, that the sociolinguistic salience of sibilants as a variable is not confined to dialects of English, where the phenomenon has been most thoroughly described and discussed.

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Comments on Uralic Historical Phonology

Author(s): László Honti / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

In this paper, the author poses three questions of historical phonology and gives explanations that are meant to be rational: 1. With respect to the Hungarian reflexes of Proto-Uralic/Proto-Finno-Ugric/Proto-Ugric word initial *p, *t, and *k, two reasons are suggested for the dual reflexes *p > H f ∼ b and *t > H t ∼ d: (a) the word internal (primary or secondary) voiced consonant triggered the assimilation (that is, voicing) of the initial consonant; (b) subsequently, due to an effort to eliminate homonymy, the closest congener of the initial consonant (that is, its voiced counterpart) replaced the original voiceless stop. It is also discussed why *k does not similarly have dual reflexes (k ∼ g) in Hungarian. 2. Concerning the phonological reality of Proto-Uralic/Proto-Finno-Ugric/Proto-Ugric *δ and *D, as well as the potential etymological correspondence of s-initial Finnic words with t-initial words of the other Uralic languages, it is proposed that *2 and *´2 should be assumed rather than *δ and *D, and the correspondence “Finnic s- ∼ other Uralic t-” is explained by positing a PU/PFU *ϑ. 3. Reflexes in present-day Uralic languages of the PU/PFU word internal clusters “*l/*ľ /*r/*j/*δ (= *2)/*D (= *´2) + (some vowel +) *m” are explained by the palatalisation and subsequent semivocalisation of the first consonant; the resulting semivowel either remained as it was, or underwent partial assimilation to the other consonant, or it was dropped: “C > Ć > j > 0/ /ń”.

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FROM CABERNET SAUVIGNON TO EGRI CSILLAG: CHANGING PATTERNS IN HUNGARIAN WINE NAMING

Author(s): Erzsébet Tóth-Czifra / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

This paper aims to demonstrate the changing practice of Hungarian wine branding and wine naming. I show how the branding and naming strategies react to the recent changes in the field of wine selling and consumption in Hungary. These changes increased the importance of the front label in wine selling and, as a result, the number of creative wine names increased significantly. I adopt a combined approach of corpus and cognitive linguistics and make the following hypothesis: due to the complex function of brand and product names – i.e. to identify the product, and to catch consumers’ attention and therefore help in imprinting – branding and naming strategies are governed by the minimax principle (Berkle 1978). By providing a cognitive corpus linguistic analysis of a collection of wine names, I aim to identify newly emergent naming schemata. In doing so, I demonstrate that the increasing richness of the novel brand and product names is a result of a set of conceptual mechanisms underlying their semantic make up (Hernandez-Pérez 2013). These are: metonymy, metaphor, conceptual integration and phonological analogy.

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‘Ein-und-zwanzig’ usw. im Deutschen und im Slawischen

Author(s): László Honti / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2011

In the third and higher tens in certain Slavonic languages, e. g. in Slovenian and in Czech, ones are also expressed with the help of the structure used in German (e. g. ein-undzwanzig), e. g. Slovenian ena-in-dvajset ‘21’ (~ dvajset ena ‘21’). Many scholars categorically explained it by the influence of the German language on the neighbouring Slavonic languages. The author doubts this point of view and demonstrates that in large parts of the Slavonic language area (a) apart from the common (dominant) “ten ' one” structure, among others, the “ten & one” structure does exist, (b) furthermore, “one & ten” is also found in Ukrainian dialects. Therefore, the structure corresponding to the one preferred in German could not be unknown in earlier stages of development of Slavonic languages, though as a result of German–Slavonic contacts, German as a language of high prestige in the borderland might contribute to the spread of the structure “one & ten” to some extent.

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The Croatian Dialect of Petrovo Selo near Szombathely

Author(s): Peter HOUTZAGERS / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2011

The article deals with the geographically most marginal representative of the Štoji dialect group of Burgen land Croatian. The author assumes that the dialect has a tone distinction and he establishes, among other things, that the vowel lengthening before tautosyllabic resonants yielded a long falling vowel, which is in contrast with what has been found until now in other Burgen land Croatian dialects that have a tone distinction and is a potentially very important source of information on the origin of the dialect. Another interesting trait of the dialect is the fact that phonemically short stressed e, a and o can be realized long in any position,including final open syllables. This is the most extreme variant found until now of the Burgen land Croatian tendency towards lengthening of non-high vowels.

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Iván Fónagy (1920–2005) leitmotifs in his œuvre

Author(s): Tamás Szende / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2008

The central motif of Iván Fónagy’s “extra-vagant” linguistics — in terms of his own metaphor — was the idea of “languages within language”: the issue of mapping the ontogenesis of language onto a particular language of the present. In other words: what is the consistent ontogenetic interpretation of a given fact of language? In his oeuvre, the inventively documented solution to that problem is the theory of “double encoding”: the claim that, after being linguistically encoded, a linguistic expression goes through a second encoding phase during implementation in which it gets saturated by supplementary aspects of content. The latter are imprints of ancient gestures in language. On the other hand, the mechanism is also the source of the historical emergence of demotivated linguistic signs. The application of the principle not only makes it possible to resolve intricate problems in theoretical linguistics but also to explain remotivation in poetic language and to use it as a tool in stylistic analysis.

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The mental lexicon: Results of some word association experiments

Author(s): Mária Gósy,Magdolna Kovács / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2002

There are numerous hypotheses concerning the structure, size, and strategies of adults’ mental lexicon. This is the first time, however, that children’s mental vocabularies are analysed using the technique of free word associations (with the participation of two hundred 12-year-old and two hundred 13-year-old pupils). The analysis focuses on both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the data like types of associations, lexical representations, distribution of word categories or semantic analysis of words. Comparisons are also made with a very similar material found in the Hungarian literature that provides a unique opportunity to look at the differences of the mental lexicon after 60 years. The discussion concerns (i) the patterns of the tested children’s mental lexicon (including the individual performances) and (ii) vocabulary changes seen as a multifactorial consequence of the progress of time. The hypothesis about the speed of lexical access being a definitive factor in the development of the mental lexicon has been confirmed and may be applied to other languages as well.

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Zur Wandlung des Systems der kurzen Vokale des Ungarischen in der urungarischen und der altungarischen Zeit

Author(s): Attila Hegedűs / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2002

Als Ausgangspunkt der Wandlung der kurzen Vokale des Ungarischen in der altungarischen Zeit bezeichnet István Kenesei die Entwicklung des i in zwei Richtungen (i ? u, i ? i), wo die Entwicklung das ganze Kurzvokalsystem veränderte. Nach der Kritik des Modells von Kenesei versucht der Autor auf Grund der Traditionen der Literatur zur ungarischen Lautgeschichte ein anderes Modell aufzustellen. Die Grundlage für diese Betrachtungsweise liefern die Betonungsverhältnisse des Ungarischen, und ihre Grundthese besagt, dass a und ö zu Beginn der altungarischen Zeit bereits existierten. In der urungarischen Zeit kam eine Verstärkung in Wörtern finnougrischen Ursprungs mit den Stammlauten u und ü infolge der Betonung zustande, die mit einer Öffnung einherging. In unbetonten Silben dagegen erfolgte in der urungarischen Zeit eine Schwächung, die mit einer Reduktion am Wortende einherging (Schließung) und von einer Labialisierung begleitet wurde. Aufgrund dieses Modells kann man von einer Art Überkreuzwirkung sprechen, da in den betonten und in den unbetonten Silben jeweils entgegengesetzte Entwicklungen vonstatten gingen, deren Ergebnisse dann auf die Silben in der jeweils anderen Position gewirkt haben.

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Phonetic Variation in Hungarian /t/

Author(s): Mária Gósy / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

According to their traditional phonetic definition, voiceless alveolar stops are unaspirated in Hungarian. The voiceless period following their release, however, seems to contain turbulent noise components, similarly to the case of stops identified as aspirated in other languages. The goal of this investigation was to describe the acoustic-phonetic patterns of burst and post-burst voiceless period of Hungarian /t/-realizations. The results show that many of these stops can be considered as slightly aspirated.

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Neke posebnosti hrvatskih govora u Mađarskoj

Author(s): Mijo Lončarić,Ines Virč / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2009

This paper deals with some specific features of Croatian dialects in Hungary. Some phonological features that are found in those dialects will be considered, especially those that were not confirmed in the same relations, or were not confirmed in other Croatian dialects at all.

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Alternative routes of lexical retrieval in spontaneous speech

Author(s): Mária Gósy / Language(s): English Issue: 1(2)/2007

The interaction between pauses and the retrieval of the desired lexemes in the process of word production involves controversies that are worth investigating. The temporal analysis of word retrieval was carried out in a ‘tip-of-the-tongue’ elicitation experiment while pauses signaling the speaker’s word finding trouble were measured also in spontaneous speech. Acoustic–phonetic data confirmed the existence of specific temporal organization of various lexical retrieval problems that occur similarly within one word and also in word seeking, in restarts and in restarts with morphological change in an agglutinative language.

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Zamjena jata u tuzlanskom govoru prema popunjenim kvestionarima ”Pitanja o govoru prostoga naroda” iz 1897. godine

Author(s): Adela Jašarević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 13/2016

This paper deals with the basic characteristics of the substitution of the old sound yat. According to the data from the eight questionnaires Questions about populace’s speech from 1897. it is confirmed that the long yat alternated in ije and the short yat in je, e and i. Although, there are certain ekavisms and ikavisms, they are not sufficiently frequent to be considered a salient characteristic. And it was proved that the substitution of yat, in Tuzla’s speech, was dominantly ijekavian.

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A Third Pillar of the Altaic Hypothesis

Author(s): Roy Andrew Miller / Language(s): English Issue: 2-4/2003

The much-mooted hypothesis, original with Ramstedt (1912) and later refined by Poppe (1960), to the effect that a number of Altaic etymological sets in which certain Mongol intervocalic velars appear to correspond directly to Turkic intervocalic labials are to be explained in historical-phonological terms by postulating the earlier existence in the original language of a suprasegmental conditioning factor, probably a movable feature of pitch, is reinvestigated in the light of the Middle Korean written records; these texts preserve overt evidence for the inheritance of this same conditioning factor in their lexically significant tonic accent notations.

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THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF TALK

Author(s): BRIAN MACWHINNEY / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2006

For this volume of Hungarian Studies dedicated to multidisciplinary contributions of Hungarians around the world, I have chosen to describe my work on a unique multidisciplinary effort called TalkBank. This effort seeks to harness the new information technology to study the great complexities of human talk.

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The role of phonological processes in determining the vowel inventory of Brazilian Portuguese

Author(s): Arthur Pereira Santana / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

This article deals with the non-final posttonic vowel subsystem of Brazilian Portuguese, specifically it questions if the high-mid vowels /e, o/ have undergone neutralization in this position. Three accounts have been provided so far to answer this question. Câmara Jr. (1999) proposes that the nonfinal posttonic subsystem is composed of four vowels /i, e, a, u/; Bisol (2003) advocates for a three-vowel subsystem /i, a, u/, and Ribeiro (2007) defends a five-vowel subsystem /i, e, a, o, u/. In this paper, I show that mid-vowel alternation in nonfinal posttonic context is the key to defining what the vowel subsystem is, which must be composed of five vowels /i, e, a, o, u/; however, differently to what has been proposed by Ribeiro (2007) for whom mid-vowel alternation is a case of lexical diffusion, I show that a rule-based approach is more explanatory of the phenomena.

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