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Scottish native speakers’ acceptability judgements on Polish-accented English

Author(s): Agnieszka Bryła-Cruz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The paper presents and discusses the results of an empirical study on the perception and evaluation of Polish-accented English by 30 Scottish listeners. The judges were asked to evaluate 30 features typical of Polish accent in English with respect to their acceptability. The aim of the research was to create a hierarchy of error and establish whether the raters are more tolerant of certain non-standard (i.e. non-RP) realizations they themselves produce. The secondary goal was to identify priorities for teaching pronunciation to Poles whose target interlocutors are Scottish native speakers.

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What kind of /r/ is linking /r/? An analysis of the realization of /r/ in linking /r/ in RP on the basis of Polish phonetic books

Author(s): Marcin Mizak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The paper looks at the phenomenon of linking /r/ in RP and aims to find out what Polish phoneticians say the realization of linking /r/ in RP is on the basis of their books. During the inspection of the material it has transpired that it is not easy to find what the phonetic value of linking /r/ is. This is largely due to the inconsistencies among the scholars, some of whom say that it is the alveolar tap and some that it is the post-alveolar approximant that is the usual variant used for the linking context. The author concludes by recommending further research in this field.

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Lietuvių kalbos skoliniai Lietuvos lenkų tarmėse

Author(s): Danguole Mikulėnienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 68/2013

The beginnings of geolinguistics in Lithuania is linked with the activities of the linguist Antanas Salys. The article presents arguments that prove that the authors of the Lietuvių kalbos atlasas (Atlas of the Lithuanian Language, 1977–1991) mostly drew on the work of Salys and his colleagues: they used the same network of settlements, which they modified a little. The net of the points of the Atlas did not change with the contemporary classification of Lithuanian dialects. In this way the possibility to further observe and study the development of Lithuanian dialects remained.

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Juozo Aleksandravičiaus Kretingos tarmės žodynas: transponavimo principai ir keblesni atvejai

Author(s): Daiva Vaišnienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 67/2012

The compilation of a dialect dictionary is not only related with the problems of presentation of words and illustrations but also with rather delicate problems of equivalence of the sound system or prosodic elements of the dialect and the standard language, as well as ambiguous interpretation of dialectal phenomena. A reliable and linguistically grounded transposition of headword forms or illustrative examples determines an accurate presentation of dialectal lexis in dictionaries, authenticity and correlation with the forms of the standard language. It is especially relevant in compiling the lexical resources covering the overall Lithuanian language domain, such as The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. Nevertheless, the same phonetic phenomena can be variously transposed under the same conditions, even though the general principle is applied – the transposition in strict compliance with the consistent patterns, following a universal law of equivalence of sounds. The article presents several schemes of application of this principle determining varying transposition results; the principles of transposition of headwords and their principal forms applied in the compilation of The Dictionary of the Kretinga Dialect by Juozas Aleksandravičius are discussed; the cases of problematic transposition are addressed.

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Pietinės vakarų aukštaičių šiauliškių šnektos: geolingvistinis aspektas ir jo interpretacijos

Author(s): Laura Geržotaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 67/2012

The article presents a geolinguistic study of the Southern area (with Jonava and its environs) of the Šiauliai subdialect of the Western Aukštaitian. The studied material is the Western Aukštaitian of Šiauliai from the classification by Zigmas Zinkevičius and Aleksas Girdenis, the Middle Auktštaitian from Kazimieras Jaunius and Antanas Salys’ classification as well as Antanas Baranauskas’ First Eastern. The comparison of the mentioned areas applying a method of computer cartography demonstrated the intermediate situation of the Western Aukštaitian of Šiauliai with regard to neighbouring subdialects. Jonava and its environs are distinguished by the fact that in all classifications they are on the edge of the area and have contacts with the Slav languages of this area; they can be considered to be peripheral.

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Prienų šnektos izoliuotieji ir rišliosios kalbos balsiai: akustiniai ir artikuliaciniai požymiai

Author(s): Jurgita Jaroslavienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 64-65/2011

The article analyses the main acoustic and articulatory features of vowels of the subdialect of Prienai pronounced both in isolation and sentences. Isolated vowels differ from those articulated in a natural flow of speech in the subdialect of Prienai, yet the vowel interrelations remain unchanged. The acoustic and articulatory features of the majority of sounds pronounced in isolation are more prominent in comparison with the respective sounds pronounced in sentences. The performed comparison between spectral characteristics of isolated vowels of the subdialect of Prienai and those of cardinal vowels by Daniel J ones allows stating that some of isolated vowels of the subdialect of Prienai should be contrasted with the primary vowels. Having compared qualitative features of isolated sounds from the Southern Aukštaitian Kučiūnai subdialect, the subdialect of Pašušvys of the Western Aukštaitian Šiauliai dialect, the Northern Kaunas Lukšiai subdialect, the Svirkai subdialect of the Eastern Aukštaitian Vilnius dialect, the Eržvilkas subdialect of the Southern Samogitian Raseiniai dialect, the Akmenė subdialct of the Northern Samogitian Telšiai dialect and the Eastern Kaunas Prienai subdialect, it was noticed that isolated vowels in the subdialect of Prienai are least deviated from their counterpart sounds by D. J ones.

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Saying without Knowing What or How

Author(s): Elmar Unnsteinsson / Language(s): English Issue: 51/2017

In response to Stephen Neale (2016), I argue that aphonic expressions, such as PRO, are intentionally uttered by normal speakers of natural language, either by acts of omitting to say something explicitly, or by acts of giving phonetic realization to aphonics. I argue, also, that Gricean intention-based semantics should seek divorce from Cartesian assumptions of transparent access to propositional attitudes and, consequently, that Stephen Schiffer’s so-called meaning-intention problem is not powerful enough to banish alleged cases of over-intellectualization in contemporary philosophy of language and mind.

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Against Old English ‘short’ diphthongs

Author(s): Helena Sobol / Language(s): English Issue: 01 (16)/2017

Since the earliest grammars, Old English has been analysed as having a length contrast in diphthongs, containing both regular, bimoraic ones, side by side with cross-linguistically unique monomoraic ones. The supposedly monomoraic diphthongs [io eo æɑ] arose through back umlaut and breaking. Unsurprisingly, they have become the source of possibly the greatest controversy in OE phonology, which still remains unresolved. The present paper refutes the main arguments for a length contrast in OE diphthongs. Instead, it argues for a generative phonological analysis, where the diphthongs constitute monomoraic monophthongs in the underlying representation, and bimoraic diphthongs in the surface representation.

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Звуковая организация поэтических текстов Т.Ю. Кибирова (на примере стихотворения «Мир ловим меня, но не поймал»)

Author(s): T.A. Alekhina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2016

The paper discusses the sound organization of T.Yu. Kibirov’s poetical texts. We have analyzed phonetic level elements of the poetic text contributing to the sound expression of speech: assonances, alliterations, etc. The characteristic phonic structures motivating the semantic and aesthetic givenness of poetic texts created by T.Yu. Kibirov, a modern Russian poet, have been identified. The analysis of the sound organization of T.Yu. Kibirov’s poems, i.e., selection of variants, observations of the ratio of composition-sound and semantic organization of the text, has demonstrated the specifics of poetic phonetics used by the author within the general theory of semantic formalization of the text.

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Фоносимволизм и мотивированность слова в художественном тексте

Author(s): T.V. Buzanova,L.V. Vladimirova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2016

The paper considers the role of phonosemantics in the process of adaptation of loan words and proper names in the Russian language. The authors have aimed to trace what factors – proper linguistic and extralinguistic – influence the development of the Russian language vocabulary. Special attention has been paid to the phenomenon of “folk etymology” (“reetymologization”) described at the time by representatives of the Kazan linguistic school. The conditions necessary for the loan word to assimilate in the target language and to successfully function in it have also been considered. The importance of phonetic motivation for loan words due to the absence of any other types of motivation during the transition from language to language has been emphasized. The paper focuses on studying of the relativeness of sound and meaning in the language consciousness. Currently, this relativeness has been theoretically substantiated and experimentally proved by both foreign and Russian researchers (N.I. Gorelov, A.P. Zhuravlev, S.V. Voronin, et al.).

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The Role of Distinctive Features in the Structure of the Syllable. A Comparative Analysis of English and Slovak

Author(s): Renáta Gregová / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The placement of the syllable boundary in consonant clusters occurring word-medially is a perennial problem in phonological theory. The comprehension of the syllable as the “smallest binding unit of language” (Pauliny 1979: 101), as the unit necessary for the understanding of the phonological structure of the language, enables us to determine the boundaries of syllables on the basis of contrasts between the neighbouring phonemes in the syllable. The degree of contrast depends on the distinctive features of the given phonemes. To evaluate this approach, distinctive features of phonemes from two different languages – English and Slovak – were delimited according to two distinctive features theories – Feature Geometry and synthetic phonological theory. The sample analysis of the English and the Slovak words with word-medial consonant clusters indicates the validity of this approach for the demarcation of the syllable boundary in polysyllabic words.

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Uncovering structure hand in hand - Joint Robust Interpretive Parsing in Optimality Theory

Author(s): Tamás Biró / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Most linguistic theories postulate structures with covert information, not directly recoverable from utterances. Hence, learners have to interpret their data before drawing conclusions. Within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT), Tesar & Smolensky (1998) proposed Robust Interpretive Parsing (RIP), suggesting the learners rely on their still imperfect grammars to interpret the learning data. I introduce an alternative, more cautious approach, Joint Robust Interpretive Parsing (JRIP). The learner entertains a population of several grammars, which join forces to interpret the learning data. A standard metrical phonology grammar is employed to demonstrates that JRIP performs significantly better than RIP

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The tonal system of Pahari

Author(s): Abdul Qadir Khan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

This paper reports on an acoustic study of the tonal system of the Pahari language. To achieve this aim, an experiment was conducted. Eight native speakers were given a set of monosyllabic triplets bearing three target tones to read them aloud for recording in a carrier sentence. The acoustic measures included F0, final velocity, and duration. The acoustic and statistical results show that (1) the average F0 demonstrates significant difference in the height of the pitch track of the three target words/tones; (2) final velocity shows three trends, namely falling, level, and rising associated with high, mid, and low tones, respectively; and (3) duration results indicate that high pitch track was significantly shorter than each of the other two pitch tracks. The study concludes that Pahari has three tones, namely high-falling, mid-level, and low-rising.

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Emergent Phonological Constraints - The acquisition of *COMPLEX in English

Author(s): Jeroen van de Weijer / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Emergent Phonology seeks to minimize the role of Universal Grammar in linguistics by investigating how units such as distinctive features, segments, words, morphemes, and syllables, and other aspects of grammar, such as phonological, morphological or syntactic rules and conditions, emerge in the course of acquisition and language use, rather than as part of an innate language capacity. An obvious candidate for being acquired rather than being innate are the phonological constraints that take a central place in Optimality Theory. In this paper I discuss whether, and if so how, a constraint like *COMPLEX ‘No complex onsets’, which is assumed to be active in the acquisition of English and many other languages, could be acquired on the basis of the data to which the English language-learning child is exposed. If this constraint is acquired, it lessens the burden on any innate capacity, which is hypothesized to contain more general, cognitive strategies–perhaps not exclusive to linguistics.

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KHITAN STUDIES - I. THE GRAPHS OF THE KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT - 1. GENERAL REMARKS, DOTTED GRAPHS, NUMERALS

Author(s): András Róna-Tas / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

In the first part of this series of papers the author investigates the peculiarities and structure of the graphs of the Khitan Small Script. The graphs are polyvalent, and their phonetic values are based on and reflect the understanding of the Chinese phonetic system of the period. The list of graphs includes allographs and variants, further graphs with the same phonetic value but having different form(s). Some graphs have dotted and nondotted pairs. The Romanisation of the graphs is a convention by modern Chinese and European scholars. In some cases the phonetic value of a given graph is unknown, but its meaning is known; these are called logographs. Dotted forms and the numeric system are also investigated.

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EINIGE RANDBEMERKUNGEN ZUM VERSTÄNDNIS DES ÄGYPTISCHEN WORTES „AW.t“ „ALTAR“

Author(s): Stefan Bojowald / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2016

In the present paper a new explanation is suggested for the Egyptian word “Aw.t” ‘altar’. The old opinion stating a separate word with the meaning ‘altar’ is rejected. In this paper, the suggestion is put forward that it could be a secondary form of “xAw.t”. It will be argued that the form came into existence by means of the “Lautwandel” between “A” and “x”. Hitherto attested only in the Akkadian language, the “Lautwandel” between “A” and “x” can be pointed out in the Egyptian language for the first time.

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A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF THE PHONOLOGY OF GUREZI SHINA

Author(s): Ahmed Musavir / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Gurezi Shina is a lesser known variety of Shina language being spoken by the inhabitants of Gurez, a remote northern valley in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The paper reports a part of the findings of a major research study, undertaken for the description and documentation of this language with an aim to substantiate efforts for its preservation. The paper is a first attempt to present the sound system of Gurezi Shina in detail; the vowels and consonants of the language have been identified through minimal pair of words. Distribution of sounds in words are given in detail. An introduction to the linguistic classification of the language has also been presented. The data for the study have been collected during several field visits to Gurez valley.

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Consonant lenition inside and outside the “minimal foot” - A Strict CV Phonology analysis

Author(s): Katalin Balogné Bérces / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

English represents stress-sensitive consonant lenition systems, in which the onsets of stressed syllables (as well as word-initial consonants) tend to resist diachronic lenition, resulting in synchronic alternations between foot-initial and foot-internal variants. However, there is empirical evidence that a further distinction needs to be drawn between two subtypes of foot-internal positions: one which is weak proper, included within a bimoraic domain (corresponding to the “minimal foot” in prosodic approaches); and a less weak (“semi-weak”) position outside that minimal domain. Crucially, lenition outside the domain implies lenition within, and no cases of lenition in semi-weak only are on record. The paper uses the representations of Strict CV Phonology to capture the equivalence of two forms of the “minimal foot” (the CVCV sequence and the long-vowelled heavy syllable) and to connect this “bimoraicity” of the domain to the implications in consonant lenition, a benefit moraic theory does not offer. At the same time, it properly predicts the non-existence of the unattested lenition pattern.

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The nature of phonological conditioning in Latin inflectional allomorphy

Author(s): András Cser / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the inflectional morphology of Latin in terms of the patterns of allomorphy and the environments governing the distribution of allomorphs. It is demonstrated that all the attested allomorphic alternations can be described as functions of a vocalic scale, practically the sonority scale of vowels plus the undifferentiated class of consonants as the least sonorous extreme. The distribution of allomorphs along the vocalic scale crucially displays the property of contiguity, i.e., the subsections of the scale that trigger one particular allomorph are uninterrupted.

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Central Romani lidža-/ ledž-: A vestige of an Indo-Aryan compound verb and its cross-dialectal variability

Author(s): Michael Benišek / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

Compound verbs, typical of the Indo-Aryan languages of India, are absent from Romani. Still, there are vestiges of such verbs in current Romani dialects, as is the case of the verb lidža-/ ledž- ‘to take away’ in Central Romani, the language traditionally spoken by Roms in Central-Eastern Europe. This paper first outlines the variability of the verb and its properties in a cross-dialectal perspective. Then it argues that the verb reflects the univerbation of a compound verb involving a participle of ‘to take’ and a verb ‘to go’, pointing to a phrase common in the languages of India.

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