R. Kliukienė. Šiaurės žemaičių konsonantizmas: akustinės ir audicinės ypatybės

Author(s): Asta Kazlauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 7/2013

PRIEBALSIAI VEIKSMAŽODŽIO MORFEMŲ SANDŪROJE

Author(s): Asta Kazlauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 6/2012

Lietuvių kalbos morfemų sandūroje vyksta nemažai priebalsių pakitimų. Jie trumpai aptarti ne viename kalbininkų darbe. Konkrečių pakitimų analizė rodo, kad nelengva vienareikšmiškai suklasifikuoti visus jų atvejus. Straipsnyje, remiantis gausia žodyno ir vartosenos medžiaga iš naujo apibrėžiami ir aprašomi svarbiausi priebalsių kaitos tipai.

VARDAŽODINIŲ VEIKSMAŽODŽIŲ SU PRIESAGA - ( I ) A U T I, PRIKLAUSANČIŲ KATEGORINEI REIKŠMEI ʽBŪTI TUO AR TOKIAM, KAS PASAKYTA PAMATINIU ŽODŽIUʼ, DARYBA

Author(s): Anželika Gaidienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 6/2012

Straipsnio objektą sudaro 239 veiksmažodžiai, rasti elektroniniame "Dabartiniame lietuvių kalbos žodyne" ir 236 veiksmažodžiai iš elektroninio "Lietuvių kalbos žodyno varianto. Tyrinėjant vardažodinių veiksmažodžių darybą didžiausias dėmesys buvo kreipiamas į kategorinę reikšmę ir jos poreikšmius, taip pat pamatinius žodžius, jų semantiką, darybą. Nagrinėjant vedinius nuosekliai žiūrėta sinchroninių darybos ryšių, stengtasi parodyti kiekybinius santykius. Išnagrinėjus šios kategorinės reikšmės veiksmažodžius paaiškėjo, kad bendrinėje kalboje jie sudaro darnią sistemą, šaknies balsių kaita ir priebalsių kaita yra reta, priesagos ir šaknies variantų yra nedaug.

Danielo Joneso kardinalinių balsių spektrinės charakteristikos

Author(s): Jurgita Jaroslavienė,Lidija Kaukėnienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 53/2004

The number of studies, which not only analyze the acoustic and articulation characteristics of the vowels, pronounced in an isolated way in different Lithuanian dialects, but also discuss the relation between the said vowels with the vowel quality references, pronounced in the same way, i. e. D. Jones’s cardinal vowels, increases each year. However in the said studies the examination of spectrum of the isolated vowels of the dialects is performed with the help of the PRAAT computer sound analysis programe, developed by P. Boersma and D. Weenink and the meanings of formants of D. Jones’s cardinal vowels, taken from W. Jassem’s study of acoustic phonetics are identified by employing an older methodology. The article aims at, by employing the newest sound analysis programme PRAAT, examination and description of the acoustic and articulation characteristics of D. Jones’s isolated cardinal vowels, comparing the spectrums of the primary cardinal vowels, pronounced by even and variable intonation and discussing the differences between the new data on cardinal vowels and those, presented by W. Jassem. The study employs the records, obtained from A. Girdenis, on which the isolated cardinal vowels are pronounced by D. Jones himself in a neutral and the primary cardinal – in a rising and falling intonation. Comparing the new results with W. Jassem’s data, the conclusion can be made that the meanings of the first formants of D. Jones’s isolated cardinal vowels, studied by employing different methods are more or less different. It is possible that W. Jassem used other records or the quality of records adversely changed during the quite a long period of time elapsed. In any case, when comparing the vowels of specific languages or dialects with the cardinal ones, one should also take into consideration both the older measurements of spectrograms and those, referred here.

Vaikų taikomos žodžių tarimo paprastinimo strategijos. Eksperimentinis tyrimas

Author(s): Eglė Krivickaitė-Leišienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 9/2017

The aim of this study is to determine the strategies of pronunciation simplification. The sample of the study consisted of 288 Lithuanian children: 96 preschool age children (4;00–4;11), 95 preprimary school age children (6;00–6;11) and 97 junior primary school age children (8;00–8;11). The data were collected using a non-word repetition task in Lithuanian. The results of the research have shown that Lithuanian children apply universal strategies of pronunciation simplification, mostly substitution and omission; other strategies such as consonant assimilation, metathesis, sound migration to another syllable and sound addition were much less frequent. Also the results show that children possibly apply associations with real Lithuanian words or their derivational forms. The research has demonstrated that the ability to repeat different structure words is related to the rules of Lithuanian phonotactics. Consonant clusters which are typical of Lithuanian words were pronounced accurately, whereas clusters which are rare in Lithuanian words were simplified in their pronunciation. Age was an important factor in the present study: older children repeated non-words more accurately. Older children have a larger lexicon and eventually develop it further; they learn new consonant clusters, which they are capable to pronounce more accurately.

DAMAKSILLAŞMA VE [ÖNDİL] ÜZERİNE: TÜRKÇE VE KARAYCA UYUMLARINDAKİ ÖRTÜŞME

Author(s): Kunduracı Aysun / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2019

This study compares the segments involved in the harmony processes with those that are excluded from the harmony in Turkey Turkish and Northwest Karaim, and argues that the target feature in the harmony process, a type of phonological agreement, is [front] in both dialects. The study distinguishes [palatal], [palatalized], and [fronted] from each other, and aims to show that what is targeted in the Turkic harmonies is [front], which platalization (and [palatalized]) is also involved in. As is known, Turkish backness harmony requires that all vowels in a word agree in terms of the backness/frontness dimension (e.g. Yavaş, 1980; Kardeştuncer, 1983; Ergenç, 1995; Kabak, 2011). Interestingly however, some consonants can also change the target feature from [back] to [front] in the harmony (cf. Levi, 2002). On the other hand, the Turkish /j/, which is claimed to be identical to /i/ in terms of articulation, is not involved in the harmony: It is transparent. This implies that /j/ and /i/ must not have identical features completely. The study, therefore, revisits the view that /j/ is a glide which differs from /i/ concerning the syllable structure only (e.g. Clements and Sezer, 1982), and investigates the interaction between palatalization and harmony by considering the behavior of /j/ in the Turkish and Karaim harmonies. The study provides an analysis in the line of V-place Theory (Clements and Hume, 1995) and highlights the need for distinctive fetaures in order to account for phonological processes such as harmony. The conclusions of the study are as follows: (i) Turkish /j/ is a true consonant, a liquid, whereas the Karaim /j/ is a glide, (ii) both Turkish vowel harmony and Karaim consonant harmony target [front], a V-place feature, (iii) Turkish consonants including this feature are involved in the harmony, (iv) phonological processes show that palatal, palatalized, and fronted are three distinct phenomena, and (v) phonological processes may refer to phonetic features.

С. И. Бернштейн

Author(s): I. M. Levin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/1973

Широта научных интересов недавно скончавшегося профессора Сергея Игнатьевича Бернштейна была чрезвычайной. Экспериментальная фонетика и фонология, лексикология и лексикография, общ ее языкознание и синтаксис, история литературного языка и стилистика - во всех этих областях языкознания он оставил труды первостепенного значения.

О соотношении единиц метрической и фонологической систем языка

Author(s): M. I. Lekomtseva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/1969

Есть ли какая зависимость между единицами метрической системы и теми единицами, которые представлены в языке на каком-нибудь из его уровней, например, фонологическом? Если этот вопрос рассмотреть на материале европейских систем стихосложения, то выделятся следующие типы соответствий. Основная единица силлабического стихосложения - слог - является одновременно основной синтагматической единицей фонологической системы языка.

RUSÇADA DARALMA SÜRECİ

Author(s): Zulfiya Şahin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

The acquisition of phonetic competence in the process of foreign language learning is very important, because communication, the main purpose of learning any language, can be achieved only through correct pronunciation. Phonological processes that exist in the phonetic systems of languages are natural and inevitable facts of pronunciation. The majority of phonetic processes are developed on the basis of the least effort law, and phonetic competence, reflecting these processes, significantly increases the effectiveness of foreign language usage. This study is devoted to the vowel reduction phenomenon, one of the most specific characteristics of the Contemporary Russian. One of the most prominent features of vowel reduction in Russian is its two-stage process. The fact that the reduction is two-staged, various- in terms of positional and combinatorial context, and not reflected in the written language make this phenomenon a complex point in learning Russian as a foreign language. The aim of this paper is to describe and systemize Russian vowel reduction phenomenon. Study also contains some suggestions on how to overcome problems in building phonetic competence of reduction. The reduction patterns described in the paper concern Contemporary Standard Russian, which is based on the Moscow Dialect. The reduction phenomenon is described within the framework of the Russian phonetic tradition.

TARMIŠKAI KALBANČIO ŽMOGAUS STEREOTIPAI: APRIORINĖS EILINIŲ KALBOS BENDRUOMENĖS NARIŲ NUOSTATOS

Author(s): Daiva Aliūkaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 14 (19)/2008

The paper aims at the analysis of the language attitudes of the ordinary language estimators with re-spect to the dialectal discourse on the basis of the theoretical insights developed by perceptual dialectology and the data of the experiment ‘On Perception and Estimation of the Dialectal Discourse’ carried out in several areas of East Highlands, West Highlands, South Lithuania and Lowlands. The gathered material of the empirical research is rich in its variety thus allowing for the discussion of various values of the dialectal discourse. The paper focuses on the description of the qualification of the dialectal discourse composers – in other words, an attempt has been made to conceptualize the image of a dialect user. Relying on the data of the mentioned experiment, the author arrives at the conclusion that a dialect user is partially dislocated, yet still remains the other, i.e. the person representing a different culture, different social status or even extending a different mode of behaviour. Due to the lack of conformity between the answers of the respondents representing different regions or even different groups of the same region, it is possible to claim that the respondents from different regions introduce different conceptualizations of a dialect user which is determined by the following factors...

Phonetic Reduction of Intervocalic [w] in Contemporary Polish

Author(s): Sylwester Jaworski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This paper reports the results of an acoustic study concerned with deletion of intervocalic [w] in contemporary Polish. The data for analysis were obtained by asking twenty monolingual native speakers of Polish, ten males and ten females, to tell the story of a film or a book whose protagonist was female. The results revealed that approximately 25% of the sound combinations in question were reduced phonetically to a vowel geminate. In cases of deletion, the formant trajectories of the examined sound sequences either did not show any signs of the glide or the expected drop in formant frequencies throughout the glide section is so slight that it is rather unlikely to produce an auditory impression of a [w] sound. Importantly, in the analysed recordings, w-dropping affects only the glide elements found in various verb forms, while intervocalic [w] appears to be resistant to deletion in the few cases where the glide constitutes an element of the stem, e.g. in the nouns skała ‘rock’and szkoła ‘school’. [Przedstawione w artykule wyniki analizy akustycznej opisują częstotliwość, z jaką międzywokaliczna głoska [w] jest usuwana ze strumienia mowy. Analizie poddano wypowiedzi 20 rodzimych użytkowników języka polskiego, których poproszono o opowiedzenie fabuły filmu, w którym główną postacią jest kobieta. Wyniki analizy akustycznej wskazują, że w ok. 25% przypadków międzywokaliczne [w] nie jest wymawiane, jeśli stanowi element końcówki fleksyjnej czasownika, np. -ała, -iła, -yła. W takich przypadkach trajektorie formantów, jak również ich intensywność, nie wskazywały na obecność półsamogłoski [w] pomiędzy samogłoskami lub zmiany te były tak niewielkie, że nie wywoływały akustycznego wrażenia głoski [w]. W badaniu nie stwierdzono przypadków usunięcia [w], jeśli dźwięk ten znajdował się w podstawie słowotwórczej, np. w słowach skała, szkoła.]

Podhale Goralian Vowels in Józef Tischner’s Recordings of Historia filozofii po góralsku: An Acoustic Phonetic Analysis

Author(s): Mateusz Urban / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The current study is exploratory in character and aims to investigate the extent to which dialectal features are present in a stylised version of a regional variety of Polish. The focus is on three traditional features of Podhale Goralian that make it markedly different from Standard Polish: the treatment of Middle Polish raised vowels ė ȧ ȯ, prenasal raising and the Podhale archaism. The material analysed comprises a selection of recordings of Józef Tischner’s Historii filozofii po góralsku [A Goral History of Philosophy] performed by himself. The recordings were subjected to acoustic analysis to obtain values of the first two formants of the relevant vowels. An analysis was then conducted with the help of vowel plots created on the basis of the measurements. The conclusions indicate that the traditional features of Podhale Goralian are not always consistently realized in the recordings, which in the majority of cases may be attributed to the influence of Standard Polish. [Artykuł ma charakter eksploracyjny i ma na celu ustalenie stopnia realizacji cech dialektalnych w stylizowanej wersji regionalnej odmiany języka polskiego. Przedmiotem badania są trzy tradycyjne cechy gwary podhalańskiej, które odróżniają ją od standardowej odmiany języka polskiego: rozwój tzw. samogłosek ścieśnionych, podniesienie artykulacji samogłosek przed spółgłoską nosową oraz archaizm podhalański. Za materiał posłużyły nagrania wybranych fragmentów Historii filozofii po góralsku ks. Józefa Tischnera dokonane przez niego samego. Nagrania poddano analizie akustycznej w celu zmierzenia wartości dwóch pierwszych formantów badanych samogłosek. Na podstawie pomiarów sporządzono wykresy samogłosek, według których przeprowadzono analizę wybranych cech. Badanie prowadzi do wniosków, iż nie wszystkie tradycyjne cechy gwarowe są konsekwentnie realizowane w nagraniach i w większości przypadków jest to wpływ systemu standardowego.]

Фонетске особине говора источне Шумадије

Author(s): Žarko Bošnjaković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2008

Автор в настоящей работе анализирует просодические, вокалические и консонантные особенности говоров восточной Шумадии, охватывающей Смедеревско-Подунавле, северную часть Ясеницы и восточную часть Космая. Границы данной области на севере, востоке и юге проходят вдоль речных долин Дуная, Моравы, Кубршницы и Великого Луга, а на западе по линии Сеоне, Мало-Орашье, Дубона, Влашка, Райковац и Междулужье, Ягнило и Рабровац южнее Великого Луга. Полевые исследования начались автором в 1988 г., а закончились в 2006 г. В 5 1 деревне записано 1 47 часов звукозаписей, и все это протранскрибировано, а потом эксцерпировано, в результате чего получилось около 150.000 данных. В юго-западной части данной территории доминирует кановачское ударение над факультативными примерами с метатаксическим перемещением краткого нисходящего ударения с ультима на краткий пенультим. Отмечены также примеры типа мён, гор, вод, мог. Предударные долготы хорошо сохраняются, а заударные получены путем перемещения долгого нисходящего ударения. Отмечено также факультативное перемещение нисходящих ударений на долготу: ййшала/ййшала, вуче/вучё, вучемо/вучёмо, однако и на краткость: /асшуци//асшуциУ/асшуци, сёди/седй, седйм/седйм, игранка/игранка. Отмечены также примеры перемещения ударения на проклитику: у земгь, йрёда мному; у гроб/ье, око купе, однако также: око враша, йреко нопи, на дно, нё мош. В некоторых пунктах факультативно встречаются и икавизмы типа: видила,унико време, йрирезу]ем колач; йрид, йрико; овди, онди, нигди; йосц/еш, да се сми/е; видрица; обадви; диво]ка). Чаще встречаются примеры типа да] жени вместо да/ жене, однако не и мечи, а куйи мене. Часто встречаются элизии гласных в хиатусе: неумем д идем, и стяжение гласных: айерисо, дошо, видо, кисо, крено. Согласные в, } и х нестабильны и поэтому теряются или заменяются. Фонема 1дз1 встречается факультативно в речи представителей старшего поколения информаторов. Сочетания согласных сц и шч факультативно упрощаются: йраци, ицейа; гуче, ичуйа. Часто встречается африкатизация группы йс > йц. На юго-западе налицо примеры типа бар}аце, бубрезе, кожусе. Ясные ареалы здесь не отмечены благодаря наличию почти всех миграционых течений на данной территории, а также благодаря факту, что большинство изоглосс квантитативно. Можно только сказать, что на западе чаще представлен кановачский тип и что также представлено перемещение ударения. Несмотра на большое число особенностей, объединяющих данные говоры с косовско-ресавскими, на основании кановачского ударения, икавизмов (да) жени, у соби; сшарьуи; нисам, туе; с овим,мали/х/,мо]има) и окончания -ом (да) овом жени, у мо/ом соби; н>ом треба, да]ом дам), данную зону можно назвать младеновачско-вршачской группой говоров, т. к. центр кановачского ударения находится в окрестностях г. Младеновац, а не Смедерево. Однако после исследований говоров южного Баната и правой стороны нижнего течения Великой Моравы мы получим возможност более достоверно определить статус данных говоров.

Ана Савић-Грујић, Фонолошки опис говора села Гулијана. — Прилози Културној историји Сврљига, књ. 7, Сврљиг 2008.

Author(s): Aleksandra Nedeljković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2008

Samogłoski ustne gwary kurpiowskiej

Author(s): Joanna Garczyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2021

The aim of the article is a phonetic and acoustic description of stressed oral vowels occurring in the Kurpie dialect, depending on the gender and age of respondents. The realizations of the examined vowels were compared with the standard Polish pronunciation. It can be concluded that the dialectal realizations are best preserved for the vowels [ɔ] and [ɨ], and also for [a] in the group of women. The research results confirmed the disappearance of sounds [e], [ɑ] and [o]. In the analyzed material, the individual realizations were best maintained for [e] and then for [ɑ]. An inclined [o] was present only in one person. Dialectal realizations of vowels are better preserved by women and people of the oldest and middle generations.

ФОНЕТИКА, ФОНОЛОГИЈА И ПРОЗОДИЈА СРПСКОГ ЈЕЗИКА – АКТУЕЛНО СТАЊЕ И РАЗВОЈНЕ ПЕРСПЕКТИВЕ

Author(s): Jelica D. Jokanović-Mihajlov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2017

The three standard aspects of research into the phonetic matter – articulatory, acoustic, and phonological – gained unequal interest among the researchers of the Serbian language. The paper surveys the thoroughness of examination of these questions and points out the remaining lacunae which are to be filled by future work. The state of the contemporary phonetic and prosodic scientific literature is being analysed, as well as the contemporary place of these disciplines within Serbian science, the state of the didactic literature and the state of the practice of teaching phonetic disciplines in universities. Attention has also been paid to the ongoing issues of adherence to the speech norm and its study.

The role of phonology in Vata adjectival agreement

Author(s): Sebastian Bredemann / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

In realizational theories of morphology, different opinions exist on the relationship between phonology and Vocabulary Insertion. On the one hand, there are separational theories like Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz 1993), which assume that Vocabulary Insertion does not interact with the phonological component of the grammar. These theories predict that the properties of a language's regular phonology never play a role when vocabulary items (VIs) are inserted. The opposite view is held by integrational theories as, for instance, proposed in Wolf (2008). These theories assume that the general phonology of a language can influence Vocabulary Insertion. Based on adjectival agreement in the language Vata, I propose an integrational model that assumes that Vocabulary Insertion applies in an Optimality-Theoretic (Prince & Smolensky 1993) phonology, where regular phonological constraints are active. I propose that the phonology consists of two levels: one level where VIs are inserted and one level for regular phonology.

An Explanation for the Unexplainable: Antiharmony in Finnish Inflection (merta and verta)

Author(s): László Fejes / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

No persuasive explanation has been offered for the exceptional disharmony in Finnish merta ’sea-part.sg’ and verta ’blood-part.sg’ until now. In this paper, it is argued that the reason for this phenomenon is complex. On the one hand, the word initial pattern #(C)ertä occurred only in these two forms, while the pattern #(C)erta was - and is - much more common. On the other hand, the change of the forms under analogical pressure was facilitated by the fact that they were isolated inside the paradigm; and therefore, intraparadigmatic analogy could not retard the change.

ВОКАЛИЗАМ И КОНСОНАНТИЗАМ У ЗБИРЦИ ПЈЕСАМА СА ДРУГЕ СТРАНЕ ШТРЕКЕ ЈАГОДЕ КЉАИЋ

Author(s): Biljana Savić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 25/2022

This paper analyses the vocal and consonant system in the collection of poems On the Other Side of the Streak by Jagoda Kljaić. The language in this literary work is a reflection of the archaic Banija idiom, which is no longer spoken, and which the poet activates to preserve it from oblivion. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the researched linguistic features, compare them with previous scientific knowledge about this and other western Serbian dialects, and complete the picture of the Banija dialect which is an integral part of the Herzegovinian-Krajina dialect.

Un métier d’art sur le chantier de Notre-Dame : le serrurier d’art, une reconstruction terminologique

Author(s): Maria Teresa Zanola / Language(s): French Issue: 1 (35)/2022

The variety of crafts on the Notre-Dame building site, and especially the artistic crafts, provides an opportunity to analyse the specific terminology used by these activities, during the various phases of work, according to the different processes and tools. The focus is on the artistic locksmithing, with the intention of describing a lively network of terminology and verifying its diachronic evolution over time, according to the changes that have occurred in this trade. This diachronic procedure permits to verify the impact that this approach can have on terminological studies. This analysis aims to illustrate three directions in the research: the creation of the craft’s terminology, the richness of the documentation sources, and its descriptive systematisation. The French lexicographical contribution is examined over the centuries before moving on to an analysis of the documentation on this craft in the 18th and 19th centuries up to the present day. The history of locksmithing terms makes it possible to retrace the history of a discipline, of a technique: these terms are the privileged witnesses of an era, of its achievements and its know-how.