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From generators to mirrors – a comparison of phonological theories

Author(s): Krzysztof Jaskuła / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

This article offers a comparison of the main twentieth century phonological approaches to the idea of phonological goals and analytic methods. These formal approaches can be divided into the theories of rules (e.g. Generative Phonology) and the theories of representations (e.g. Government Phonology). What is shown below is the chief assumptions and goals of both theoretical frameworks as well as the formal mechanisms which help to achieve these goals. This is accompanied with examples of syllabic structures and analyses of phonological phenomena in both Polish and English.

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Fonostilistička interpretacija „Grozdanina kikota“ Hamze Hume

Author(s): Bernisa Puriš / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2007

In dieser Arbeit bietet die Autorin eine linguostilistische Analyse und Interpretation des Romans "Grozdanin kikot" van Hamza Huma. Ausgehend van der Definition des literarisch-kiinstlerischen Werks als einer spezifisch organisierten Struktur, deren Eigenheit durch absichtliches Vargehen bei der Selektion und Kombination von sprachlichen Einheiten auf diversen sprachlichen Ebenen bedingt ist, analysiert und interpretiert die Autarin die phanastilistischen Elemente als Einheiten mit verstarkter Expressivitat, die im Kaharenzverhaltnis mit den gedanklich-ematianalen Inhalten des Werks stehen, diese vielmehr verstarken, lyrisch unterstreichen und dadurch ihr intensiveres Erleben ermoglichen.

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METODOLOGIJA AKUSTIČKIH SNIMANJA

Author(s): Iva Bašić,Zdravka Biočina / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2020

Sociolinguistics and sociophonetics place the native speaker in the center of their research. Since different research goals demand a different methodological setting it is very important to assess which steps are necessary and sufficient to answer the research questions. Thus the authors of this paper recorded more than 300speakers, which gave them ample methodological experience but also opened a lot of questions. In many previous studies, the importance of the optimal conditions of recording which contribute to a spontaneous spoken reaction of the speaker is emphasised, especially for the purpose of collecting audio material of dialect speech.The influences of different speaking styles, microphone distance (Vermeulen 2009;Fraser 2017) and head position (Jovičić et al. 2015) on acoustical parameters in English, Dutch, Serbian, etc. ware examined in a smaller number of acoustic studies.This paper will look into conditions of acoustic recording and their influence on different acoustic parameters (formant frequencies and fundamental frequency). For the purposes of this research two speakers (one male and one female voice)with a healthy voice and speech and language development were recorded. In the first part of the research, the speakers read a short text, while in the second part spontaneous speech was recorded. Both speakers were recorded in the morning and in the afternoon in two different settings: in a sound booth and in a room with a lower noise level, both with a high-quality recorder. The speakers were also recorded at a different distance from the microphone and with different head positions.Three research questions were formulated: will different a) terms of recording b)conditions of recording and c) distance and head position relative to the microphone influence the values of formant frequencies and the fundamental frequency? Apart from that, this paper will emphasize the methodological details that should be taken into consideration while collecting audio material for acoustic analysis purposes.From the fundamental frequency measurements, the basic value and median have been shown to be the most robust, and from the formant frequencies. the third formant. The most significant differences between values are in the non-optimal distance of the speaker from the microphone. This research aims to contribute to the clarification of specific acoustic issues and to facilitate future researchers to set up the necessary methodological settings in sociolinguistic, sociophonetic and phonetic forensic studies due to their undoubted influence on data analysis and results.

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Khitan Studies. • 1.The graphs of the khitan small script 3. The consonants. 3.3 The oral velar and uvular consonants

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Khitan Studies. • 1.The graphs of the khitan small script 3. The consonants. 3.3 The oral velar and uvular consonants

Author(s): Wu Yingzhe,András Róna-Tas / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

In the ﬁfth part of this series of papers the authors investigate the way how the Khitan Small Script (KSS) rendered the oral velar and uvular consonants stops in initial position.

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Chuvash Historical Phonetics. An areal linguistic study. With an Appendix on the Role of Proto-Mari in the History of Chuvash Vocalism

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Chuvash Historical Phonetics. An areal linguistic study. With an Appendix on the Role of Proto-Mari in the History of Chuvash Vocalism

Author(s): István Zimonyi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Klára Agyagási. (2019). Chuvash Historical Phonetics. An areal linguistic study. With an Appendix on the Role of Proto-Mari in the History of Chuvash Vocalism. Turcologica 117. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 333 pp.

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Fonostruktura stiha u zbirci Nedovršene tuge Huseina Bašića

Author(s): Edim Šator / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 15/2020

The paper analyzes the phonostructure of the verse in the collection of poems Unfinished Sorrows by Husein Bašić. We have analyzed 36 poems that were published in the collection, and which were originally published in the collection under the title Sjutradan /Morrow. The external and internal rhymes in these poems are analyzed in detail, but other vocal repetitions are analyzed as well. It is quite certain that the phonostylistic aspect in the analyzed poems plays a very important role in the understanding of the text.

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ENGLISH PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY – MEANING IS THE LIMIT

Author(s): Dorin Drambarean / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2019

Na studijskim programima čiji fokus je strani jezik nezaobilazan predmet je fonetika i fonologija jezika koji se izučava. U ovom radu cilj je da se probliži predmet izučavanja ovog nivoa jezičke analize, da se eksplicira njegov značaj i da se kontekstualizuje u okviru drugih lingvističkih disciplina kao što su morfologija, sintaksa i posebno semantika. Fonetika kao fizički aspekt produkcije i recepcije govora neophodna je za proučavanje i sticanje komunikativnih kompetencija. Fonologija koja izučava glasovni sistem jezika s druge strane takođe predstavlja neizostavni sloj znanja onima koji jezikom treba da se služe profesionalno i adekvatnim kodiranjem i dekodiranjem postignu željena značenja u procesu komunikacije na stranom jeziku

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Phonetische Verständlichkeit im interkulturellen, institutionellen Kontext – ein Zusammenspiel von Wirkung, Norm und Akzeptanz. Wissenschaftstheoretische Grundlagen empirischer Untersuchungen

Author(s): Beata Grzeszczakowska-Pawlikowska / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2015

Phonetic comprehensibility, which is determined by applying the category of the norm, is essential precondition in the securing of mutual understanding. Limitations to phonetic comprehensibility, however, can lead to disruptions in communication, which can in turn have undesirable effects such as a failure to accept the speaker and the content s / he aims to communicate. In the light of this, the following contribution will emphasize the interplay between phonetic comprehensibility, effect, norm and acceptance and will consider empirical research on the topic.

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VEÇORITË FONETIKO-MORFOLOGJIKE NË TË FOLMEN E MIRATOCIT TË PRESHEVËS

Author(s): Sadat Agushi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 13-14/2020

Të folmet e shqipes janë të pasura me dukuri fonetike, morfologjike, sintaksore e leksikore dhe këto më shumë janë të shfaqura në dialektin gegë, gjegjësisht në variantet e tij. Folësit e këtij varianti të shqipes, në aspektin historik, kanë sjellë ndryshime gjatë shqiptimit sidomos në sistemin tingullor. Në këtë punim do të trajtojmë veçoritë fonetike dhe morfologjike në të folmen e Miratocit. Ky vendbanim shtrihet në jug të Preshevës dhe gjeografikisht ka afërsi me katundet Llojan, Vaksincë, Orizare. E kemi përzgjedhur atë si objekt studimi dialektor për disa arsye: Katundi ka një histori vendbanimi; Shquhet për veçantitë e një të folmeje gege me disa specifika që nuk hasen në katundet e tjera të Preshevës; Ka hundorësinë; Ka përngjasime me të folmet e disa fshatrave të Kumanovës, gjegjësisht të Likovës. Hulumtimi është bazuar kryesisht në përshkrimin fonetik dhe janë incizuar disa informatorë, që na kanë ndihmuar mjaftueshëm për t’i nxjerrë karakteristikat e kërkuara. Fjalët kyçe: pozita gjeografike, sistemi fonetik, sistemi morfologjik.

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More on the Rhotic Tap and the Implications of Its Structure

Author(s): Carmen Florina Savu / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

The topic of this paper is the rhotic segment with one constricted interval, the tap. This sound is typically considered to be, from the phonetic point of view, a simple small constricted interval because this is how it appears on a spectrogram when it is in intervocalic context. More recent studies (Stolarski 2011; Savu 2011, 2012) consider and argue that the tap is actually comprised of two vowel-like elements flanking this small constriction. After presenting the argument leading to this conclusion and briefly discussing the quality of the tap’s vocoids as shown by phonetic experiments, I approach the implications of this sound having the aforementioned structure. Specifically, I address the consequences for the status of syllabic /r/ in Macedonian and the different perception of /C(ɨ)rC/ sequences by speakers of Romanian and Slavic languages with syllabic /r/. In addition to this, I show how this structure of the tap suggests a possible phonetic account for vowel-rhotic metathesis between consonants as the migration of the constriction on a vocalic continuum provided by the tap and the full vowel.

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Fonološka i morfološka raščlamba prijepisa statuta Vuka Ručića

Author(s): Mario Šimudvarac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2012

In the last article the vocalism of transcripts of the Senj statute were analysed by Vuk Ručić. In this, the second article, the phonological and morphological analysis will be finished. It will be about the consonants, the consonantly changes and groupings and the inflected morpheme nouns and verbs will be studied, and then the remaining variable and invariable types of words. The more important and significant cases will be emphasised as well as the more important morphological characteristics. At the end each of these two linguistic levels will conclude with a short list of linguistic features about the transcripts of the Senj statute.

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Polish Migrant Community in Ireland: the Use of Irish English Slit-t

Author(s): Izabela Grabarczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

In any migratory context individuals are faced with several challenges as a result of having to live in a different geographical location, function in a different cultural setting and use a different language. The migrants’ use of language plays a crucial role in mediation of their identity, especially in the domain of pronunciation (Kobialka 2016). When non-native users of language adapt their speech to resemble that of the host community, it may suggest their strong identification with the target community (Hammer and Dewaele 2015). This papers focuses on the pronunciation patterns among Polish adult migrants living in the west of Ireland. The aim of the study is to investigate the link between positive attitudes of the migrant community towards Ireland, Irish culture and community, their acculturation strategies and language identity, and the tendency to use one of the most characteristic features of Irish English – slit-t. The theoretical framework includes acculturation theory (Berry 2005), social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner 1987) and language identity (Block 2007). The qualitative and quantitative analysis of data indicates a certain correlation between the use of Irish English slit-t and the participants’ strategies of acculturation, identity and attitudes to the host community.

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Vowel Perception and Transcription Trainer for Learners of English as a Foreign Language

Author(s): Šárka Šimáčková,Václav Jonáš Podlipský / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

We use the freely available program Praat to create a vowel-training application for learners of English familiar with IPA transcription. The application is easy to operate, allowing users to change the training difficulty, providing the listeners with immediate feedback, and adapting to their performance during a training session. To evaluate the effectiveness of the Trainer, performance of 59 Czech learners during a single training session and across multiple sessions was tracked. Results showed improvement both between sessions and within sessions. In the final training session, vowel identification accuracy showed considerable resistance to gradual addition of increasing levels of noise. Testing the trainer with additional 52 learners showed significantly higher error-rates for low-frequency words and supported the importance of top-down lexical effect in vowel identification.

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In-Service Primary School Teachers’ Account of Phonetically Difficult Words in English as a Foreign Language

Author(s): Oleksandr Kapranov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

set of words in the English language that in-service primary school teachers consider difficult to pronounce by young learners of English whose first language (L1) is Norwegian. In the study, 26 in-service primary school teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) are asked to write a reflective essay with a list of phonetically difficult words (henceforth PDWs) in English that they think are difficult to pronounce by young EFL learners. Additionally, the in-service primary school teachers (further – participants) are requested to reflect and comment on PDWs, and explain the reasons why they think they are phonetically difficult. The participants’ individual lists of PDWs are compiled into a corpus which is processed in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) in order to calculate the frequency of PDWs. The participants’ comments and reflections are subsequently analysed qualitatively in order to establish the sources of PDWs. The results of the investigation reveal that the corpus of PDWs is comprised of 257 lexical items. The most frequent PDWs are associated with those sounds of the English language that are absent in the young EFL learners’ L1, Norwegian, e.g., /θ/ in birthday, /ð/ in this, /z/ in zoo, etc. Other frequent PDWs are related to English spelling conventions (e.g., fruit), the word-initial position of affricates (e.g., chocolate), and word stress (e.g., window). These findings and their linguo-didactic implications are further discussed in the article.

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ПРАВИЛНАТА УПОТРЕБА НА НАВОДНИЦИТЕ ВО МАКЕДОНСКИОТ ЈАЗИК – УСЛОВ ЗА СТАБИЛНОСТА НА ЈАЗИЧНАТА НОРМА

Author(s): Violeta Janusheva / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 3/2017

The research refers to the third developmental period of the primary education in Republic of Macedonia and it has three goals. First, to explore the Macedonian language-teaching curriculum regarding the use of the quotation marks. Then, to analyze the orthographic content dedicated to the quotation marks in Macedonian language textbooks regarding their preciseness and correctness. Finally, to examine whether the use of quotation marks in Macedonian language textbooks as well as in the textbooks for other teaching subject is correct or not. The research has qualitative paradigm (analysis of content) and descriptive design. The sample is consisted of Macedonian language textbooks and textbook for other teaching subjects. Analysis, comparison and synthesis are the methods used for processing the data and conclusions. The research shows that the Macedonian language-teaching curriculum anticipates small number of teaching hours dedicated to the quotation marks, thus the number of the content related to the quotation marks in Macedonian language textbooks is also small and there are almost no explanations. The research indicates that the quotation marks are used the most in Macedonian language textbooks, as we expected and less in the textbooks for other teaching subjects. Finally, the research suggests that although the quotation marks are used correctly in many examples, their use refer to small number of orthographic rules. In addition, there are inconsistencies in the use of quotation marks in many examples, and they are used in a wrong way. Therefore, there is a need of revision of the existent Macedonian language-teaching curriculum as well as of the textbooks, because the quality of the learning material is a crucial requirement for correct knowledge of the quotation marks’ orthographic norm, and this affects the stability of the standard language norm. The research also shows that the current orthography should be supplemented with new rules for usage of quotation marks, regarding the needs of written practice.

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Длительность горномарийских гласных как просодический фактор

Author(s): Daria O. Zhornik,Fedor Rozhanskiy / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

It has been claimed that the Hill Mari stress is manifested by the vowel duration. The current study analyses the vowel duration in Hill Mari using experimental phonetic methods. The data from five native speakers of various ages were recorded in the village of Mikrjakovo in 2016-2017. In specially elaborated phonetic questionnaires, the token words of four disyllabic and seven trisyllabic structures were placed in the clause-middle and sentence-final positions. The relative durations of vowels are compared with a model where a reduced vowel is two times shorter than a full one. The analysis of the difference between the observed and predicted values shows that the model best fits the data from the oldest native speaker. The young speaker with the strongest influence of Russian demonstrates the greatest deviation from the model, most prominently in the prolongation of the penultimate vowel, which is usually considered as stressed. Basing on these results, we offer a hypothesis that the lengthening of the penultimate vowel as a manifestation of stress is a recent innovation, and there was probably no phonetically distinct stress in Hill Mari previously.

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PROZODIJSKO-FONOLOŠKA USPOREDBA GOVORA VINODOLSKOGA KAMENJAKA SA SENJSKIM GOVOROM

Author(s): Vida Barac-Grum / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1991

In the article two similar čakavian idioms are compared. The idiom of Senj has passed through certain language influences of the štokavian type which left some traces on the native idiom. It is because Senj, being a big town of the region and a rather important port — especially in the past — represents an attractive place for the štokavian immigrants from the neighbourhood. The Kamenjak idiom is a conservative one. Nevertheless, the comparative language material shows that some of the new štokavian elements in the idiom of Senj have also weak spots in the idiom of Kamenjak. It means that the weak spots in the čakavian system can cause a new, štokavian, process in it. The compared material also shows that the idiom of Senj, as the language of prestige, has not changed too much in spite of some štokavian elements which it has today. It proves once more the results of Milan Moguš's analyses of the Senj idiom.

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NAGLASCI GLAGOLSKIH OBLIKA

Author(s): Stjepan Vukušić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1991

The specific characteristic of the accent system of the Western New Stokavian is expressed particularly in verbal forms. This contribution gives the list of representative accent patterns for all verbal forms.

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TÜRKLERİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ARAPÇA ÖĞRENİRKEN SES VE YAZI İLE İLGİLİ KARŞILAŞTIKLARI SORUNLAR VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ

Author(s): Hatice Kübra Algin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 52/2021

Arabic belongs to the Hami-Semitic language family and Turkish belongs to the Ural-Altaic language family. The alphabet structure and grammar rules of these two languages, which belong to different language families are completely different from each other. The fact that the two languages have different structures from each other causes the Turks to experience some linguistic problems in areas such as sound, writing, morphology, syntax and delali while learning Arabic. In this research we will touch on the problems that Turks encounter most about sound and writing while learning Arabic and their solutions.

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The Etymology of Vedic bravi ‘to say, to speak, to tell’

Author(s): Carmela Mastrangelo,Zsolt Simon / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

This paper argues that the standard etymology of Vedic bravi ‘to say, to speak, to tell’ from Proto-Indo-European *mleu̯h2- ‘to speak’ (and its connection with Avestan mrao- ‘to say, to speak’) cannot be upheld, since it is based on an irregular consonant change that cannot be independently motivated and explained. As an alternative, two different PIE verbal roots will be proposed, *melH-u- → mleu̯H- ‘to say, to speak’ and *bleu̯h2/3-‘to speak or to call’, that provide phonologically and semantically regular bases for the words involved.

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