Polska proza galicyjska przed wojną i po wojnie

Author(s): Marek Wilczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2015

Usually Schulz’s fiction is not interpreted with reference to the Holocaust and massive ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe during World War II. The present paper is rooted in a belief that some of his later stories can actually be treated as “prophetic”when placed in a sequence consisting of the works by Schulz and other Polish writers from Galicia: Ida Fink, a Holocaust survivor, Zygmunt Haupt, an émigré in the United States, and Leopold Buczkowski, after the war in Poland. Schulz’s followers, at least ina chronological sense, seem to have been inspired by the metaphorical energy of hisfiction, though in the stories by Fink and Haupt, as well as the early novels by Buczkowski,the Schulzean metaphor is replaced by metonymy – a figure of death, and allegory – in Walter Benjamin’s terms, a post mortem mask of history stigmatized by violence. Arguably, Fink, Haupt, and Buczkowski recorded in their fiction the fulfillment of Schulz’s catastrophic prophecy.

Wspólne DNA liturgii Wschodu i Zachodu

Author(s): Mateusz Rafał Potoczny / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 51/2018

Even if each liturgy of the different liturgical traditions has its own characteristics which are results of the different evolution and different theological approaches, in its lessens it still remains the one and same liturgy of the Church. Before describing the common DNA of the Christian liturgy, as the starting point of this paper, we showed a couple of elements which differ the rites of the Church. In the main part of the study the elements containing the common liturgical DNA were presented. Among them we pointed: the Jewish liturgy, proclamation of the Kerygma, sacramental life, the common proto-geography, euchology which lex orandi and the structure of the Eucharistic Prayer.

Kol isza be-lakasz vs mulier taceat in ecclesia. Głos kobiecy w judaizmie i chrześcijaństwie

Author(s): Bożena Muszkalska / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 51/2018

The object of the considerations in the present study is the prohibition of the use of female voice in Orthodox synagogues and similar restrictions which were in force in the Christian Church, as well as changes that have taken place in this regard While in the female monasteries religious music began to flourish relatively early, the Jewish women could turn to perform liturgical chants only in effect of resistance against the dictum called in brief Kol isha. Beginning of these changes coincides with the period of the Jewish Enlightenment, Haskalah, in the nineteenth century, and they have been proceeding to modern times.

Communities and Their Temples: Orthodox, Jewish, Protestant, and Catholic: Religious Delimitations in the Historical Topography of Słuck

Author(s): Maria Cieśla / Language(s): English Issue: 116/2017

The article analyses the religious topography of Słuck (today, Sluck in Belarus). Słuck was an important hub of Orthodoxy and Protestantism in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; moreover, 38 percent of its population was Jewish. Detailed analysis of legal documents and urban inventories showed that there were areas within the town bounds which were reserved for the Christian communities active there. The spatial balance was upset in the former half of the eighteenth century, with Catholic orders brought into the town. The Jews were the only group that was legally barred from choosing a place to reside. The municipal authorities endeavoured to restrict the Jewish settlement to one street. Members of Jewish financial elite were the only ones to succeed in crossing the legal boundaries and settle down at the ‘Christian’ streets ofSłuck.

Auto-da-fe in Lwów in 1728: The Jan Filipowicz Trial and Jewish Re-Conversion to Judaism in the Early Modern Poland

Author(s): Adam Kaźmierczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 116/2017

This article discusses the question of neophytes’ return to Judaism, especially the case of Jan Filipowicz, who was condemned to death for this crime in 1728 in Lwów. The return of Jewish converts to their religion of origin was a relatively frequent occurrence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but those charged with this crime, especially Jews from Lwów accused of persuading the neophytes to return, were not usually treated as harshly as Filipowicz. The exceptionally harsh sentence given to the rabbis responsible for the return of Filipowicz to Judaism resulted from the judges’ belief in the existence of a ritual of dechristianization, a special blasphemy against Christianity. The relationship of the courts and the Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to the problem of apostasy among converts from Judaism is addressed. The penitential practices described in the court documents are similar to those described by the inquisitor Bernard Gui in the fourteenth century and to the ritual of dechristianization described by Jan Serafinowicz, the most famous eighteenth century convert.

Patrząc wspólnie w kierunku jedynego Boga

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1/2018

Third International Conference on Christian Hebraism in Eastern and Central Europe

Author(s): Anna Kryza / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

Jewish Anti-Christian Polemical Treatises in Early Modern Central and Eastern Europe: Where are They?

Author(s): Daniel J. Lasker / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Jewish anti-Christian polemical treatises comprise a well-known genre in medieval Jewish literature. It is generally thought that these books were written in response to Christian missionary pressure. Yet, when considering eastern Europe in the early modern period, one sees that this genre is almost non-existent, despite continuing Christian attempts at converting Jews. An analysis of medieval Jewish anti-Christian writings shows that rather than being necessarily a response to Christian missionary pressure, many of them are part of the larger Jewish theological enterprise. Hence, such works are prevalent in areas where Jews engaged in theology – the Islamic world, Iberia, Provence, and Italy – and almost non-existent in northern Europe (Ashkenaz), where there was little interest in theology. This pattern continued into the early modern period, at which time Ashkenazic Jews still produced almost no anti-Christian polemical works. The most important early modern, eastern European anti-Christian book, the very popular Faith Strengthened, was written by a Lithuanian Karaite Isaac of Troki (died 1594), reinforcing our knowledge that eastern European Karaite Jews did not share the Ashkenazi intellectual ethos of their Rabbanite neighbors.

The Russian Jewish Question, Asked and Answered. Virtual Polemics Between Moisei Berlin and Yakov Brafman in the 1860s

Author(s): Vassili Schedrin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

In the first half of the nineteenth century, Russian authorities had very limited knowledge of their Jewish subjects. The government relied more on its enlightened perceptions of the Jews and Judaism than on empirical observation. This situation changed radically in the 1860s, when at the onset of the Great Reforms era the government sought full and veritable information about all imperial subjects, including Jews, to facilitate the efficient policymaking by framing and answering Russian Jewish question. As a result, Russian language studies—written by Jews, Russian Christians, and Jewish converts to Christianity—on Judaism, Jewish history, society and culture started to appear. The article focuses on two such studies: Moisei Berlin's Essay on the Ethnography of the Jewish Population in Russia (1861) and Yakov Brafman's Book of Kahal (1869). Virtual polemics between Berlin and Brafman highlights fundamental differences between Russian studies of Judaism and Jewish life and classical Western European Christian Hebraism, namely, Russian scholars’ general lack of interest to the Talmud and to its alleged anti-Christian thrust, and almost exclusive focus on Jewish communal, social, and political institutes—kahal, chavurot (voluntary societies), beit din (rabbinical court) and others—and on their alleged anti-government nature.

Oh, Bestia Synagoga! The Representation of Jews in Czech Sermons at the Turn of the 17th and 18th Centuries

Author(s): Daniel Soukup / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The main aim of this study is to present how early modern preaching in the Czech lands shaped the image of the local Jewish community in Christian eyes at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. Bohemian and Moravian preachers, drawing from medieval literature, were fundamentally influenced by the traditional theological concept of Jews as a living witness to the Christian truth. At the same time, baroque sermons reused medieval exempla and miracula preserving typical anti-Jewish narratives. Due to the increasing number of Bohemian and Moravian Jewry at the end of 17th century, and the socio-economical tension between Christian and Jewish communities, catholic preachers pursued contemporary topics and criticized unpermitted contacts, allegedly leading to the inferior status of Christians. On the other hand, these critical notes usually were targeted primarily on Christian believers and their laxity in the observance of religious life, as well as ignorance of social hierarchy. Although the Czech Catholic sermons constructed the hostile perception of Jews, the preachers endeavoured to avoid vulgar anti-Judaism and partly smoothed popular anti-Jewish sentiments.

Kozmikus elrendeltség sorsfordító folyamában

Author(s): Sándor Békési / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2010

Das Buch Esther scheint dem Leser zuerst eine einfache Lektüre zu sein, nur später werfen sich Fragen in uns auf. Warum besitzt Esther keine Persönlichkeit? Warum kommt der Name Gottes nicht in dem ganzen Text vor? Warum steht die den Juden zulässige Grausamkeit am Ende der Geschichte? Die Antwort lässt sich kurz zusammenfassen: das Buch Esther ist eine historische Moralität, die das Befreien des Volkes Israel von der fremden Herrschaft auf der Basis des babylonisch-persischen (Massoretischer Text) und des ägyptischen (LXX) Astralmythos erzählt. Mit dieser Gestalt erfüllt das Buch zwei Anforderungen: einerseits können die Juden Mittel und Wege finden, um ihre Befreiung von der intriganten Gewalt aus zu bezeugen; anderseits wird es möglich, fremden Kulturen den befreienden Gott apologetisch bekannt zu machen. Die Wende der Geschichte ist der kosmische Sieg der Personifikation der Istar-astarte-Isis-sothis-Esther, die das Volk Israels repräsentiert. Gott greift in die von den Sterngöttern angeordneten Ereignisse ein und mit diesem Akt zerlegt Er die Geschichte in zwei Fäden: in einen kosmologischen und in einen historischen Religionskreis.

Yahudi Diasporası’nın Filistin’e Göçü Ve İsrail Devleti’nin Kuruluşu

Author(s): Sevda Örücü / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2018

For centuries, Jerusalem has been in a position to be regarded as the heart of the Middle East, which has an important place in the center of the military and political policies of the leading countries in the world because of its geopolitical and geostrategic meaning and the value attributed by Christians, Jews and Muslims. In view of this reality, the work clarifies how the Jewish people have been able to clarify the diaspora life of the Jewish people, and how the Jews can do this, with the effect of this particular situation on the history of the Jews, the history of Palestine and the establishment of the State of Israel. For this reason, explaining the concept of diaspora, por Diaspora such as a large-scale concept by downloading a special Jewish Diaspora as is described. After the Jewish Diaspora, the Jews migrated to Palestine, the birth of Zionism, the entry of Palestine into the British Mandate, the UN decision on Palestine, the foundation period of the State of Israel and the period until that period, both the Middle East and Europe and other continent countries. The events affecting the whole are explained in this study. The aim of the study is to give a new source to the literature on this subject and to evaluate the problem that has existed for centuries.

Metryka Litewska jako źródło do badań nad historią Żydów w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim w XVII i XVIII wieku

Author(s): Maria Cieśla / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

The article presents the usefulness of the Lithuanian Metrica for the research on the history of Jews in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The study was based on records spanning the period between 1632 and 1764, and an analysis of the books of entries and court registers was made. There is in the Lithuanian Metrica a rich collection of privilege charters issued for Jewish communities of royal towns together with records of numerous lawsuits between Jewish and Christian people before assessory and relational courts. The material gathered could form a basis for research into the legal situation, occupational structure, and conflicts between Jews and Christians.

Der Einfluss des habsburgischen Familiantengesetzes auf das generative Verhalten der Juden in Böhmen

Author(s): Michaela Kral / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2019

Das Ziel des Familiantengesetzes von 1726 war primär die staatliche Kontrolle über die Anzahl der jüdischen Bevölkerung. Seit dem Erscheinen meiner Miszelle, in der es um dessen Auswirkungen auf das Alltagsleben der böhmischen Juden und einen Einblick in die habsburgische Sozialgeschichte ging, haben sich neue Erkenntnisse und Fragestellungen ergeben. So macht Věra Leininger auf sich wiederholende Verordnungen zum Familiantengesetz aufmerksam, die auf dessen jeweilige Missachtung schließen lassen. Ähnliches stellen auch Philipp Lenhard und Martina Niedhammer fest. Jede Gesetzeslücke sei genutzt und kein finanzielles Opfer gescheut worden, um eine offizielle Heiratsgenehmigung zu erlangen.

ВОСТОЧНАЯ ЕВРОПА В СРЕДИЗЕМНОМОРСКОЙ СИСТЕМЕ: ЭТАПЫ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОЙ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ

Author(s): Daniil Viktorovich Puzanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2-3/2019

The integration of Eastern European societies into the Mediterranean system (in the terminology of S. Amin) was discussed. The evolution of pre-state and Early State societies was considered as the result of a complex combination of global and local factors of development. It was noted that the entry of the region into the Mediterranean system was preceded by the activity of large paramilitary pre-state formations, which successfully used the advantages of the archaic social structure in the world-system relations. The introduction of the region into the Mediterranean system was dated to the time of approval in the region of metaphysics, on which the unity of this system was based. Eastern Europe was included in the Mediterranean system as a periphery, which explains the processes of political disintegration. The stages of integration of Eastern Europe into the Mediterranean system were highlighted. It was emphasized that, in the presence of obvious signs of dependent development, the civilizations of the region had some features of the early worlds-systems, which found some analogues in the world history. The work is a rare attempt to examine the history of pre-Mongol Eastern Europe in terms of a world-system perspective.

Linguistic Image of Non-Christian Jews in Early Christian Narratives as a Function of Inter-Group Conflict (Theoretical Background)

Author(s): Amadeusz Citlak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This article is an attempt to apply a modern social psychology thesis to reproduce a linguistic image of non-Christian Jews in chosen narratives taken from the Greek canonical Gospels of the New Testament. In the first century AD, non-Christian Jews and primitive Christians found themselves in a state of growing ideological conflict resulting in marked changes in their social relations and mutual perceptions. While remaining in close connection with the usage of language and discourse creation, these changes led to the adoption of new linguistic strategies among primitive Christians, thanks to which the image of non-Christian Jews took on over the course of the following years characteristics of negative stereotypes. A structural model has been used to analyse Christian texts, allowing for consistent and uniform comparisons of available sources. The aim of this paper therefore is an attempt to recreate linguistic characteristics of Jews in primitive Christian documents. There is also an alternative proposal for the analysis of stereotypes against that which has been used for many years in the study of anti-Judaism in historical documents. I will present the theoretical context (a short historical outline) and accepted psychological theories.

Câteva considerații privind reflectarea în postcomunism a istoriei evreilor din perioada interbelică

Author(s): Cristian Vasile / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3 (19)/2018

This paper is not properly an extensive historiographical study, but an attempt to sketch the profile of the post-communist Romanian historiography highly influenced by a sort of ethnic nationalism combined with anti-Semitism which affected also the perspective on the history of Interwar Romanian Jewish community. I have reviewed only a few of the works that came out after 1989, selecting especially those that one considered relevant both generating significant debates, disputes, and representing inflection points in the post-communist historical writing. This field of academic study was decisively changed only by Truth Commissions such as the International Commission for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania and by translations into Romanian of relevant Western secondary literature.

Templul Coral, un spațiu al memoriei de un secol și jumătate

Author(s): Lya Benjamin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2 (18)/2017

This study is a short history of the Coral Temple from the time it was built until today. It highlights: the modernism of this holy place, without impairing upon tradition; its religious, cultural, philanthropic and political functions. The multifaceted activity of the Temple is presented chronologically, across different political regimes of modern and contemporary Romania. The erection of the Coral Temple, in the 1850s and 60s, marks the beginning of modern times, as well as the beginning and self-emancipation of the Jews in the Romanian context.

Rudolfa Bultmanna koncepcja kerygmatu pierwotnego Kościoła a pojęcie τὸ κήρυγμα w Nowym Testamencie

Author(s): Dominik Tomasz Tomczyk / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 24/2020

Przedmiotem badań tego artykułu jest analiza koncepcji kerygmatu pierwotnego Kościoła w ujęciu Rudolfa Bultmanna oraz określenie czym jest kerygmat w świetle tekstów Nowego Testamentu poprzez wykorzystanie metody historyczno-krytycznej oraz analizy lingwistycznej i semantycznej gr. rzeczownika τὸ κήρυγμα. Zastosowano metodę krytycznej analizy pism Bultmanna w zestawieniu z listami Pawłowymi.Cel ten został zrealizowany w dwóch częściach artykułu. W części pierwszej zostały zaprezentowane główne założenia wczesnochrześcijańskiego kerygmatu przez Bultmanna na podstawie monografii Theologie des Neuen Testaments (19808). Opisano kwestię zbawienia, jakie głosił Jezus, kim On był w ujęciu Bultmanna, zostało poruszone zagadnienie „odhistoryzowania” Boga i człowieka oraz mesjańskiej świadomości Jezusa. Dla niemieckiego biblisty nie jest ważny Jezus historyczny, ale Chrystus wiary, który był głoszony w powielkanocnym kerygmacie pierwotnej chrześcijańskiej gminy. W części drugiej artykułu przeprowadzono własną interpretację terminu kerygmat, szczególnie na podstawie kluczowych tekstów Pawła Apostoła (Rz 16,25; 1 Kor 1,21; 2,4; 15,14; Tt 1,3). Kerygmat jest głoszeniem Jezusa Chrystusa, ukrzyżowanego i zmartwychwstałego. Jezus jest obiecanym Mesjaszem, zapowiadanym przez proroków Starego Testamentu, a nie tylko powielkanocną interpretacją Chrystusa wiary i kerygmatu, o której wspomina Bultmann. Ciągłość głoszonego kerygmatu Jezusa i o Jezusie jest widoczna w głoszonej Ewangelii przez Pawła oraz pozostałych apostołów.Przeprowadzone badania prowadzą do następującego teologicznego wniosku: nie można rozdzielać „Chrystusa wiary” i kerygmatu od „Jezusa historii”, podobnie jak nie można oddzielić zmartwychwstania Jezusa Chrystusa od Jego męki i śmierci. Głoszone Słowo Ewangelii jest kerygmatem samego Chrystusa, potwierdzając tym samym ciągłość „Jezusa historii” i „Chrystusa wiary”.

Retoryka biblijna-semicka

Author(s): Roland Meynet S.I. / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 23/2019

Celem tego artykułu jest krótkie oraz praktyczne wprowadzenie do analizy retoryki biblijnej oraz semickiej. Rozpoczyna się od krótkiej historycznej prezentacji rozwoju tej metody biblijnej, poczynając od założycieli tej metody, skupiając się na odkrytych przez nich kluczowych elementach retorycznych kompozycji znajdujących się w Piśmie Św. takich jak parallelismus membrorum, kompozycje równoległe oraz koncentryczne. W drugiej części tego artykułu autor ukazuje, jak owe kompozycje retoryczne funkcjonują na różnych poziomach kompozycji, poczynając od małych jednostek literackich, a kończąc na dużych jednostkach literackich. W ostatniej części autor podaje parę wskazówek, jak interpretować tekst, biorąc pod uwagę jego kompozycje oraz kontekst biblijny. Artykuł kończy się przykładem modlitwy muzułmańskiej oraz jej porównaniem z Modlitwą Pańską.