Państwo Islamskie - aktor państwowy czy niepaństwowy?

Author(s): Wojciech Grabowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Islamic State, as the name suggest, is going to be perceived and treated not as a mere terrorist organization, but rather as a caliphate, Islamic state. In the last decades many violent non-state actors have propagated the idea of caliphate but none of them have never accomplished the idea. Islamic State can be treated as the first organization, which declare and what is more important create state structures, responsible for administrating conquered territory. To some extent Islamic State fulfills thecriteria for statehood listed in the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, 1933. But the basic question is whether it can be recognized as a state in the light of international law?

İLKEL DİNLERDEN EVRENSEL DİNLERE: DİNİN SOSYAL HAYATTAKİ YERİ

Author(s): İbrahim Aksakal,Ali Osman Engin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 32/2016

Religion has been existed in all time periods from primitive societies to contemporary societies and a fulfilled some kinds of needs. The conditions that the religion derived from and ever its influence power have began to be continuing to change have been a necessity of social life and had functions either individually or socially. When it is looked at the social functions of religion it may be understood that it was changed from time to time. The religion a kind of understanding instrument of nature and themselves in primitive societies for controlling the nature had changed the influence power in the social life in the later societies (especially with scientific developments). But it had had an important influence in the culture and identity of society every time. Religion had sometimes been influenced by the actions and sometimes had influenced the social life. That is to say religion had became either an influencing or influenced variables.

Rzeczowniki ʽm i gwy w hebrajskiej wersji Ewangelii wg św. Mateusza (ShemTob)

Author(s): Piotr Goniszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

The following article focuses on the two Hebrews nouns, ʽm and gwy, in the Hebrew version of the Gospel according to St. Matthew (ShemTov). In the first three sections we present the presence of nouns ʽm and gwy in the Hebrew Bible, the Dead Sea scrolls and rabbinical literature. Then, we make a brief introduction to the Hebrew Gospel of St. Matthew (ShemTov) and we analyze the terms in the text. In MtShemTov term ʽm is ambiguous and could mean: Israel as the chosen people of God (1.21; 4.16; 13,14.15; 15.8, 27.25), a group of different peoples (10.22; 21.13 ; 24,9; 27,27), and a community of people, mostly members of Israel (3.10; 4.23; 7.28; 14.5; 14.14; 14.19; 15,30.31.33.35.36; Mc 9.25; 20.34; 21.11; 23.1; 26.5; 27.20; 27.24; 27.27; 27.64; in the construction smichut: 16,21; 21, 23; 26,3.47; 27,3.12.41; 28,12). The second noun, gwy, in MtShemTov is used to refer to the pagan nations (4.15; 10,5.18; 12,18.21; 20,19.25; 21.43; 24,7.14; 25.32). Both nouns, ʽm and gwy, are related to the problem of the relationship between Israel and the Gentiles, which may shed more light on the genesis of MtShemTov and Sitz im Leben of this text.

Eklezja siostrzana a realizm Kościoła partykularnego

Author(s): Jarosław Moskałyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

Every celebrations connected with baptism, including current rounds 1050 – of anniversary in Poland, should remind everyone baptized about their participation in the universal and endless value. Next membership in determined community, being real reflecting the baptismal nude, is supposed also to support tightening bonds between different options religious. Today it is possible to talk about the fact that in Poland since the certain time a completely different model already started prevailing of inside Catholic and inside Christian relations.

Sprawności moralne w wychowaniu wobec wyzwań współczesnej polityki

Author(s): Ewa Wnuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

The purpose of this study was to present the relationships between education in moral values and the objectives achieved by policy. The author discusses the concepts of politics and education adopted by Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Catherine of Siena. On that basis he analyzes how the improvement of virtues affects our daily life, choices, social life and political engagement. The four cardinal virtues in terms of St. Thomas Aquinas have been discussed. It has been attempted to explain their importance in achieving moral maturity. The author pointed out the importance of moral predispositions of those involved in power. It also refers to the current situation in schools with all educational programs and prospects for education of young people who as citizens are to find themselves in the modern world. On the basis of the analysis the qualities of a good citizen and a politician have been indicated. The nation’s welfare is based on the righteousness of a ruler.

Religijność jako kryterium jakości narzeczeństwa i małżeństwa

Author(s): Sławomir Bukalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

The article deals with the issue of the religiousness of nupturients and married couple perceived as the criterion of the quality of the engagement period and marriage. The first part of the article presents the criteria of mature religiousness. Only such religiousness may be connected with shaping the overall quality of people’s life and the quality of living in marital relationship. The second part of the article relates to the theory of the quality of marital relationship by Graham Spanier and Robert Lewis. Their model seems to be the widest-ranging in terms of the meaning of the issue in question, namely the quality of marital relationship. The third part of the article presents the connection between religiousness and the overall quality of marriage with interpersonal communication and the understanding of love.

Egzegeza Mt 28,16-20 z hebrajskiej wersji Ewangelii wg św. Mateusza (shemtob)

Author(s): Piotr Goniszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2015

The following article is an analysis of Mt 28,16-20 of the Hebrew version of the Gospel according to St. Matthew (ShemTob). The first chapter contains an original Hebrew text and Polish translation of Mt 28,16-20. The second one shows the literary structure of this fragment and the problem of the origin of MtShemTob. The main section contains a commentary on MtShemTob 28,16-20. It seems to suggest that the object of the apostolic ministry of the twelve disciples of Jesus should be only Jews.

Znaczenie terminu „ciężar” (baros) w Nowym Testamencie

Author(s): Tadeusz Knut / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2015

This article contains the analysis of the word “burden” (gr. baros) in the biblical texts of the New Testament. The phrase is used in different contexts and grammatical forms. Four points of the biblical texts were discussed to show the meaning of “burden” in the literal and moral sense. The texts reflect on the burden connected with the human work and his psychophysical condition. The burden has also an eschatological meaning and is present in all works connected to the Christian faith in God, observance of the Law, defense of the faith and the apostolic mission of St. Paul. The summary also reflects on the use of this word by John Paul II in his homily in Gdansk in 1988 during the third pilgrimage to Poland.

Meaning and function of the Sign of Jonah in Matthew 12:38-42 and 16:1-4

Author(s): Beate Kowalski / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2015

The article deals with particular texts that are not limited to the resurrection narratives in Matt 28. In what follows we will have a close look at Matthew’s understanding of Jonah’s sign. What did he mean with the sign of Jonah? Did Matthew understand it in terms of resurrection? And if so, did he follow examples of the past? Why did he mention the sign of Jonah in this particular context of his composition?

Mojżesz, Jozue i Amalekici. Nowe spojrzenie na Wj 17,8-16 w kontekście współczesnych badań nad powstaniem Pięcioksięgu

Author(s): Janusz Lemański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2015

The article tries to evaluate the contemporary proposal of reading Ex 17,8-16. The way of the presentation of a relation between Amalekites and Jhwh tells us that Amalekites are the model enemies of Israel. Moreover, the role of the rod of God, Moses, Aaron, Hur and Joshua let us think that the text had been developed when the traditions of Pentateuch and the historical books of the Old Testament were combined together.

Nacjonalizm jako skrajność narodowa w nauczaniu społecznym Kościoła

Author(s): Roman Misiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2015

The Church’s Magisterium has not commented on nationalism in a systematic and comprehensive way yet. The article brings the nodal points on this subject and describes Pope’s reactionsto the risks of extreme nationalism aberration that manifest themselves, both in attitudes and ideologies, and lead to conflicts and wars. Actually, the papal pronouncements of Pope BenedictXV and senior Benedict XVI have been put into analysis. The matrix of the analysis is particularly the knowledge of Catholic social teaching, social philosophy and political science. Social teaching of the Church, drawing arguments from natural law and Revelation, gives the prominence in the human community to nations and national values. At the same time, however, it warns against treating them as the absolute values. This basic error of extreme nationalism substantially disturbs human equality and undermines the dignity of a man, sacrificing him brutally on the altar of national interests. Extreme nationalism perceived as a total ideology that tends to become almost a religion or inhuman socio-political system is strongly condemned in the social teaching of the Church.

Книги 2016

Author(s): Emiliya Voleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 33/2016

Selected bibliography in the field of Bulgarian Studies published in the current year

Българистичната проблематика на XXIII международен конгрес по византийски изследвания

Author(s): Vasya Velinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 33/2016

Reconstruction of Contents by Raported To The Idea of Didactic Transposition

Author(s): Tiberiu Octavian Cujba / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

In order to contextualize the theme discussed in this article is presented briefly the historical development of educational sciences from the Didactica Magna to Postmodern Didactic, then localized reconstruction of contents in Didactics of specialty between discursive strategy and argumentative performance. Reconstruction of contents by reported to the idea of didactic transposition, the main theme of discussion of this article, is analyzed in relation with didactic speech, which has the role to put into practice in the classroom the idea of didactic transposition. Didactic speech, mediated by computer, is a current reality at the present time, as generalization in the educational process. Reconstruction of contents is placed on the axiomatic background of curriculum paradigms because changing paradigm has the effect of change the architecture of didactic speech to present in classroom the scientific contents reconstructed by didactic transposition. Finally, some conclusions are presented.

Motyw fontanny-ran w barokowej rękopiśmiennej medytacji: wpływ ikonografii na poezję

Author(s): Joanna Panasiuk / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

Behind the foundation of the monastic meditation about fountains is a concrete devotional graphic from Western Europe. It is the Dutch emblem that is the key to the interpretation of the religious text, which uses words to directly refer to a specific image. These cultural correspondences constitute a curious phenomenon. They present the spirituality as well as the mentality of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century European society. This seems to confirm, at the same time, the fact that no artistic activity is ever isolated.

Фолклорни елементи в разказите на циганите евангелисти

Author(s): Yana Moroz / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 101/2016

The oral stories of the Gypsies-evangelists of “Fire Church” (Pentecostal Church) in Sofia have a number of differences compared to other religious stories. While the term "testimonies" is associated with evidence for the presence and help of God, to the gypsies the term testimonies includes all miraculous and religious experiences. The testimonies are needed for several reasons: to simplify the complex structure of the Christian doctrine, to be easier to understand and communicate to other members God’s miracles, such as healing, omen, meeting God and being in the otherworld. Due to the requirements of the denomination. there are no saints, no Virgin Mary and Angels in the stories. Thus the believer has a more important role, almost comparable to the apostles, he/she is closer to God. God is no longer unattainable and frightful but close and kind, willing to help. The testimony stories include rites of passage and initiation. They bring together different groups of Gypsies in one unity- religiously and socially. The narratives have educational purpose and indicate the "right" religion for the Gypsies. After going through an initiation (and telling the story about it), the believers can take their place as complete and legitimate members of the church and thus members of the society.

Gluhite Kamani: Old Questions and New Approaches

Author(s): Georgi Nehrizov,Lynn E. Roller,Maya Vassileva,Julia Tzvetkova,Nadezhda Kecheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 20/2012

Големият интерес към Глухите камъни се дължи основно на многобройните ниши, изсечени по увенчаващите билото скални зъбери. Най-впечатляващи обаче са изсичанията в доминиращия над околните скален масив. Върху заравнения му връх е вкопана дълбока правоъгълна щерна за събиране и съхраняване на вода. До нея води добре оформена двураменна стълба. Южното лице на скалата, от където започва стълбата, е оформено отвесно. На това място е издълбано пещерообразно помещение, с правоъгълен план и куполообразно покритие. Първият опит за системно изследване на обекта е поставено от експедицията на Института по тракология през 1975 г. Затова с удоволствие представяме първоначалните си резултати в издание, посветено на 40-годишнината на Института. Първите археологически проучвания на Глухите камъни започват през 2008 г. под ръководството на д-р Г. Нехризов. Резултатите веднага показаха, че е необходимо ново теренно изследване и документиране на нишите с модерни технически средства и според съвременните стандарти за теренно проучване. През 2011 г. с финансиране от Фондация Америка за България чрез конкурс, организиран от Американския научен център в София, започна българо-американски проект с две основни задачи – теренно проучване на района на Глухите камъни и археологически разкопки в централния сектор на обекта. В настоящата работа представяме предварителните резултати от тези изследвания. Основната цел на теренното проучване беше оглед, точно локализиране с мобилни ГИС и GPS устройства, подробно описание и документиране на всички изкуствени изсичания върху скалите в м. Глухите камъни. В резултат на теренната работа бяха установени 459 ниши, част от които неизвестни досега. Те са обединени в 81 единични или групи от ниши, разположени върху 28 обособени скали и скални групи. Вероятно броят на нишите е по-голям, регистрирането им обаче е затруднено от гъстата растителност, която ограничава видимостта към скалите. Още в началото на археологическите разкопки се установи, че на обекта има значителни културни напластявания от ранната желязна епоха. Археологическите проучвания в централния сектор продължиха четири сезона докато културните отложения бяха напълно изчерпани. В резултат на стратиграфските наблюдения се установи, че под пласт от средновековието е отложен седимент от ранната желязна епоха с обща дебелина над 2,40 м. В него се разграничиха три стратиграфски пласта с различен интензитет. При проучванията на различни нива бяха разкрити огнища, замазки и други структури, както и голямо количество фрагментирани керамични съдове и разнообразни находки. Резултатите от четиригодишните проучвания на пластовете от ранната желязна епоха, както и изследванията на целия комплекс ни дават основания да потвърдим досегашната интерпретация на обекта – сложен комплекс с култов характер. Центърът на култовата дейност изглежда е бил на най-високото място, където сега се намират останките от средновековната църква. Предварителните резултати ни дават възможност само предпазливо да се обърнем към хипотези за предназначението на скалните ниши. Връзката на нишите с погребалната обредност не може да се изключи напълно. Трапецовидна форма на нишите би могла да е алюзия за погребални ритуали или възпоменателни ритуали за вожд или герой. Групите ниши може да са предназначени или изсечени от членовете на една социална единица, като например семейство или род. Също така може да се предположи, че те са били правени по време на различни ритуално (календарно) важни моменти. Дали става дума за почитане на божество, местен херой или култ към предците все още е рано да се каже. Бъдещите изследвания на Глухите камъни и съседните обекти вероятно ще помогнат за решаването на тези въпроси.

Operacje korekty płci: czyn legalny czy bezprawny?

Author(s): Jerzy M. Ferenz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2016

The article concerns the issues of legality or illegality of sex reassignment surgery in the light of the Polish penal law. Conducted considerations start from the reference to the phenomenon of transsexualism (including its definition and etiology), possible methods of improving the health of transsexual people and the level of their effectiveness. Taking into account the aforementioned context, there has been analysed the existence of the medical purpose of the SRS. In that context there has been analysed the possibility of finding the primary legality of SRS. Subsequently, it has been analysed whether there is a possibility to exclude criminal liability for conducting such surgeries by the way of using justification, circumstances excluding the guilt or due to negligible degree of social harm of an act. Referring to the current de lege ferenda demands, there has been proposed the solution to the problem of establishing a clear legal settlement which should take the form of justification which would re-legalise SRS. The basis for such justification would be consent, as well as the requirement to have completed the register sex change first.

Zmiana płci u dzieci jako wyzwanie dla prawa i społeczeństwa

Author(s): Błażej Kmieciak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2016

Can the child change his/her gender? This question can cause a shock. Sex is very strongly associated with the development of the child. Can this development be impaired? Similar questions have become an essential element of the social and legal discussion which took place in Poland at the end of 2015. In mid-October a gender agreement act was enacted. This document – according to its authors – was supposed, in a comprehensive manner, to solve problems and difficulties experienced by transsexuals, including underage transsexuals.The issue of sex change in children met with great interest. Proponents of the law pointed out that children should have the right to “manage their own identity.” Opponents of this document also cited in their opinions the idea of children’s rights. It was emphasized that “reconciliation of the sex of the child” is the action that violates his/her dignity.The gender agreement act has not been passed into the system of Polish law. However, it has become an inspiration to pose two questions: Have there been new rights of the child in the last years? Can we – paradoxically – during the fight for rights of the child violate these rights?

Program pomocy BRIGE dla młodzieży z opieki zastępczej

Author(s): Małgorzata Gocman,Małgorzata Szarzyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2016

Persons brought up outside their own family, in foster care, are particularly vulnerable to experiencing life difficulties and the risk of social exclusion. Research on youth leaving foster care conducted in Europe and the United States shows that they experience many problems in different areas of functioning. These problems include: mental disorder symptoms, antisocial behavior, risky sexual behavior, psychoactive substance abuse and victimization. Due to the difficult situation of youth from foster care, a team of researchers from the Opole University adjusted to Polish conditions American program for young people leaving foster care. The program is called Bridging Resilience through Intervention, Guidance, and Empowerment (BRIGE). The purpose of the article is to present the BRIGE program and to evaluate it in terms of mental health. The study involved 12 young people preparing to leave orphanages in the province of Opole and the Lower Silesia. The program was controlled using the survey “Aging out” specially designed for this purpose. Each participant was evaluated 4 times: at the beginning of the program (measurement I), after 6 months (measurement II), after 12 months (measurement III) and after 18 months (measurement IV). In the present study we were limited to analysis of the results of three measurements, because not all subjects completed their participation in the program. The results showed that adolescents participating in the BRIGE program decreased symptoms of mental disorders, such as depression and a sense of hostility. The results are discussed in relation to existing programs for youth from foster care.