Krstjani i trgovina robljem na Sredozemlju između 13. i 15. stoljeća

Author(s): Tomislav Zdenko Tenšek / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The first accounts of traffick in slaves from this region, especially towards Spain, date back to as early as the 9th century. The most important records of trafficking slaves from Bosnia to the Mediterranean between the 13th and 15th century, with references to Dalmatian coast, are found in Dubrovnik. However, various specifics are noted in the accounts from Skradin, Šibenik, Trogir, Zadar, Split and Korčula. From the end of the 13th century, the number of both male and female krstjani from Bosnia sold to slavery is almost as high as the one of those sold on the north shores of the Black sea. Sometimes the slaves were bought in lots. In slave trade, there is a difference between real slave trade and voluntary service. For either of the two categories, a written testimony was required, a type of a contract that was attested by the local notary public. The mouth of the Neretva River was the most significant locality for procurement of the slaves from Bosnia. Slave tradesmen from all over the Mediterranean frequented the Neretva trading spots. During the second half of the 14th century, slaves there were bought in lots. At the time, women and, especially child slave trade were particularly developed. The female slaves were, at times, protagonists of a lucrative trade between, to exemplify, a Bosnian owner, a Bosnian merchant, followed by a buyer from Dubrovnik, a merchant from Dubrovnik and finally, a foreign buyer. Two main reasons for Bosnian slave trade were poverty and accusing the Bosnian krstjani of dualistic heresy. The way this questionable trade treated this kind of people; how they unscrupulously made money off slavery while believing they were the true benefactors of the poor, is truly disturbing. There are no records of the slaves being characterized as Patarenes before 1390, however, it is certain that religious heterodoxy served as a justification for slavery long before that. Slave trade culminated in the period between the last quarter of the 13th century and the first quarter of the 15th century. In the second half of the 15th century, trafficking slaves from Bosnia declined. The reason for the latter was the Turkish invasion of Bosnia. Bogomils and Christians were, according to them, one and the same. The Muslims captured both and generally sent them to Muslim states in the East. If one were to buy slaves, one would buy them from the Turks. From the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 15th century, trafficking of krstjani of the Church of Bosnia along the Adriatic coast and in the Mediterranean assumed gigantic proportions in the medieval slave trade.

Nekoliko primjera nacionalnog i političkoga posvajanja Crkve bosanske u srpsko/srbijanskoj i muslimansko/bošnjačkoj historiografiji (i publicistici) XIX. I XX. stoljeća

Od Petranovića do interneta

Author(s): Zlatko Matijević / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The Church of Bosnia as a historiographic subject appears at the beginning of the second half of the 19th century. There are hundreds of bibliographic units that deal with solving the problem of origins, creation, activities and dissappearance of this religious medieval sect. Serbian historiography, following the lead of an attorney at law from Zadar, Božidar Petranović, cleaves to the premise that the Church of Bosnia was - Orthodox. The final consequence of this highly disputable claim is setting “scientific grounds” for the great Serbian appropriation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as “pure” Serbian territories in both national and political sense. The assertion made by Franjo Rački, the first president of the Yugoslavian Academy of Art and Science, that the adherents of the Church of Bosnia were, in fact, dualist heretics of Bogomil provenance that in great numbers subscribed to Islam after the demise of the Medieval Bosnian state and reinstatement of Ottoman rule, was especially appealing in certain Muslim/Bosniak circles. Mass computerization and the emergence of the Internet enabled the adherents to the Church of Bosnia with contemporary means of recycling old theses on religious, national and political affiliation of the adherents of the Church of Bosnia. In order to avoid the tendentious claims about the identity of the Church of Bosnia, it is crucial for contemporary historiography to turn to authentic historical resources as the only reliable foundation for scientifically grounded answers to numerous questions on the origin, existence and demise of this religious community.

Bosansko-humski krstjani u turskim vrelima (napomene)

Author(s): Nenad Maočanin / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

By the mid-16th century half of the Bosnian population converted to Islam. The interest for joining the Ottoman war machine that numerous groups within the population exhibited and the rise of new types of towns can, to a certain extent, enable the deciphering of this phenomenon. However, social, economic and financial elements are of even greater importance. Recently, it has been found that, even after the conquest, many slaves were taken from Bosnia to the Empire’s hinterland and this factor of insecurity could have instigated the convergence (this will be dealt with later). On the doctrinal level, specific affinities between krstjani and Islam could not have existed.

Rukopisi Crkve bosanske

Author(s): Anica Nazor / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

It is known that the manuscripts created in the Church of Bosnia are not to be avoided in resolving the issues of the Church of Bosnia, especially the matter of its teaching and identity. Some tried to find indications of dualistic beliefs in them. Solovjev believed the term inosuç›nÅ, mentioned in Our Father cited in the St.Luke’s Gospel (Lk 11,3) and the Gospel according to St Nicholas (hl‡b› na{› inosuç›n°i) was a “mystical epithet”, that it symbolized Manichaeism that could only represent “other substance”, “other being” thus coming closer to the term supersubstantialis mentioned in the Cathar texts. He believed that traces of Docetism were evident in the term izde in the usual position of the expression was born (iz› nee`e iz°de isusÅ). Solovjev found correspondence with the dualist teaching in the expression inočedyi sinь (jesus) falsly interpreting it as “second-born”. Jaroslav Šidak, in a well-argumented manner, already proved that the abovementioned expressions do not show the heresy of the Church of Bosnia. Šidak’s arguments in this article are further substantiated by additional examples from Old Church Slavonic canonical manuscripts and Croatian Glagolitic manuscripts. The latter was possible because Slovnik jazyka staroslověnskeho (Dictionary of Old Church Slavonic) built on the entire corpus of Old Church Slavonic canonical (and other) manuscripts. It laid out all the terms and explained them in detail. At the moment, a complete integral corpus of Croatian Glagolitic sources is available in excerpts in Rječnik crkvenoslavenskoga jezika hrvatske redakcije (The Dictionary of Old Church Slavonic of Croatian Redaction) stored in the Old Church Slavonic Institute in Zagreb (11 volumes of A-VSUE were published). Šidak’s arguments are substantiated with the examples of the author’s research of Bosnian scripts, chiefly Our Father. Enclosed to this article is a list of Church of Bosnia manuscripts with a basic codicological data and references so that, at last, all the known manuscripts of the Church of Bosnia could be found listed in one place.

Literarna ostavština krstjana Bosanske crkve i dualistički svjetonazor

Author(s): Marko Josipović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

In this contribution, the author first constitutes that the krstjani of Bosnia and Hum were accused of heresy and that different documents and sources call and define it differently which makes historians’ judgements about their religion based on those sources vary. By browsing through their literary legacy which is, as expected, not sufficient for a precise identification of their religious character, especially since that legacy is very scarce and fragmentary, stems the fact that in the preserved recorded sources of krstjan provenance only occasionally arise terms and formulations with a colouring of moderate or, in fact, negligible mild dualism, for example in the glossas of Srećković’s anthology and in the well-known legend of creation of world and mankind. Based on the past research of this matter, it seems reasonable to argue that the mentioned krstjan sources do not contain reliable information on the dualism in the teaching of the Bosnian Church.

Uporaba Svetoga pisma među bosanskim krstjanima

Author(s): Mato Zovkić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Bosnian Christians were a sect of protest motivated by biblical poverty and simplicity in middle age Kingdom of Bosnia from about 1200 to 1463. An evidence of their use of Christian Scriptures can be found more in polemical writings of Latin theologians than in their own books and documents. This author has put this question within the middle age protest and renewal movements, like Cathars, Dominicans, Franciscans. Within the century from 1170 to 1270 a new type of Bible producing was invented in Paris and other medieval centers of theological learning, in form of one volume portable book which not rich people were able to provide and travelling preachers could carry it on their missionary journeys. The most complete and preserved manuscript of Bosnian Christians is Hvalov Zbornik, written in 1404. It contains all New Testament canonical books, 150 canonical Psalms and eight Old Testament Canticles. Other preserved manuscripts and documents contain parts of the NT, prayers and letters which reflect the belief in Christ of Bosnian Christians, their liturgical Calendar and prayers for the dead. The Book of Revelation was mostly copied and commented among them. Latin theologians from Paulus Dalmatinus in 1250 to Cardinal Torquemada in 1461 mostly wrote polemical writings against Cathars and other sectarian movements and they also addressed Catharist sectarians in middle age Bosnia whom they accused of rejecting the Old Testament, teaching dualism and distorting the doctrine and practice of the sacraments. Most trustworthy remnants of real doctrine and pastoral practice of Bosnian Christians can be found in the questions of Bosnian Franciscans submitted to Pope Gregory XI in 1372. One of the problems was that some Christian men in Bosnia asked to be admitted to Christian marriage ceremony, but they insisted on their condition to their future spouse: “Si eris mihi bona” which involved the husband’s right to divorce his wife any time, for any reason. Bosnian Christians were a middle age movement of protest which for the sake of pure biblical religion finished in breaking communion with the Catholic Church. They disappeared with Turkish rule in Bosnia in 1463.

Uloga crkava u konstrukciji državotvornih mitova Hrvatske i Srbije

Author(s): Vjekoslav Perica / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Mitovi su, pored ostalog, materijal od kog se grade nacije. Nacija mora imati “nacionalnu” povijest a ova kao takva, “nacionalna,” ne može biti stvarna, dakle onako kako se doista dogodila, nego je mitološka, patriotska, skrojena tako da emocionalno veže ljude uz njihove nacije te osigura legitimitet strukturama vlasti. Kad se radi o “etničkim nacijama” poput Srbije i Hrvatske kojima će se baviti ovaj članak, mitološki temelji nacionalnosti su od gotovo krucijalnog značaja. Oni su povezani s poviješću etnosa (narod) koja je uvijek manje ili više mitska i mitološka kako u mitovima o prapočetku tako i u mitovima iz nedavne povijesti.

Islam i muslimani u pravaškoj ideologiji: o pokušaju gradnje “pravaške” džamije u Zagrebu 1908.

Author(s): Zlatko Hasanbegović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The attitude toward Islam and Muslims is one of the foundations of Rightist political-national ideology. It was framed in terms of the reality of the so-called Eastern Question in the second half of the 19th century, and as a key component of the Rightist concept of a multi-religious Croatian nation. The father of the Rightist attitude to Islam and Bosnian Muslims was the founder of the Party of Right, A. Starčević, who in his writings on the complexity of the Eastern Question compared the demonization of Islam and the Ottoman state in the ideology of Croatian Yugoslavism with the moral and social bases of Islamic teaching as well as an idealized view of the Bosnian Muslim aristocracy and the main Ottoman social and legalpolitical institutions. J. Frank and his Pure Party of Right held the same attitude toward Islam and the Muslims because in religious and cultural matters they faithfully followed the original Rightist liberal programme, taking a stand against religious exclusivism, the conflation of religion and nationality, and a politics founded upon confessional principles. Rightist liberal nationalism freed of all confessional ingredients magnetically drew the first post-Ottoman Bosnian Muslim intellectual generation infused with the ideal of harmonizing Islamic traditions and the main currents of modernism.

The concept of GOD’S FACE as an anthropopathism in the Old Testament

Author(s): Marcin Kuczok / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of the paper is to present the concept of GOD’S FACE functioning as an anthropopathism in the language of the Old Testament. According to biblical scholars, anthropopathisms along with anthropomorphisms constitute the metaphorical means for the personification of God in the Bible. It means that in biblical discourse, God is perceived as a human being by referring either to His appearance (anthropomorphism), or feelings, attitudes and ways of interaction with people (anthropopathism). Interestingly, from a linguistic perspective, the concept of FACE may function in language as a metonymy for emotions. In Anna Wierzbicka’s view, facial paralanguage replaces the linguistic production and it is possible to talk about “the semantics of facial expression.” In the Old Testament, the personified God’s facial paralanguage includes showing and hiding His face, turning it to/against people, as well as looking, listening and eating. Those descriptions exhibit numerous instances of the application of the concept of GOD’S FACE to express a variety of God’s feelings and attitudes towards people. The range of God’s emotions presented in this way involves both positive feelings, such as joy, peace and safety, as well as the negative ones, such as offence, anger or terror. Moreover, GOD’S FACE teaches and guides people or judges and destroys them. In addition, it can be observed that THE FACE FOR THE EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS metonymy co-occurs with such metonymies as THE FACE for the person, the presence, the personality, and the confrontation with someone, producing complex interactions of conceptual mappings.

Enfer et paradis à Byzance

Author(s): Vassa Kontouma / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Устременият

Биографичен очерк за отец Петър Гарена

Author(s): Ivan Mitev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In this article is being discussed the life of Prof, Kamen Garenov, alaso known as Father Peter Garena to his friends. In it are described some of the problems he encountered in life. Often he has been brought to the point of physical survival. After his ordination in 1990 he undertook a number of dangerous missions in lands inhabited by Bulgarians that were outside the borders of the country. Lands such as the Western Outlands (now in Serbia), Bessarabia, the territories around the Sea of Azov and such around Bitolja, among others. Besides being an author of articles and scholar papers and lecturer at Plovdiv Unversity, Father Garena was also an artist, writer and builder. He restored the abandoned church "St. George" in the town of Kurdzhali, himself taking part in the construction, and he frequently used unorthodox methods for helping people to follow the path of their spiritual revival.

За култа към нимфите в провиния Тракия и светилището им в Diocletianopolis

Author(s): Bogdana Krivoshieva,Bozhidar Draganov,Mariana Draganova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The cult of the nymphs in the province of Thracia is a subject that has barely been studied and is unpopular as a whole. It is probably due to this circumstance that there are omissions in the discovery and identification of nymphaeums from Roman times. It was precisely in this period that the tradition of building this type of sanctuary by mineral springs was introduced, along with the so-called thermae spas. To date, four such sanctuaries have been identified on the basis of votive materials: Aquae Calidae, Stara Zagora mineral baths, Diocletianopolis and Pancharevo. Another two nymphaeums of the so-called rural type were uncovered on the territory of Thracia - one near Ognyanovo and the private sanctuary by Kasnakovo. A logically founded and clearly supported with arguments hypothesis about the location of the nymphaeum in the thermal complex of Diocletianopolis has been developed by means of comparative analysis of the finds from the former, the architecture of the latter and the clarification of the essence of the cult.

Германия на границата между двете епохи (края на XV и началото на XVI век)

Author(s): Simeon Katsarov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In the begining of the 16-th century, the German states were experiencing one of the unruly and problematic periods of their history. That was the time when these parts of Europe passed through a considerable social and political transformation. It was also then that the situation of the lower social strata deteriorated, which led to varied in type and scope discontent among the population naturally demanding most generally political and social reconstruction, as well as having a negative attitude attitude to the clergy. The negative attitude to the church quite naturally developed into a general desire for reform. German humanism itself "sank" more and more into the problem field of religious, theological and church issues. These were all nuances of the then existing German reality which will help us understand the later inception of the reform movement.

Суфизмът като инструмент за противодействие на радикалния ислям

Author(s): Vesela Todorova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The influence of radical islam is spreading not only in the Middle East but also around the rest of the world. With the surge of the terrorist attacks in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and USA, commited in the name of radical organizations such as Islamic State and Al Qaeda, there is an urgent need of finding a solution to counter radicalization among the muslim population and converts around the world. In this paper the roots of the modern doctrine of the radical islam are explained as well as the reason why sufism can be used as an instrument to fight the radicalization in islam.

Българското участие във францисканските мисии в Югоизточна Европа през XVII в.: Павел от Петокладенци

Author(s): Elmira Vasileva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The Bulgarian Catholics’ history should not be studied independently but in connection with the general Roman Church’s Balkan policy in the Ottoman period. The Bulgarian Catholics and their Franciscan priest were in contact with other Catholic groups living under the Ottomans, as well as outside the Empire. They are part of a sort of religious network that goes beyond political and geographical borders. Bulgarian Franciscans participated in Roman Church’s missions in the 17th century, being sometimes appointed to important positions. They are educated in the Catholic colleges in Italy and, being fluent in Italian and Latin, are familiar with the European intellectual trends and political concepts of their time. Actually, they are the main bearers of modern ideas among the Bulgarians.

Семантика и литерарна функциjа „симбола“ у житиjама Jевтимиjа Трновског

Author(s): Polydoros Gkoranis / Language(s): English,Macedonian,Old Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Света гора Сливенска и Света гора Атонска. За два сакрални района преди християнството

Author(s): Georgi Kovachev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article compares the ancient heritage of two medieval monastery societies, the Holy mountain of Sliven and the Holy mountain of Athos. Apollo, Dionysus, Zeus, and the Great Mother Goddess were celebrated in both regions as described by ancient sources, art works, archeological and numismatical evidences, and contemporary customs and folklore. According to the research, Dionisos and Orphical rituals were practiced in Antiquity in both areas, perhaps by domestic organized male societies.

Идеите на исихазма, отразени в творчеството на Патриарх Евтимий

Author(s): Antoaneta Buyuklieva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Old Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article examines the works of Patriarch Evtimii, founder of the Tarnovo Literari School and an undoubted authority in the spiritual and cultural life of medieval Bulgaria, in connection with the ideas of the most powerful ideological movement – the Hesychasm. The ideas of hesyhast doktrine are indirectly reflected in the life and encomium of the writer through the image of the characters who have the features of the perfect Hesychast. Evtimii’s answers in his messages directly reflect the ideas of hesychasm of unity of the church and dominion over secular authority and fight against the moral corruption. The analysis of Patriarch Evtimii proves that his entire literary work is subject to the strict moral norms that impose the hesychasm as a spiritual trend, as well as to the high artistic and aesthetic criteria he forms in the literature – true and artistic translations, richly decorated style, exquisite phrase.

Radikal Dinci Terör Örgütleri: El Kaide’den Işid’e Evrilen Süreç

Author(s): Şeref Çetinkaya / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

It is possible to say that religious radicalism has increasingly entered the world agenda in the process that started with Russia's invasion of Afghanistan. After the end of the years-long war in Afghanistan, there were radical religious groups, called mujahideen, who had fought against Russia. Osama Bin Laden, known as the planner of 9/11 events, is one of the legacies left by this war to the world. Founded in 1988 under the leadership of Osama Bin Laden, Al-Qaeda's attack on the twin towers in the USA managed to draw the attention of the world public opinion to radical religious groups and the Middle East. Over time, there have been differences of opinion within Al-Qaeda, and as a result of these differences, ISIS, a global terrorist organization, has emerged. ISIS, which has become a security threat at the international level in a short time, has lost its power in the Middle East as a result of Turkey's important operations today. In this study, the aims of religious radicalism, radicalization processes were analyzed, and the transformation process from Al Qaeda to ISIS was examined. As long as the processes leading to radicalization are socially addressed and measures are not developed, it is thought that such structures will continue to survive.

III. Rodna perspektiva - Pravoslavna tradicija

Author(s): Milica Bakić-Hayden,Marija Grujić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

ojam antropologije u pravoslavno-hrišćanskoj tradiciji odnosi se na hrišćansko učenje o čoveku, njegovoj ličnosti i prirodi, a u širem kontekstu Božijeg plana i na ljudsko spasenje, pa se u tom smislu razlikuje od upotrebe ovog termina kao naučne discipline. Shodno biblijskom otkrovenju, ljudsko biće ili čovek (anthropos) stvoren je po obličju Božijem, kao slika Njegova. Tako u knjiizi Postanja Starog zaveta čitamo: I stvori Bog čovjeka po o b lič ju svojemu, po obličju Bozijemu stvori ga; m uško i žen sko s tv o ri ih (Post.1, 26-27). Čovek - a vidimo da to znači i muškarac i žena - podjednako u sebi nose lik Božiji. Ne kaže se, po rečima jedne savremene pravoslavne teologinje, da su "muškost i ženskost aspekti samog Božijeg bića ili da ono što znači biti stvoren po liku Božijem jeste biti muško ili žensko. Naprosto i jednostavno se kaže da su oboje, i muškarac i žena, podjednako stvoreni po liku Božijem". To s jedne strane znači da je nemoguće proniknuti u dublji smisao čovekove prirode van njegovog odnosa sa Bogom, a sa druge, nemoguće razumeti taj odnos u celosti ako se on ne sagledava u svom muško-ženskom kompleksu. Pošto se na hrišćanskom istoku o tom odnosu često govori(lo) kao o 'učestvovanju u Bogu' - koje nije "samo intelektualno saznanje, već stanje celokupnog ljudskog bića, preobraženog blagodaću, i slobodno sadejstvovanje sa njom naporom i voljom uma" - zbunjujuće deluje istorijska stvarnost u kojoj se o ovoj posebnoj čovekovoj privilegiji govorilo skoro isključivo sa stanovišta muškog iskustva. To ne samo da je ishodilo svojevrsnim redukcionizmom u teorijsko-teološkom smislu, nego i raznim oblicima podređivanja, nipodaštavanja i diskriminacije žene u njenoj praktično-istorijskoj realnosti.