Проблеми и перспективи пред проучването на „класическите“ старобългарски паметници

Author(s): Yavor Miltenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 59-60/2019

The study aims to address selected key issues concerning the characteristics and classification of the oldest Slavic manuscripts: what are the reasons for defining them as a corpus and canon, what new approaches could be used to retrieve previously unknown information from them, is it possible to objectively group them according to reliable criteria, to establish their relative chronology, provenance and the scribal practices that reproduced them. Scholars presume definitive answers to most of these questions, but the picture is actually much more complicated. This study offers a critical reassessment of the arguments underpinning shared assumptions in the field and the conventions on which our knowledge relies. It proposes new approaches to exploring manuscript peculiarities which have recived little attention so far, but which could expand and enrich our understanding of the particular monuments and of medieval Slavic written culture more broadly.

Климентина Иванова. Ръкописи. Автори. Творби. Kraków: Scriptum & IFS UJ, 2018, 563 с. (Krakowsko-Wileńskie Studia Slawistyczne, 14) ISBN 978-83-66084-15-5

Author(s): Aleksander Naumow / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 59-60/2019

Anissava Miltenova. South Slavonic Apocryphal Collections. Sofia: Iztok‒Zapad and Boyan Penev Publishing House, 2018. 327 pp. ISBN 978-619-7372-12-0, 978-619-01-0296-0

Author(s): Adelina Angusheva-Tihanov / Language(s): English Issue: 59-60/2019

Поетичният език на календарните стихове като предизвикателство за българските и сръбските средновековни преводачи

Author(s): Lora Taseva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 61-62/2020

This article focuses on two Byzantine cycles of commemorative verses for saints and their feasts, adopted in translation for medieval South Slavic use. The author analyzes several fourteenth-century translations: one Bulgarian and one Serbian version of the calendar distichs by Christopher of Mytilene, and a Serbian translation of the tetrastichs on Gospel topics by Theodore Prodromos. The texts are compared with respect to the way they render stylistically marked linguistic peculiarities of the original. The analysis concludes that medieval Slavic translators, more often than not, understood the poetic nature of the original texts and strove to recreate it. They often preserved repetitions, antitheses and syntactical parallelisms but rarely reproduced compound words. The approach to formal peculiarities of the Byzantine original differs from translator to translator, revealing important characteristics of individual translation styles.

In memoriam: Проф. Боряна Велчева (1932–2020)

Author(s): Tatyana Slavova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 61-62/2020

Александр Наумов. Идея – образ – текст. Исследования по церковнославянской литературе. Ответственные редакторы М. Живова, К. Станчев, С. Темчинас. Москва: Индрик, 2020. 248 с. (Серия „Slavia Christiana: язык – текст – образ“). ISBN 978-5-91674-575-7

Author(s): Mariya Yovcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 61-62/2020

Вѣнецъ хваленїѧ. Studia ofiarowane profesorowi Aleksandrowi Naumowowi na jubileusz 70-lecia. Pod red. Marzanny Kuczyńskiej. Białystok: Fundacja “Oikonomos”, 2019. 301 pp. (Latopisy Akademii Supraskiej, 10). ISSN 2082-9299

Author(s): Małgorzata Skowronek / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 61-62/2020

Бойка Мирчева. Успение Кирилово в южнославянската православна традиция. София: Българска академия на науките – Кирило-Методиевски научен център, 2019. 244 с. (Кирило-Методиевски студии, 28. Кирило-Методиевски извори, 3). ISBN 978-954-9787-39-9

Author(s): Krassimir Stantchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 61-62/2020

Към проучването на раннохристиянския балкански светителски репертоар: Свeщеномъченик Астий Дирахийски (Драчки)

Author(s): Mariya Yovcheva / Language(s): Greek, Ancient (to 1453),Bulgarian,Old Slavonic,Old Bulgarian Issue: 63-64/2021

This article presents a complete account of the various types of Byzantine and Slavonic evidence (liturgical texts, iconography, archaeological data) of the veneration of the Early Christian Balkan Hieromartyr St Astius of Dyrrhachium (early second century AD). The primary sources outline two directions in the development of his cult: as a bishop saint and as a martyr. In the local tradition with a centre in Dyrrhachium, observed in the iconography, in the acolouthia by the bishop of Dyrrhachium Jacob (issued in 1918 in Constantinople) and in medieval documents, he was predominantly venerated as a bishop saint, the successor to the See of the legendary Holy Apostle Caesar. There, over the centuries, St. Astius formed the couple bishop-deacon, significant for Christianity, with St. Isauros the Deacon (who died in Apollonia of Illyria, 283–284), whose relics were transferred to Dyrrhachium. The second direction in the development of the cult of St Astius focused on his martyrdom and is mainly maintained in Byzantine liturgical books originating from Constantinople: 1) Synaxaria, where three versions of his vita are distributed, 2) Menaia with an office for this saint by Joseph the Hymnographer (ninth century), based on the synaxarion text; 3) Church Typica (Оld Sabaitic redaction, presented in Cod. Sinait. gr. 1096, twelfth century, and the Typicon of the Monastery of the Theotokos Evergetis, Cod. Athen. gr. 778, early twelfth century) and isolated calendars of manuscript Gospels. Such distribution of liturgical texts regarding St. Astius is also found in Slavonic literature, where his veneration is repeatedly occurring in various versions of the Synaxarion (Prolog) (in the Non-versified Prolog, in the Serbian version of the Verse Prolog of the fourteenth century and in the Extended Non-versified Prolog; his name appeared only in the verses of the Tărnovo version of the fourteenth-century Verse Prolog). The saint is also mentioned in five calendars of West-Bulgarian and Serbian Gospels and Apostles; still, it remains unclear as to whether it occurs there under the influence of the local cult in the area of Dyrrhachium, or of a Constantinopolitan source. The article deals with a previously unknown translation of the Office for St Astius by Joseph the Hymnographer, made in the thirteenth century in one of the East Bulgarian literary centres (probably in the capital city of Tărnovo). The hymnographic text is published based on the only known copy in the Second Menaion of Dobrian, a Bulgarian thirteenth-century manuscript (Оdessa National Scientific Library, No. 1/5).

„Тимотеевото“ мъчение на св. Марина в южнославянските ръкописи: По следите на един текст с глаголически първообраз и отворена традиция

Author(s): Maya Petrova-Taneva / Language(s): Bulgarian,Old Slavonic,Old Bulgarian Issue: 63-64/2021

The article introduces to scholarship an unknown version of the Passion of St. Marina, preserved in the South Slavic manuscripts. This text undoubtedly represents an early Slavic translation (initially written in Glagolitic script) from a hitherto unknown original, probably a branch of the tradition of the so-called Passion of St. Marina by Theotimus (BHG 1165‒1167), but significantly shortened, devoid of the most fantastic moments and containing specific characteristics, e.g. the author's name is Timotheus (instead of Theotimus), the title of the saint’s torturer Olybrius is praepositus, and others. The version is found in Croatian Glagolitic fragments and in several Serbian copies from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century (most of them also in fragments). A comparison of the copies of the so-called Passion of St. Marina, on the one hand, testifies that they undoubtedly ascend to a common protograph, and on the other, reveals the great variability of the text typical of works with long manuscript transmissions and especially of those that become part of the low-level literature. On the basis of the available source material, it seems most likely that this Passion was translated from Greek by the disciples of Cyril and Methodius in Bulgaria. The text displays interesting lexical and grammatical features, only part of which being marked and analysed here. An edition of the earlier of the two preserved complete copies is provided (MS 219 from the Patriarchal Library in Belgrade from 1381).

Чудесата на архангелите в манастира Дохиар: Текстове и изображения

Author(s): Ivanka Gergova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 63-64/2021

The legendary story of the Athonite Dochiariou Monastery is associated with the protection and help of the Holy archangels. The body of narratives has continued to grow over time to take on its final form in the early sixteenth century. The earliest extant texts are Slavonic translations associated with the pen of Vladislav the Grammarian (the second half of the fifteenth century). A bilingual (in Greek and Slavonic) manuscript of the late fifteenth century is kept at Dochiariou, providing an account of the miracles worked by the archangels at the monastery. Versions of the Dochiariou legends were gaining currency in Russia to be included in the reading menaia, synaxaria and panegyrika. Thesaurus by Damascenus Studites played a significant role in the popularity of the miracles. Proskynetarion of 1843, published in Dochiariou, gave a detailed account of the miracles.The earliest representations of the Dochiariou miracles have been lost, though there are written records of their existence of the fourteenth century. The full cycle of the miracles is illustrated at the catholicon of Dochiariou as well as at the refectory and on the phiale. The monastery published also a series of prints circulating the main scenes of the Dochiariou cycle and rendering them generally available.The earliest in Bulgaria illustration of the miracle with the boy rescued from drowning is at the Church of the Nativity in Arbanassi (1640s). Three of the scenes from the cycle occur on a series of icons of the Archangel Michael with scenes of the miracles of the archangels painted in the late eighteenth and throughout the nineteenth centuries. An analysis showed that they had been inspired by Damascenus Studites’s Thesaurus. The murals at two churches within the complex of Bachkovo Monastery (of the Holy Archangels and the church of the same name in Kluviata locality) include cycles of scenes of the Dochiariou miracles, modelled on a 1809 Dochiariou print. The emblematic scene depicting the rescue of the boy from the waves is found on iconostases painted by masters from Debar in the late nineteenth-century Bulgaria’s northwest. A woodcarver, possibly coming from Debar too, sculpted the episode of translating the treasure at the church of the village of Teshevo, the region of Gotse Delchev.

За Златната верига и За степените на брака

Author(s): Antoaneta Granberg,William R. Veder / Language(s): Greek, Ancient (to 1453),Bulgarian,Old Slavonic,Old Bulgarian Issue: 63-64/2021

The 14th c. Bulgarian compilation Golden Chain contains versions of texts from five centuries. This paper identifies the text of units 320–340 in the Golden Chain as a faithful translation from the Syntagma of Matthew Blastares, the Greek text of which is dated to 1335: it is an excerpt from its section 2 (Β), chapter 8 (Η), on the degrees of consanguinity and affinity and forbidden and permitted marriages. The excerpt covers in full roughly the first half of chapter 8, leaving out the second half devoted to marriages among three lineages. The text is presented in a lineated collation of the Greek source text with two copies of the Slavonic translation which are shown to be transcriptions of one antigraph written in Glagolitic. It is the first reliable example of transcription Cyrillic → Glagolitic (the closed tradition of the translation of the Syntagma shows no trace of Glagolitic). Why such intervention was imposed cannot as yet be explained.

Езикът на отрицанието срещу дуалистичните ереси (по материал от славянския превод на Паноплия Догматика на Евтимий Зигавин)

Author(s): Mariyana Tsibranska-Kostova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 63-64/2021

This article analyses some of the most important semantic fields of vocabulary, which form an evaluative attitude towards the dualistic heresies. The main source are the titles against the Iconoclasts, the Armenians, the Paulicians, and the Massalians in the Slavic translation of Panoplia Dogmatica by Euthymius Zigabenos, preserved only in the manuscript BAR Ms. slav. 296 from the Library of the Romanian Academy in Bucharest. The title against the Manicheans in manuscript HM.SMS 186 from the collection of the Chilandari Monastery on Mt Athos and the title against the Bogomils according to the edition of M. Popruzhenko (1899) are added as well. The aim is to summarize the means used for the creation of a negative image of heresies through language. The methods of selective lexical excerption and lexical-semantic analysis are applied. The core and the periphery of the nomination reflect such moral concepts that make heresies a category of culture. The lexicon against the other, the non-Orthodox, includes: lexemes marks for negative moral qualities – lie, hypocrisy, moral baseness, impiety, ungodliness, confusion, folly, debauchery; lexemes for nonverbal gestures; connotative periphrases; idioms and paroemias. In this way, the medieval anti-heretical polemic participates in the linguo-cultural conceptualisation of otherness.

Красимир Станчев. Исследования в области средневековой литературы православного славянства. Kraków, 2012 (Krakowsko-Wileńskie Studia Slawistyczne, 7). 325 p. ISBN 978-83-60163-88-7

Author(s): Maria Yovcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 63-64/2021

Sapere aude. Сборник в чест на проф. дфн Искра Христова-Шомова. София: Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2019. 432 с. ISBN 978-954-07-4890-0

Author(s): Dimitar Peev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 63-64/2021

Свети Климент Охридски, пръв епископ на българския език. Научен редактор Мария Йовчева. София: Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2020. 343 с. ISBN 978-954-07-5097-2.

Author(s): Stanka Petrova-­Hristova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 63-64/2021

Синаксарните четива за Велики петък в триод № 138 от сбирката на А. И. Хлудов в Държавния исторически музей, Москва

Author(s): Klimentina Ivanova,Cvetomira Danova / Language(s): Bulgarian,Old Bulgarian Issue: 65-66/2022

The purpose of this article is to introduce two hitherto unknown Middle Bulgarian synaxarion readings contained in manuscript No. 138 from the Khludov Collection (MS Khlud. 138) – a Middle Bulgarian old-redaction Triodion of the second half of the thirteenth century. So far, attention has been given to those readings in it whose author is supposedly St Clement of Ohrid. The rest are undescribed and unknown. This article focuses on two of them, which were read during the Service of the Twelve Gospels at Holy Friday Matins. The first is “Miracle of the Crucifix and the Jew”, whose Greek source is unknown to us. The second, titled “Homily and Sermon on the Passion of Christ”, is most probably not a translation. Its central motif is Christ’s Descent into Hell. The analysis of this Homily has established that it is based mainly on two Byzantine works, translated as early as the ninth–tenth centuries. Its author used the Homily on Holy Saturday attributed to Epiphanius of Cyprus, and Homily XCIX from the Paraenesis associated with Ephrem the Syrian. This article enriches Old Bulgarian literature with new works and draws scholarly attention to synaxarion readings, to their connection with the Byzantine models, the various means of their adaptation, and their place in Triodia and Triodion Panegyrika.

Общите служби от св. Климент Охридски в ръкопис Ундолски 100

Author(s): Iskra Hristova Shomova / Language(s): Bulgarian,Old Bulgarian Issue: 65-66/2022

Manuscript Undol’skii 100 is kept in the Collection of Vukol M. Undol’skii in the Russian State Library. This is a Festal Menaion of the mid-fifteenth century. The Common Offices are on ff. 214b–224c. They were discovered by Blagoy Shalamanov in 1987. He noted his discovery in five consecutive publications but did not publish the full texts of the offices. Thus, this is the first complete publication of the copy of the Common Offices in Undol’skii’s manuscript. There are three other copies of the Common Offices by Clement of Ohrid: (1) in Codex Hankenstein (kept in Vienna, Slav. 37) of the thirteenth century, there are six offices: for a prophet, for an apostle, for a Church Father, for a reverend, for a male martyr, and for a female martyr; (2) in the fourteenth-century manuscript 1052 from the Sofia Collection of the Russian National Library (St Petersburg), only the offices for a male martyr and for a prophet are attested; (3) in the Ohrid Menaion of 1435, four of the offices are extant: for a prophet, for an apostle, for a Church Father, and for a reverend. The comparison between the Common Offices in Undol’skii 100 and the copies in the other three codices shows that only the canons of Clement’s offices have been preserved in this manuscript (the stichera and the kathismata have been replaced with different texts), and moreover, that they have partially been changed: some troparia have been omitted, and some of the theotokia have been replaced. While the canons for a prophet, for an apostle, for a Church Father, and for a male martyr are preserved in Undol’skii 100, the canon for St Euthymius the Great by Clement of Ohrid is used for the canon for a reverend. Further, the texts of the canons in Undol’skii 100 contain errors or new variant readings, but in some instances keep the correct variant, used in the initial, original text of the Old Bulgarian author. The juxtaposition of the texts of the offices in the four manuscripts allows us to divide them into two distinct textual families, each with its common variants and errors. One of them encompasses Codex Hankenstein and the Ohrid Menaion, while the other consists of mss Sofia 1052 and Undol’skii 100.

Оригинално произведение на Константин Преславски ли е 42 слово на Учителното евангелие?

Author(s): Dobriela Kotova / Language(s): Greek, Ancient (to 1453),Bulgarian,Old Bulgarian Issue: 65-66/2022

This article tackles the question of whether the commentary part of Sermon 42 of Constantine of Preslav’s Uchitel’noe evangelie (Didactic Gospel) is original or translated. It is peculiar for its brevity and lack of real clarification. The whole sermon has hitherto been considered to have been authored by Constantine, as no correspondences have been found in a Greek source. Its comparison, however, with different types of catenae commenting on Lk 17:12–19 shows that the middle part of this sermon is translated. This translation was made mainly from a manuscript which contained a Type A catena to the Gospel of Luke (CPG C 130, sixth century). Some differences with it, however, point to other types of catenae. The brevity and peculiarity of the sermon also stem from the Greek source. The deviations from the main Greek source text have parallels in the commentary of Type B catenae (CPG C 131, seventh century) to the same passage from the Gospel of Luke, but Dobriela Kotova argues that they are rather related to certain fragments preserved in the eleventh-century catena of Nicetas of Heraclea (CPG C 135). It might be assumed that the additions and changes made in the middle part of Sermon 42, as compared to the main source, resulted from the influence of a larger catena or another source which somehow became common to both the Slavonic translator and Nicetas of Heraclea.

Южнославянските наследници на търновската версия на Служебния миней от XIII век

Author(s): Mariya Yovcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 65-66/2022

This article examines nine South Slavic manuscripts originating from the Tarnovo version of the Menaion, as the earliest among them are the two thirteenth-century codices of the copyist Dobrian (ОGNB 32 + 24.4.12 (Srezn. 59) of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences and ОGNB 33 + GIM Uvar. 1176-4°). Arguments for their relationship are some identification markers from the calendar and the contents of the offices. The indicators specific to this family are given primary importance in the examination of the manuscripts, but others are also applied, based on the opposition new-redaction / old-redaction (i.e., menaia structured according to the old Studite typikon and composed before the fourteenth century / menaia structured according to the Jerusalem typikon and composed mainly during and after the fourteenth century). Twenty-three menaia manuscripts and four early printed books (Greek and Church Slavonic) are used as comparisons. The data obtained lead to several conclusions: (1) the Office Menaion, formed during the thirteenth century in the Bulgarian capital, is non-homogeneous since it contains both unique and old- and new-redaction specificities; (2) although related to the fading Studite liturgical practice, this version was actively used and modified in a Bulgarian and Serbian environment until the seventeenth century. In the fourteenth century it was developed, in connection with the newly introduced Neo-Sabaitic (or Jerusalem) typikon, by adding new hymns, making the compositions more complex, standardizing and updating the calendar, sometimes even by commemorations of the Studite type; (3) the three main levels – calendar, contents, and structure – show an unequal degree of redactor intervention in coordinating the Office Menaion with the new liturgical regulations; (4) not only the protograph but also all subsequent copies are of a hybrid type. This article presents arguments of a diverse nature for the localization of the earliest Bulgarian sources, i.e., the Dobrian codices and menaia of the fourteenth century (No. 19 of the Krka Monastery, No. 33 of the Cetinje Monastery, Zograph 115, Paris. Slav. 23): (1) the area of original copying and distribution; (2) the focus on the feasts of the Theotokos and the registration of a unique commemoration, Consecration of the Church of the Theotokos on 22 August, in ОGNB 33; (3) two commemorations confined only to this family – St Philothea Temnishka on 28 May and St John of Rila (on 18 August, with the canon in Tone Two), which are not supported by other old-redaction liturgical books. The hypothesis is advanced that the place of origin of the Tarnovo “new menaion” and of part of the Bulgarian copies could be the Monastery of St. Bogoroditsa Temnishka.