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Alap és felépítmény a marxista kultúraelméletben

Author(s): Raymond Williams / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 30/2022

Any modern approach to a Marxist theory of culture must begin by considering the proposition of a determining base and a determined superstructure. From a strictly theoretical point of view this is not, in fact, where we might choose to begin. It would be in many ways preferable if we could begin from a proposition which originally was equally central, equally authentic: namely the proposition that social being determines consciousness. It is not that the two propositions necessarily deny each other or are in contradiction. But the proposition of base and superstructure, with its figurative element, with its suggestion of a definite and fixed spatial relationship, constitutes, at least in certain hands, a very specialized and at times unacceptable version of the other proposition. Yet in the transition from Marx to Marxism, and in the development of mainstream Marxism itself, the proposition of the determining base and the determined superstructure has been commonly held to be the key to Marxist cultural analysis.

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Stereotyping Arab women in jokes circulated on social media during the coronavirus crisis

Author(s): Ahmad S. Haider,Linda S. Al-Abbas / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Since the outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic in late 2019, fear and panic dominated thecontent of online news. Simultaneously, there was a prevalence of jokes on different social mediasites. During the crisis, most Arab countries went through a nationwide lockdown for weeks thatpeople found themselves trapped in their homes and resorted to social media to express theirfrustration about the prevailing happenings. They began exchanging jokes on social media thatindirectly reflected stereotypes about them. One thousand four hundred and twenty-four jokes(1424) were collected from Facebook and WhatsApp messages for three months and werecategorized based on the themes they covered. Gender-related jokes ranked the highest andwere predominantly targeting women. Hence, this study is an attempt to explore how ArabWomen were stereotyped in jokes circulated on social media during the coronavirus crisis. The508 gender-related jokes were analysed in light of the General Theory of Verbal Humour(GTVH) and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The analysis generated four main themes,namely ‘marital relations’ (33%), ‘habits and attributes’ (26%), ‘beauty and makeup’ (23%),and ‘violence’ (18%). Women were stereotyped as being ugly and less feminine without makeup,talkative, shopaholic, despising and annoying wives, and violent and harmful partners in theirprivate sphere. The study concludes that such negative stereotypes might be unintentionallyproduced and reinforced through laughter-eliciting jokes circulating fast in the virtual world.

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Hermeneutică biblică și umanism renascentist în traducerea comentată a Cărții lui Iov de Luis de León

Author(s): Mianda CIOBA / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

According to the constantly growing interest that current philological research shows in the work of the translator and biblical interpreter master Luis de León of the University of Salamanca numerous studies analyze how the option for literal reading of the sacred text is based on the technique of poetic paraphrasing and the alternative use of courtly love poetry language known as the “sweet new Italian style”. Such findings are especially valid for the way Luis de León translates and comments on the Song of Songs and on some of the Psalms. The same textual continuum between interpretation and translation (which the author postulates in various theoretical texts and which surprisingly anticipates essential ideas of modern interpretive theories, starting with Fr. Schleiermacher and continuing with H.-G. Gadamer and Paul Ricoeur), the same substantial interdependence between comprehension and explanation exists in the case of the annotated translation of the Book of Job that this paper examines. We intend to discuss the relationship between text and gloss, in order to emphasize the effectiveness of argumentative paraphrasing and amplification, relying on the principles of discourse grammar; the relationship between the above and the model of the thematic sermon, the main species of persuasive discourse at the end of the Middle Ages; finally, we intend to analyze the humanist-Christian dimension of the author’s position towards the intimate process of comprehending the sacred text, as a synthesis of epistemological rationalism and Neoplatonic visionary thinking.

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Denumiri ale Sfintei Scripturi în „Hronograf den începutul lumii” (ms. 3517)

Author(s): Mioara Dragomir / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

The aim of this article is to highlight the nine ways of naming the Bible, as they appear in "Hronograf den începutul lumii" (Chronicle from the beginning of the world, Ms. no. 3517), a translation from Greek made, in my view (supported by a rich argumentation with many linguistic and philological elements) by Nicolae Milescu Spătarul. Since the translator, a great scholar and polyglot, is also a good connoisseur of religious matters, the text constitutes a valuable source for the study of the names of the sacred text, as they were used in the ancient Romanian culture.

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Considerații lexicale pe marginea textului Liturghiilor. Analiză comparativă între Liturghierul lui Antim Ivireanul și cel de la Chișinău (1815)

Author(s): Maria-Lucreția Dumitraș / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

We propose in this study a comparative analysis of the old Romanian vocabulary from two editions of the Liturgikon, namely the Liturgikon of Antim Ivireanul (1713) and the Liturgikon of Chişinău (1815). The essential role of the Liturgikon of Antim in the realization of the Bessarabian text is indisputable. In addition to this role, we notice at the lexical level some elements that highlight the specificity of this Romanian text published under the domination of the Tsarist Empire. We analyze four categories of words: terms of Latin origin, of Slavic or Slavonic origin, of Greek Byzantine or Neo-Greek origin and terms formed within Romanian language.

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Descrierea epidemiei din 2 Reg. 24 și 2 Paral. 21: între model și metaforă

Author(s): Ioan Ștefan Haplea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

Recent global epidemiological events have rephrased the intricate and sometimes strained connection between conduct and religious values. The biblical text refers to prominent instances of epidemics and recommends preventive and palliative measures. We have analysed the description of a contagious disease outbreak of massive scale, described in 2 Kings 24 and 2 Chron. 21. We have investigated the patterns of physical and medical causation implied by the text, the role of disease names, metaphors and models, and the relationship between the royal power and public health in biblical times. Finally, we conjectured on the effect that these texts, translated into Romanian during the 17th century (the 1688 Bible), might have had on the attitudes, perceptions and outcomes of pestilence outbreaks during early 18th century, in Romanian territories.

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A Kaleidoscope of Mythical Beasts, Beyond Time and Space: Keys to Understanding Oneself and Culture

Author(s): Evangelia Moula / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The paper aspires to provide a critical presentation of the content of the Chasing Mythical Beasts: The Reception of Ancient Monsters in Children’s and Young Adults’ Culture collective volume, edited by Katarzyna Marciniak (2020), and an interpretative framing for the recurrent emergence of mythical beasts in literature and other media for children and young people. Famous mythical monsters – the Minotaur, Medusa, Pegasus, centaurs, and sirens – reappear either in their original form or in other versions in a wide range of stories, becoming a vehicle for critical reflections over a variety of subjects, like the encounter with the Other, the coming of age, the female power, totalitarianism, ethical dilemmas, or human relationships, to mention some of them. Monsters’ diffusion in almost all cultural fields highlights their universality, recognisability, popularity, and flexibility to adjust to requirements and priorities of all times and spaces. Their inexhaustible potential remains to be further explored.

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The role of ‘familiarity’ in Mandarin Chinese speakers’ metapragmatic evaluations of Australian conversational humour

Author(s): Wei-Lin Melody Chang,Valeria Sinkeviciute / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Although research on humorous practices of Anglo-Australians has received much attention,the understanding of those practices by members of various multilingual communities inAustralia has not been much studied. In this paper, we look at metapragmatic comments onconcept familiarity in relation to conversational humour, particularly focusing on MandarinChinese speakers’ perceptions of conversational humour in Australian English. In order toexplore what role ‘familiarity’ plays in (inter-)cultural conceptualisation of humour, we analyseinterview data where speakers of Mandarin Chinese provide their metapragmatic comments onhumorous exchanges among Australians. Drawing on approximately 8.2 hours of interview dataelicited by a segment from the reality television gameshow Big Brother 2012, i.e., a teasingsequence between two acquainted persons, it is suggested that the concept of familiarity is theone most frequently alluded to in the theme of how participants ‘draw the boundary’ betweenintimates and acquaintances. From the analysis it emerged that Mandarin Chinese speakers’evaluations of humorous exchanges in Australian English are driven by their culturallyinformedperceptions that are conceptualised through various emic notions, e.g. guanxi(‘interpersonal relationship’), various labels for classifying different relational distance, andqiji (‘opportune moment’). The findings of this exploratory paper suggest that the role of‘familiarity’ in relation to humour is crucial in the perception of appropriateness of humorouspractices in interaction, especially across cultures.

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