Fikce, skutečnost a radikalni vypraveni

Author(s): Petr Koťátko / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2013

The article focuses on the nature of the worlds of narrative fiction, ways of their representation, the status and identity conditions of fictional entities and correlatively on the role of singular terms in literary texts. According to the author, the basic question providing a proper framework for addressing such topics is: what does the reader have to do (to presuppose, to accept, to imagine) in order to allow the text of narrative fiction to fulfill its literary functions? The alternative is to start with the “text itself’, i.e. sentences with their linguistic meanings (in abstraction from their literary functions), and ask what kind of material does the text provide to the interpreter, what does it enable him/her to identify and determine and what does it leave principially unidentifiable and underdetermined. According to the author, such an approach blocks the access (or makes impossible the return) to the text’s literary functions. The author defends certain specification of the interpretative attitude required by the literary functions of a text of narrative fiction from its reader. Among other things, he attempts to demonstrate its general applicability by analyzing a highly non-standard type of narration (labelled “radical”).

Dóbék, Ágnes – Mészáros, Gábor – Vaderna, Gábor (eds.). Media and literature in multilingual Hungary 1770–1820

Author(s): Ivona Kollárová / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2021

Review of: DÓBÉK, Ágnes – MÉSZÁROS, Gábor – VADERNA, Gábor (eds.). “MEDIA AND LITERATURE IN MULTILINGUAL HUNGARY 1770–1820”. Budapest: Reciti, 2019, 285 p. ISBN 978-615-5478-70-3.

K pravopisu štylisticky príznakových etnických a obyvateľských mien

Author(s): Ingrid Hrubaničová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2023

In this article we address the issue of ethnonyms and habitational names (EOMs), especially the cases of unclear boundaries between the proper noun and the appellative in the stylistically symptomatic EOMs, and orthographic divergence in writing capital letters in this group of names. On the basis of both domestic and foreign theoretical works and corpus material (semantic analysis of the phrase GALSKÝ KOHÚT / GALSKÍ KOHÚTI) we present the basic theoretical and methodological basis for the continuation of the study, which will be devoted to the word-formation patterns of EOMs, their stylistic symptomatology and pragmalinguistic value, and the resulting issue of capitalizing letters.

K pravopisu štylisticky príznakových etnických a obyvateľských mien. 2. časť

Author(s): Ingrid Hrubaničová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

In this paper we continue to investigate the spelling of stylistically symptomatic ethnonyms and population names (EOMs) (Hrubaničová, 2023), with special attention to cases of unclear boundaries between the proprium and the appellative in so-called stylistically symptomatic EOMs, and orthographic divergence in capitalization in this group of names. We focus on the spelling of proprial suffixal derivatives (type SLOVÁČIK – SLOVÁČISKO; ČECHÚŇ, ČECHÚR, ČECHÁK, ČECHÁČIK) and abbreviative derivatives (type DEDERÓN, DEDERÁK, ENDEERÁK; USÁK) of neutral EOMs.

Ketefete: úvahy o jednom hapax legomenon

Author(s): Ľubor Králik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The author discusses the word ketefete attested in a collection of historical legends from the Central Slovakian region of Turiec (hapax legomenon with unclear meaning used in a culinary context). The word seems to be of Hungarian origin, cf. Hungarian kötyfötöl "to mix, stir; to cook badly (without knowledge, in a hurry, while combining all kinds of ingredients, etc.)" (probably onomatopoeic). In the author’s opinion, it may be either a loanword from an unattested Hungarian *kötyföt (supposed nominal back-formation from kötyfötöl) or a back-formation from an assumed Slovak verb *keťfetelovať (< Hungarian kötyfötöl). In Slovak, the noun ketefete (with unclear morphological attributes: indeclinable neuter noun? plural form of a masculine *ketefeť?) was probably modified phonetically on the model of reduplicative words.

O terénnom názve Klanec

Author(s): Iveta Valentová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

Obec Mlynky (maď. Pilisszentkereszt) sa nachádza na severozápade Maďarska v oblasti Pilišských vrchov a označuje sa za najslovenskejšiu z obcí, resp. slovenských jazykových enkláv v Maďarsku (porov. Szabóová, 2008). Hoci Slováci, ktorí žili v severných horských oblastiach dnešného Maďarska, sa pokladajú za pôvodných, autochtónnych obyvateľov, súčasní Slováci sú skôr potomkovia tých, ktorí prišli do vyľudnených a spustošených oblastí až po porážke osmanských Turkov. Podľa A. Kováčovej a A. U hrinovej (2008, s. 235) prvé rodiny prišli r. 1747 zo susedného Santova, kam sa dostali pravdepodobne z územia západného Slovenska, najmä z okolia Trnavy a Trenčína. Prevažne západoslovenský charakter nárečia obce môže tento predpoklad len potvrdzovať.

K pravopisu štylisticky príznakových etnických a obyvateľských mien. 3. časť

Author(s): Ingrid Hrubaničová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2023

In the third part of the study on stylistically marked ethnic and inhabitants’ names (Hrubaničová, 2023a, 2023b), we focus on diverse marked expressions that, to varying degrees, are in touch with the meaning of the bearer/bearers of ethnic or inhabitant affiliation and whose spelling is unstable. In describing this heterogeneous group of expressions, we rely on mechanisms of semantic transposition (semantic criterion), formal aspects, especially adaptation processes, and word formation contexts (formal criterion), and a stylistic feature associated with the axiological intention of the user of such a denomination (pragmatic criterion). We propose criteria based on which the status of these units is specified with regard to their belonging to the appellative or proper sphere of vocabulary, and we point out the borderline character of some cases (with consequences for writing an upper- or lowercase letter at the beginning).

Novšie významové vzťahy medzi výrazmi rukávnik, rukávik, rukáv

Author(s): Silvia Duchková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2023

Objective Facts, Consensus Opinions and the Study of Slovak Panslavism

Author(s): Alexander Maxwell / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

This article is a response to a discussion by Svorad Zavarský, who criticized the author's previous article on Slovak Panslavism and the historiographical misrepresentation of Kollár and Štúr. The author argues that Zavarský's positivist approach is inappropriate for historical research because it introduces anachronism and ignores the social constructivist theories of nationalism. The author also defends his use of the original nineteenth-century terminology and his analysis of the linguistic taxonomies of Šafařík, Kollár and Štúr. The author concludes that Zavarský's comments reflect his unfamiliarity with the social and political context of the early nineteenth century Habsburg monarchy and the rhetorical choices of the Panslavist thinkers.

Metafore dei fenomeni naturali riferite agli esseri umani: da tempesta nel cuore a furtună în suflet (uno studio comparato tra italiano e romeno)

Author(s): Marinela Vramulet / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2024

The article proposes a comparative study of the metaphors of natural phenomena referring to human beings, in Italian and Romanian. An onomasiological approach is used for an interlinguistic comparison. It begins at the conceptual level, where correlations are established between the two constituent domains of the metaphor: NATURAL PHENOMENA and HUMAN BEINGS. Such correspondences lead to the conceptual metaphorical structure which is illustrated, at the linguistic level, with various metaphors in the two languages. The analysis begins at the deep level and concludes at the surface level, where it is determined whether the metaphorical meanings derived from the elements of the conceptual structure are present in the metaphorical expressions used in both languages. The approach used enables us to see that the meaning of metaphors is related to the conceptual structure and that the metaphor originates in thinking, as cognitivists would want, but grows and develops in language. Metaphorical meanings are, therefore, the reflection in the language of the elements of conceptual structure, that is, of our way of seeing and interpreting a reality, the human sphere (characteristics of human beings, feelings and/or passions, interpersonal relationships and personal events), in terms of another reality, that of natural phenomena (tempesta, burrasca, bufera, ciclone, uragano in Italian, furtună, vijelie in Romanian, like atmospheric disturbances, or lampo, fulmine in Italian, fulger, trăsnet in Romanian, like discharges electrical, etc).

Dărnicie și magnificență. Messer Torello și Saladin, o lectură (inter)culturală din Boccaccio

Author(s): Simona Drăgan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2024

Starting from novella 10.9 of the Decameron, one from a series devoted to stories about liberality and magnificence, the article confronts it to the context of ‘global Trecento’ relations with the religious alterity in Italy. In the wake of some extraordinary events, an improbable friendship comes to connect the hearts of a Christian named Torello and of the Muslim sultan Saladin. Is Boccaccio unusually benevolent regarding the religious liberties of his time, or the story truly reflects the spirit of a more tolerant age? The paper explores the historicized context of this novella in the late Middle Ages in the Mediterranean world, particularly against the history of the crusades, and eventually includes a few visual echoes of this story in the art of the wedding gifts. I also try to understand to what extent the medieval value of courtesy was a common idiom in rival religions, so that the chivalrous virtues could become a lingua franca in the relations between men of different religion and social ranks.

Problematica libertății la Jean-Paul Sartre

Author(s): Alina Ilea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2024

Continuing the tradition of classical French philosophy (Montaigne, Descartes, Pascal), Jean-Paul Sartre links the concept of freedom to the essence of the human being. Freedom precedes essence, while also having the ability to generate its own nothingness. Thrown into the opacity and loneliness of the world, man is ”sentenced to freedom”, acquiring his authenticity only through the choices he makes. God does not exist, so the whole weight of the world hangs on his shoulders, and behind him there is nothing but nothingness. By choosing himself, man in fact chooses the entire human condition. Suspended in the void, without any support from anywhere, man is condemned every moment to reinvent himself and all of humanity. Oreste, in Sartre’s ”The Flies”, knows that freedom is a ”human business” and that when freedom has ”exploded” in a man's soul, the gods can do nothing. Man is free to constantly invent and reinvent himself, according to his own will, according to his own destiny. Man can never be anything other than what he himself has decided to become. Consequently, to be means, in fact, to choose, to opt for one situation or another, for one existential paradigm, or another. Every situation is unique and open to freedom, since man is the one who chooses it, the one who gives it one meaning or another. In the configuration of our freedom, it is our subjective nature and not external reality that plays the essential role.

ОТНОВО ЗА ГНЕЗДОВИЯ ПРИНЦИП В БЪЛГАРСКИЯ ЕТИМОЛОГИЧЕН РЕЧНИК (ВЪРХУ МАТЕРИАЛ ОТ ЕТИМОЛОГИЧНОТО ГНЕЗДО НА БЪЛГ. ЛИХ < ПРАСЛАВ. *LIXЪ)

Author(s): Hristina Deykova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The article discusses issues related to the nesting principle of organisation of the Slavic material in the Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary, which includes inherited Proto-Slavic words, literary words formed in Old Bulgarian, literary borrowings from Russian, as well as later derivatives that arose in the Bulgarian dialects. Some specifics stemming from the combination of the nesting and the lexeme principles in crafting dictionary entries are briefly presented. The challenges in analysing the material are illustrated with examples from the word family of Bulg. лих, a descendant of the OBulg. лёхъ ‘excessive, superfluous; bad; abundant’ (< PSl. *lixъ). On the basis of word-formation and sematic analysis, the author proposes a revised interpretation and lexicographic representation of part of the material.

ОЩЕ ВЕДНЪЖ ЗА ПРОИЗХОДА НА СЕЛИЩНО ИМЕ ОЧУ̀ША

Author(s): Nadezhda Dancheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The subject of the study is the origin of the oikonym Очу̀ша. Special attention is given to previous research on this place name, which is one of the oikonyms related to kinship terminology preserved in Bulgarian toponymy. The aim of the study is to propose a reconsideration of the existing hypotheses on the origin, semantic motivation, structure and word-formation features of the name. In order to achieve this, the author has employed an etymological, structural and morphological (word-formation) approach.

УПОТРЕБА НА КАВИЧКИ ПРИ ИМЕНА НА ПРИРОДНИ ЯВЛЕНИЯ

Author(s): Iliyana Kuneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The paper examines the problematic case of the use of quotation marks in the names of natural phenomena such as hurricanes, which has gained relevance in recent years. In order to provide motivation for the recommended spelling, the author offers a detailed overview of the current norms applicable in this case.

СИЯ КОЛКОВСКА (СЪСТ.). ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧНИ СТУДИИ

Author(s): Maria Stefanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

This review presents a collection of studies by Bulgarian and Polish authors. The papers address current issues in Bulgarian and Polish phraseology, as well as the lexicographic description of phraseological units.

ВЪПРОСИ НА СЪВРЕМЕННИЯ БЪЛГАРСКИ КНИЖОВЕН ЕЗИК

Author(s): / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

Issue 4/2024 features four contributions addressing various aspects of Standard Bulgarian grammar, spelling and punctuation, along with one arti-cle focusing on the dialectal description of non-inflecting parts of speech in works from the National Revival period.

ГЛАВНИ ИЛИ МАЛКИ БУКВИ? ПРОБЛЕМИ ПРИ УПОТРЕБАТА ИМ В СВЕТЛИНАТА НА ЕЗИКОВОТО КОНСУЛТИРАНЕ

Author(s): Milen Tomov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

This paper analyses questions related to the use of capital and lowercase letters as encountered in language consulting practice. Drawing on archived user inquiries addressed to the Language Consultation Service, the author classifies query types based on the issues raised: questions concerning the distinction between proper and common nouns, as well as inquiries that fall beyond this dichotomy (problematic cases within the category of proper names, stylistic and syntactic use of capital letters, adjectives derived from proper names, etc.). In addition, the author categorises the questions based on the types of names involved. The analysis reveals that difficulties with capitalisation and lowercase usage arise across all main functions of capital letters: morphological, syntactic, stylistic and graphic. The significant demand for guidance underscores the challenges language speakers face in determining whether a word or phrase constitutes a proper name and, consequently, whether it requires capitalisation. Speakers also have difficulty deciding whether a particular word is a part of a compound proper name. Most inquiries about capitalisation refer to names of institutions, organisations, administrative bodies and their subdivisions, as well as territorial and administrative units. These entities are often named in ways that allow for both proper and common noun usage (descriptive phrases), or represent cases where capitalisation is heavily context-dependent.

НОВИТЕ КАУЗАТИВИ ПРЕЗ ПРИЗМАТА НА ФОРМООБРАЗУВАНЕТО

Author(s): Teodora Rabovyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The article traces the changes in the verb paradigm resulting from the transformation of intransitive verbs into transitive ones. As a consequence of transitivisation, dereflexivisation and causativisation verbs undergo changes in relation to the categories of transitivity ~ intransitivity, personality ~ impersonality, reflexivity ~ non-reflexivity, aspect, tense, person, number and voice. The results of the aspec-tual characterisation of (non-)causative verbs reveal a predominance of biaspectual verbs among all analysed forms, followed by aspectual pairs and perfective verbs. The examples illustrating these innovative trends in contemporary Bulgarian are primarily drawn from online discourse (such as comments on the bg.mamma fo-rum, Facebook posts and online media), with fewer examples taken from fiction or colloquial speech. Conversive causativisation (cf. the works of Sergey Say and Stoyan Burov) influencing Bulgarian verbs has parallels in English, but its usage (and motivation) can be identified much earlier in oral colloquial communication. New causative verb uses continue to emerge, predominantly in media language, advertising and literature, often to enhance expressive power, create aesthetic impact or engage the reader’s linguistic sensitivity. Notably, in some cases, an additional connotation is present, accompanied by a sense of aggression, an intention to shock the audience or to challenge established social norms.

ТРАНСПОЗИЦИИ НА КАТЕГОРИЯТА ЛИЦЕ

Author(s): Milena Vidralska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The person category in Bulgarian invites discussion due to its dual role in pronouns and verbs. Speakers often employ person forms that diverge from those dictated by the logical structure of a statement, either to achieve expressiveness or to conform to established normative requirements. This paper aims to examine the most frequently occurring transpositions and explore the underlying reasons for these grammatical deviations.