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КЛАСЪТ ГЛАГОЛИ В НОРМАТИВНАТА ГРАМАТИКА (ОБЩА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА С ОПИСАНИЕ НА КАТЕГОРИИТЕ СПРЕЖЕНИЕ, ЛИЦЕ, ЧИСЛО, ВРЕМЕ И ОБОСОБЯВАНЕ НА ГЛАГОЛНИ ФЛЕКТИВНИ ТИПОВЕ)

Author(s): Ruska Stancheva Ruska / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: XXXVII/2024

Based on the formal approach, the study characterizes the class of verbs in normative grammar. The categories of conjugation, person, number, tense are described and a number of new observations are made about their functioning in view of the current literary norms. Two new classifications are also proposed – in the structural characteristics of the tense category, as well as in the identification of verb inflectional types from the point of view of: combinatorics of the three temporal vowels, morphonological changes and normative features.

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СЛОВООБРАЗУВАТЕЛНАТА КАТЕГОРИЯ АГЕНС ПРИ СЪЩЕСТВИТЕЛНИТЕ, ОБРАЗУВАНИ С НАСТАВКА -ИК, В РАМКИТЕ НА ПРЕДИКАТНО-АРГУМЕНТНАТА ТЕОРИЯ

Author(s): Lora Zheleva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: XXXVII/2024

The paper presents an analysis of the derived nouns, formed by the suffix -ик, which are in the derivational category Agent. The theory of the predicate-argument structure is applied. It is assumed that the suffix -ик in these nouns expresses the argument Agent and the stem expresses a predicate or an argument from their semantic structure. The analysis is based on the way the theory of predicate-argument structure is applied in four researches: the two volumes of the Polish academic grammar from 1984, which are devoted to syntax and morphology, and the fifth and the ninth volume of the Bulgarian-Polish Contrastive Grammar, which are devoted to syntax and word-formation.

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ПОСОКИ НА МИГРАЦИЯТА ОТ НАЙ-СТАРО ВРЕМЕ ДО ДНЕС; ДНЕШНИТЕ БЪЛГАРСКИ ЕМИГРАНТИ НА НАЙ-ОТДАЛЕЧЕНОТО МЯСТО ОТ НАС

Author(s): Katya Issa / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: XXXVII/2024

The directions and problems of migration from and to Bulgaria during different historical periods are analyzed in this text. Emphasis is placed on the interpenetration of different languages. The processes of adaptation on the part of the Bulgarian emigrants around the world to the new country, of integration with its population, lead to an increasingly intensified use of the foreign language, while the functions of the first (native Bulgarian) are encapsulated only in a domestic environment. For a certain period of time, an intermediate speech state, mixed speech, is created, and after a while, entire constructions from the first language are gradually replaced by foreign ones, until the foreign language becomes the only one in the emigrants‘ communication. This leads to “de-Bulgarianization”, “identity vacillation”, retreat from national values. The algorithm of the process is related not only to the time, but also to the place where our compatriots are. The examples in the text are from Australia - the “farthest place”, whose location influences both ethnic self-determination and (mostly) the degree of mastery of the Bulgarian language.

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К вопросу об инновационном поиске форм и методов преподавания иностранного языка болгарским студентам

Author(s): Inna Titarenko-Kachura / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2023

The problem of finding ways to improve the forms and methods of teaching a foreign language is of enduring relevance. For the current stage of development of language teaching methods in higher education, the problems of the relationship between language and national mentality, classics and innovation are of particular importance.

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Dusza człowieka we współczesnym świecie. Dwa ujęcia: Wisławy Szymborskiej oraz Olgi Tokarczuk i ich przemieszczenie w przekładzie

Author(s): Agnieszka Gicala / Language(s): English Issue: 36/2024

Niniejszy artykuł to analiza językowo-kulturowych konceptów dusza i soul, obecnych w dwóch utworach literackich autorstwa współczesnych polskich noblistek oraz w ich przekładach na język angielski. Teksty, o których mowa, to wiersz Trochę o duszy Wisławy Szymborskiej i opowiadanie Zgubiona dusza Olgi Tokarczuk; ich angielskie tłumaczenia to, odpowiednio, A Few Words on the Soul (tłum. Stanisław Barańczak i Clare Cavanagh) i The Lost Soul (tłum. Antonia Lloyd-Jones). Oprócz opublikowanych wersji angielskich analiza zawiera komentarz na temat prób alternatywnych tłumaczeń dokonanych przez studentów Uniwersytetu Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie. Tym, co łączy oba teksty, jest przekonanie, że współczesny świat, z jego pośpiechem, deficytem uwagi i konsumpcjonizmem, nie jest miejscem przyjaznym ludzkiej duszy. W poszukiwaniu obecności ludzkiej duszy w owym gorączkowym świecie obie autorki proponują podobne rozwiązania: człowiek musi wrócić do swojego małego świata: swojej wewnętrznej rzeczywistości, dalekiej od wyobrażeń szybkiego postępu i globalizacji. Niniejsza analiza przyjmuje perspektywę kognitywnoetnolingwistyczną i ujmuje byt określany polskim słowem dusza i angielskim słowem soul jako koncept kulturowojęzykowy. Następnie idzie tropem podobieństw i różnic tkwiących w obu omawianych językach, a tym samym rozważa status tego konceptu w językowym obrazie świata zakorzenionym w tych dwóch językach. Prowadzi to do interpretacji wiersza Szymborskiej i opowiadania Tokarczuk jako niestandardowych, indywidualnych, literackich realizacji standardowego (potocznego) językowego obrazu świata, wspólnego dla Polaków. Taka lektura pozwala sięgnąć do angielskich tłumaczeń tych tekstów jako zapisów dokumentujących przeniesienie polskiego konceptu duszy do nowej kulturowojęzykowej lokalizacji. Opierając się na koncepcji kultury jako góry lodowej, w której poszczególne teksty należy czytać jako językowe realizacje pewnych elementów treści kulturowych, leżących u podstaw tych tekstów, w niniejszym artykule podejmuje się próbę rozważenia, w jakim stopniu możliwe jest przeniesienie z oryginału do przekładu.

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Językowe sposoby ukazania religii w twórczości satyrycznej Ostapa Wyszni (na podstawie publikacji ukraińsko-, polsko- i rosyjskojęzycznych)

Author(s): Daria Ławrynow / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2024

Przedmiotem badania w artykule są językowe sposoby ukazania religii w twórczości satyrycznej Ostapa Wyszni. Omówione zostały zróżnicowane środki językowe kreujące określony obraz religii (wykorzystanie języka potocznego, ironii, aluzyjny sposób opisu, zapis małą literą, posłużenie się cudzysłowem i formami zdrobniałymi). Autorka analizuje teksty satyryczne opublikowane w ukraińsko-, polsko- i rosyjskojęzycznych źródłach prasowych oraz antologiach. Ponadto przeanalizowano związki między twórczością Wyszni a oficjalną propagandą radziecką.

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Pamięć zbiorowa a tożsamość miejsc. Przypadek Pomorza Zachodniego

Author(s): Agnieszka Czyżak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2024

Głównym celem artykułu jest ukazanie najnowszych publikacji i przedsięwzięć społecznych związanych z Pomorzem Zachodnim. W XXI wieku w tym regionie pojawiły się działania poświadczające wspólnotowe potrzeby dokonania rewizji obrazów przeszłości. Niemiecka spuścizna kulturowa została zobrazowana na nowo w rozmaitych typach publikacji: powieściach (Niebko Brygidy Helbig-Mischewski), zbiorach reportaży (Morze i ziemia, red. Andrzej Klim i Cezary Łazarewicz), esejach fotograficznych (Nieswojość, red. Agata Pankiewicz i Marcin Przybyłko). Teksty te dowodzą istotnych przemian w sferze wspólnotowej pamięci, wpływających zarazem na przekształcenia zbiorowej i jednostkowej tożsamości.

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Polskojęzyczna wersja gramatyki francuskiej François de Wailly’ego (1792) w świetle terminologii gramatycznej Onufrego Kopczyńskiego

Author(s): Marcin Jakubczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Applying the research methodology used in the history of linguistics, the study presents a synthesis of Polish grammatical terminology included in the grammar book of French written by François de Wailly, translated into Polish by Kajetan Kamieński. The work covers the subject matter including phonetics, spelling, morphology, syntax, and punctuation. The article discusses approximately a hundred Polish grammatical terms, and on this basis a conclusion is drawn that the translation by Kamieński proves to bea modern grammar, containing the latest Polish grammatical nomenclature of the currenttime, codified by Onufry Kopczyński in Gramatyka dla szkół narodowych [‘Grammarbook of Polish for national schools’] (1778–1785). This shows that Kamieński took mostof the terms from Kopczyński’s work. The study is the first analysis of the Polish-languageversion of the grammar book by de Wailly in literature on lingustics.

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Kreacja struktur czasowych w narracjach graficznych na przykładzie Sandmana Neila Gaimana

Author(s): Katarzyna Sadowska-Dobrowolska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Time is a complex structural element of the narrative which consists of the fabula time (story duration and order), the arrangement of events and the pace of action. In graphic novels, temporality of the story is created not only verbally – the iconic layer is also used to anchor the temporal aspect in individual frames. The article describes methods of creating time structures and anchoring time frames in individual panels of NeilGaiman’s The Sandman. The undertaken research aims at attempting to describetemporal features most often expressed iconically or verbally. The analyses employedmethods of describing verbal messages (componential and formal-semantic analysis)and qualitative semiotic analysis, typical of the description of multimodal messages.They showed regularities in the way of expressing temporality. Verbal indicators of timedominate in the creation of the linear scheme and the sequence of events (retrospectionand anticipation). The paratactic pattern of events also requires verbal explanations of theiconic layer. The iconic creation of the temporal dimension of the plot dominates in the caseof building the pace of action and signaling its changes, and in creating a simultaneouspattern. In addition, the graphic layer is responsible for the visual anchoring of the plotin particular time frames.

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Fikcyjne nazwy własne w polskiej frazeologii

Author(s): Agnieszka Piela / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

Representing research in phraseology and onomastics, the article is devoted to fixed phrases featuring a fictitious proper name as a lexical component. The undertaken analysis encompasses historical and modern Polish phraseologisms with an etymologically reinterpreted fictitious onomastic component based on a witty or humorous play on words which uses various semantic and sound-related associations. It turns out that the distinctive feature of the discussed phraseologisms is their impermanence, for most of the historical lexical units are no longer used in the modern language. Only a few of such lexical combinations have survived until today, e.g. na święty Nigdy, pani Piasecka, pan Łopaciński, pojechać do Rygi. The article indicates the reasons for the lexical absence of the presented phraseological combinations (e.g. the jocular overtones or the growing obsolescence of vocabulary items).

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Monitorowanie procesu pisania w języku obcym. Analiza przerw z perspektywy Teorii Systemów Dynamicznych

Author(s): Iwona Kowal / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The paper investigates the dynamic character of pausing behaviour in foreign language writing. In a longitudinal study on Polish learners of Swedish, pause length and frequency, as well as the interplay between pause length and the development of lexical diversity, syntactic complexity, accuracy, and fluency, were investigated. According to the assumptions of Dynamic Systems Theory, intra- and inter-subject variability were analysed. The study has shown that the mean length of pauses did not change during the three-year period of second language learning; however, the frequency of pauses significantly decreased, as demonstrated by the increasing number of words written between pauses. There was a considerable variation within subjects during the entire period, and even moderate inter-subject variability was noticed. The occurrence of longer pauses was almost always interconnected with a higher level of accuracy, syntactic complexity, and fluency. This interplay, however, could only be confirmed at the individual level, showing the necessity of following the development of a second language in individuals rather than for the entire group.

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Personality as a correlate of pronunciation attainment: The case of formal setting with explicit pronunciation-focused instruction

Author(s): Małgorzata Baran-Łucarz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The paper reports a study examining which Big Five personality traits correlate with pronunciation attainment of students who had been offered systematic long-term explicit pronunciation-focused instruction. The participants were 47 English majors just finishing their one-year course of practical English phonetics at the University of Wrocław, Poland. The five personality traits were measured with the use of a Polish version of Goldberg’s instrument, i.e. IPIP-BFM-50 (Struś, Cieciuch, Rowiński, 2014). The personality traits were then correlated with the students’ pronunciation proficiency represented by their (1) phonological competence, (2) pronunciation of selected vocabulary, and (3) accuracy in pronunciation operationalised as correct production of selected segments, rhythm, and consistency in using a chosen native English accent (RP or GA) when reading aloud a short passage with focus on its meaning. All of the judged aspects of pronunciation were explicitly drawn attention to and practised during the course of phonetics. The results of correlation analyses revealed that Openness to experience and Conscientiousness were significantly and positively linked to pronunciation attainment, with the former showing moderate and large effect sizes, and the latter, small and moderate effect sizes.

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Rozwijanie wizji „Ja idealnego” u uczących się języka niemieckiego jako obcego na trzecim etapie edukacyjnym

Author(s): Magdalena Białek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Over the past decades, the understanding of motivation has undergone significant transformations. Departing from its perception as a stable variable (Gardner, 1985), it has evolved into a nonlinear concept with varying degrees of intensity. Motivation is now recognized as one of many complex dynamic systems (Larsen-Freeman, 2016) characterized by nonlinearity, chaos, unpredictability, sensitivity to initial conditions, openness, self-organization, and responsiveness to feedback and adaptation (Larsen-Freeman, 1997: 142). This article aligns itself with this context and presents an understanding of motivation that assumes nonlinearity, variability, and dynamism. Results of a study involving the observation of the phenomenon of motivation variability under the influence of a pedagogical intervention are presented. The theoretical framework for the conducted research is the L2 Motivational Self-system proposed by Zoltan Dörnyei.

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Badanie potrzeb językowych studentów zza wschodniej granicy. Implikacje dydaktyczne dla praktycznej nauki języka na kierunku Studia polskie dla cudzoziemców

Author(s): Marzena Wawrzeń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

In the academic year 2022/2023, the Faculty of Polish Studies of the Jagiellonian University opened Polish studies for foreigners, which enables learning the Polish language as part of university education. Due to the growing number of students from Ukraine, the goals, effects and content of teaching in this field should be transformed to meet the specific linguistic needs of students from beyond the eastern border. The aim of the article is to present the teaching goals and priorities of students from Ukraine. The results of the study will be compared with the teaching rules of the contemporary methodology of teaching Polish as a foreign language to Eastern Slavs.

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KORPUSY TEKSTÓW W LEKSYKOGRAFII JEDNOJĘZYCZNEJ IPRZEKŁADOWEJ CZESKO-POLSKIEJ

Author(s): Andrzej Charciarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2024

The article is devoted to the role of corpus data in monolingual and translational lexicography. Such data can significantly influence the construction of entries in monolingual and translational dictionaries, as demonstrated by the analysis of the Czech lexical unit klika. The analysis has shown the possibilities of describing the meaning of the unit using a monolingual corpus and indicating its foreign-language equivalents using a parallel corpus. The text can serve as a basis for further reflection on the creation of the lexical grid, the form of the dictionary entry and criteria for establishing translation pairs.

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Informal Language Learning in Online Interest Communities: A Review of Selected Research Methods

Author(s): Anna Kaganiec-Kamieńska / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2024

Online interest groups respond to different social and emotional needs of their members. Web 2.0 allows them not only to receive and consume online content but also to participate, create, and share. Thus, these groups can also function as communities where informal language learning can occur naturally or with the help of others. This process and learning experience are worth studying, given the learner’s autonomy and, at times, the collaborative nature of this process. The objective of this article is to reflect upon English language learning in online interest-driven groups, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of selected research methods such as virtual ethnography, grounded theory, and mixed methods. These methods may be helpful for researching informal language learning in online interest communities, as they may enable an in-depth examination and a better understanding of the researched context.

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KORPUSY JĘZYKOWE A/I SEMANTYKA HISTORYCZNA –FORMAT

Author(s): Jolanta Klimek-Grądzka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2024

The article addresses historical semantics and the possibilities offered by its methodology, as well as the inclusion of digital data and tools. The utilization of dictionaries (SPXVI, Swil, SL, SW, SJPD, USJP, WSJP PAN), language corpora (Odkrywka, Chronopress, SpokesPL, MoncoPL, Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego/National Corpus of Polish, Korpus Dyskursu Parlamentarnego/ Corpus of Parliamentary Discourse), concordances and statistics made it possible to present the emergence of a new meaning of the lexeme format and its textual synonyms, and the chronology of the changes. It is shown that corpus data predate lexicography, hence the possibility of using such data to track neosemantisms in statu nascendi, and thus presenting the dynamics of semantic changes.

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Students’ Multilingual Experiences With Online Machine Translation: Implications for General Language Use

Author(s): Katarzyna Klimkowska,Konrad Klimkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2024

This article discusses how online machine translators (OMT) can influence the way people use general language or languages. The latter distinction has to do with the fact that contemporary lifestyles turn language users into plurilingual communicators. Online shopping, travelling abroad or social media often require at least some degree of plurilingual text mediation skills. Irrespective of foreign language competences, a lot of plurilingual communicators seek OMT support in making sure their messaging with international partners is correct and effective. The article discusses research results concerning how a selected group of BA and MA students in education use machine translation for day-to-day plurilingual communication tasks. We asked them about the relation between machine translation, language learning and language use. We give some insight into the machine translation engine DeepL Translator, which can effectively be used in support of plurilingual text mediation. The article also contains basic educational implications for why and how to make OMT part of foreign language curricula.

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Artificial Intelligence Tools in Academic Writing Instruction: Exploring the Potential of On-Demand AI Assistance in the Writing Process

Author(s): Jarosław Krajka ,Izabela Olszak / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2024

This paper deals with the implementation of artificial intelligence tools in the process of teaching writing for academic purposes. The aims of this scientific study were to verify the practicability of implementation of selected artificial intelligence tools at the C1+/C2 level in university instruction and to gain insight into the attitudes and changes in preferences for use of AI-enhanced writing tools. The analyses were also focused on investigating the extent to which students take advantage of the potential of interaction with artificial intelligence tools in the process of composing academic texts. The research material was collected through a one-group quasi-experimental treatment in an undergraduate applied linguistics group of students. The obtained results indicate a significant increase in the use of and familiarity with artificial intelligence and the tools that apply AI algorithms to support text processing and production. The statements of the respondents prove that AI-assisted tools themselves and the knowledge how to apply them in the academic writing process remain vital and constitute a significantly useful element in the development of writing competence.

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The Vistula, Overgrown Shrubs, and Untended Gardens in the Literature of Postwar, Communist Warsaw

Author(s): Anna Barcz / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2023

The article offers to combine the environmental history and memory of Warsaw on the example of analyses of literary works relating mainly to the post-1939-war and communist periods. These references involve specific places, such as the Vistula River, wastelands and abandoned allotments. In addition to brief exemplifications from Marek Hłasko and Dorota Masłowska, the psychogeographical interpretation of the environmental realities of post-war Warsaw in the People’s Republic of Poland was developed in the more detailed analysis of three novels by Tadeusz Konwicki: A Minor Apocalypse, Underground River, Underground Birds and Ascension. It turned out that the traumatic history of the city, which has not been recognized so clearly in the environmental sense, is applicable in the analysis of these novels and by greening the undeveloped wastelands.

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