Tranzicija: od negacije do međunarodnog priznanja Republike Makedonije

Author(s): Gorgi Chakarjanevski / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

The author presents the political process of the creation of the Macedonian state from the time of Yugoslavia’s breakup to the international recognition of the state. He devotes particular attention to the parliamentary elections, as well as to the attitudes of neighboring states and the international community. In addition, he reviews some significant political programs from the past which preceded the national renaissance of the Macedonians.

Италианските архитекти и инженери и строителното дело в България от Освобождението до Първата световна война

Author(s): Aleksandar Kostov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The author chose to write this article because of the two parallel problems that took place in the end of the Nineteenth century and the beginning of the Twentieth. One of the problems was related with the migration of labor from Italy to Bulgaria and the other problem was concerned with foundation of state system in Bulgaria and the modernization of the country. This thematic is concerned with the mass migration and the individual one as well. The purpose of this article is to give the count of the Italians specialists that were working in the construction sphere in Bulgaria and whether they were with Italian origin or their origin had been lost in the generations of their families.

Simbolični identitet Hrvatske u trokutu raskrižje - predziđe - most

Author(s): Ivo Žanić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Simbolična dimenzija politike uvijek je u nekom odnosu s materijalnom osnovicom političke moći, a svako društvo ima samosvojan politički imaginarij koji ga defi nira kroz mrežu simbolično izgrađena značenja i posvećuje njegove norme; zajednica ili njeni segmenti koriste se elementima toga imaginarija u svojoj “identitetskoj borbi”.1 U tom je smislu u petstoljetnom rasponu u Hrvatskoj ključan motiv predziđa kršćanstva/Europe u značenjskim i funkcionalnim varijacijama ovisnima o odnosima političke moći, unutrašnjima i vanjskima. U njemu se zrcali združivanje i/ili razdvajanje simboličnih, kulturalnih i političkih granica; on daje kriterije prema kojima se te granice konceptualiziraju.

Patmos in the eighteenth century: fiscal threats and exemption promises

Author(s): Michael Ursinus / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Elena Grozdanova devoted a large part of her scholarly attention to the Ottoman poll-tax, its administration and the source-value of the cizye records for the study of historical demography of the Balkan territories under Ottoman rule, a subject comprehensively explored and summarized in her monumental study entitled Balgarska narodnost prez XVII vek. Demografsko izsledvane, published in Sofia in 1989. A copy of her work, with Elena's handwritten dedication dated 21 july 1989 in possession of the author, is a sad reminder of a lost reminder of a lost friend and a colleague whose fascination with Ottoman fiscal registers the present author shares. Yet while her book investigates, in a broad sweep and (in her own words) with a "complex approach", the situation during the seventeenth century up to about 1690 when a new system of levying the cizye was devised and progressively introduced, the present contribution merely intends to throw some light, at the micro-level of one small Aegean island, on a few but significant developments in this island fiscal regime during the eighteenth century.

Организация и финансиране на османската куриерска служба през XVII и XVIII век

Author(s): Alexandra Antonova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper studies the appearance and development of the menzil organization on the main roads of the Empire in Rumelia. The author explores the financing of the currier service. Its development in 17th and 18th century is presented as a complex process which depends on the decisions of the central authorities, but is strongly affected by the interests of the provincial elite and no less by the practices of the ulkas. The constant efforts of the state to bring order to the financing of the menzils can be seen in some fermans from 17th and 18th century. They, as well as the inamat defters, show that the system was difficult to reform due to the difference in the interests of the central authorities and those of the locals ayans in 18th century. Thhe menzils were a solid source of enrichment. They sucked in money from the state and the horses were used mostly for personal needs. This situation continued till 19th century when Mustafa Reshid Pasha established the postahane on the model of the European postal services.

За библиотеката към текето на Саляхеддин баба, построено от Осман Пазвантоглу във Видин (исторически реалии)

Author(s): Svetlana Ivanova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In this paper a hypothesis has been discussed that during a certain period of time at the beginning of 19th century at the tekke of Salaheddin baba (which turbe has been built by the famous Osman Pazvantoglu in the town of Vidin in 1801), there was a book collection or a library. This case study has been examined in the context of several topics: 1) the history of the town of "Islam serhad" Vidin; 2) Osman Pazvantoglu and his family; 3) Osman's activity in the field of Islamic charity and his building works; 4) the cult of Muslim Martyrs, precisely of "late" sehids, and the image of sehid Salaheddin/Salatin baba, killed in the battle when the Austrians besieged the Vidin castle in 1689; the tekke is mentioned in documents as a tekke, baba hanegah, zaviye, dergah and financially was supported in the 19th century by the vakf of Osman Pazvantoglu; according to the Muslim' folklore from Vidin his turbe became a worship place and Salaheddin was honoured as a healer; 5) the library of Osman Pazvantoglu; 6) Data found in the Catalogue of the Osman Pazvantoglu's Library from 1837 and in a manuscript from the same library, support the hypothesis of the existence of a book collection or a library in the tekke of Salaheddin baba, the books of the tekke have been moved to the public library of Pazvantoglu probably before 1837. The collection consisted of 30 manuscripts, 11 of which were described in the section "Sufizm, moral and sermon" of the Catalogue from 1837.

Творчески изяви на турските кописти от Самоков (XVII-XIX век)

Author(s): Stoyanka Kendrova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Representatives of the Turkish population in the town of Samokov develop a rich literary activity during the Ottoman period. Seven authors and 47 copyists create a very rich production, especially in 18th century. Ahmed el-Keshfi es-Samakova (d. 1747) is among the most prominent names from the end of 17th - first half of 18th century. He is a prolific writer, copyist, commentator of esoteric works and creator of a rich waqf library in Samokov. His production as a copyist counts 101 volumes, part of which feature collections containing two or more works. The earliest copy - Sharh Manar al-anwar li'n-Nasafi, which is a work in the field of Islamic law, has been completed in 1685. The analysis of the production of the authors and the copyists from Samokov gives us a reason to define this town as a center of literary activity of the local Muslim population.

Идеята за създаване на исляхханетата и тяхната мрежа през 60-тр - 70-те години на XIX век

Author(s): Margarita Dobreva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Throughout the 15th-18th centuries the Jews, the Christians and the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire paid significant attention to the orphans' and poor children's relief. However, none of the Sultan's subjects set up an orphanage. The children in need were raised as fosterlings. Many extramartial infants were abandoned. If the abandoned children survived until 4 years of age, they entered the gangs. From 1839 onward the Ottoman officials considered the socialization of the orphans, pauper children and delinquents as an essential state affair. As early as 1860s they endeavored to set up industrial or reform schools. The paper of the author focuses on the very idea to establish such schools and casta light on their network in the Ottoman Empire. It summarizes the hypotheses for their origin; the available information about some West European models of social assistance for the children in need; the Ottoman initiative to train orphans, pauper children and delinquents; the role of Midhat Pasha; the origin of the term "islahhane"; the mutual rhetoric and rules of the Belgian and Ottoman reform schools. It advances the suggestion that the islahhanes or the industrial schools embodied the Ottoman attempt effecitvely to manage the periodically increasing number of the children in need. Perhaps the initiative combined the "domestic" model of the Catholic boarding schools, this one of the reform schools run by the Belgian government and the religious imperative for the orphans' and pauper children's socialization. While serving as a provincial governor, in 1863-1866 Midhat Pasha sought to carry out the actual state attempt. From 1867-1868 onward the project was developed by other provincial governors, as well.

Аптечното дело в България през втората половина на XIX век в документалното наследство на унгарския аптекар Георги Силаги

Author(s): Penka Peykova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Information on the 19th century history of pharmacy in Bulgaria is too scarce. Present publication includes documents for the development of pharmacy in Bulgaria from the documentary heritage of the Hungarian chemist Gyorgy Szilagyi, kept in the Bulgarian Historical Archive at the St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library. Gyorgy Szilagyi's pharmacy existed for a period of eighty years, during which rich archival material accumulated. It is unique as a historical source for the development of pharmacy in Bulgaria, because it highlights the many-sided aspects of a foregn pharmacist's professional activities. Part of Gt. Szilagyi's archival fond are letters from his friends, acquaintances and colleagues that contain information on the fate of Hungarian and foreign pharmacists; they also reveal interesting facts about the relationship between Gy. Szilagui and his colleagues (local doctors and pharmacists) and clients as well. Another part of the fond is the documentation to the half-century-old activity of his pharmacy.

ПАИСИЙ ХИЛЕНДАРСКИ И ЙОВАН РАИЧ

Author(s): Liliya Ilieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents the historical books of Southern Orthodox Slavic people published during the Eighteenth century. The first published book on the history of Bulgarians was the work written by Jovan Rajić as a separate part of his work on the history of Southern Slavs in which the author is oriented toward the Nord-Western region of Bulgarian land where his father was born in a poor Bulgarian family. No data presents the possible personal contacts between Paisius and Rajić.

КАТАЛОГЪТ НА Д-Р ЦВЕТАН РАДОСЛАВОВ НА ГРЪЦКИТЕ КНИГИ В БИБЛИОТЕКАТА НА ЕМАНУИЛ ВАСКИДОВИЧ

Author(s): Konstantinоs Nichoritis / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Dr. Tsvetan Radoslavov’s catalogue of the library of E. Vaskidovich, who was a prominent figure the Bulgarian Enlightment, is presented. All its books are systematized and classified in different thematic fields in Radoslavov’s fashion.

The Occult Sciences in Early Modern Hungary in a Central European Context

Author(s): György Endre Szőnyi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

When discussing this topic, it is worth starting with a brief overview of the historiography of the subject. This aspect is especially important because the cultural historical study of Western esotericism took a different course in Western and Eastern (ex-East Bloc) Europe.

The Mystery of the Transmutation of Iron into Copper in the 16th - 18th Centuries

Author(s): Miroslav Kamenický / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Alchemy is a special branch of learned magic. In Central Europe it was cultivated more than all the other offshoots of learned occultism. Alchemy, like the mentality supporting it, relied on Aristotelian principles. From the point of view of formal logic, the transmutation of metals was close to Catholic transubstantiation. It was close to the thinking of the early modern person whether from the Catholic or the Protestant environments. Experimental activity was cultivated in alchemy. It combined real and practical metallurgy with speculative metaphysics. There were extraordinarily many real stimuli for alchemy in the Habsburg Monarchy. For example, there were gold, silver and copper mines in the territory of present day Slovakia. These were notable for strange mysteries, for which the scientific knowledge of the time could give only speculative explanations.

Weather Magic in the Early Modern Period as Reflected in the Minutes of Witchcraft Trials

Author(s): Éva Pócs / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the past few decades I have begun to examine the role that magic played in the lives of village and small town societies in the early modern period, in their mentality, religiosity and belief system. The examination was based on sources related to witchcraft. It is commonly known that the minutes of the witchcraft trials which took place throughout the 16th to 18th centuries are valuable sources with regard to the rural communities of the early modern period, in fact they constitute the only early modern source, which gives a detailed account of the communal role and social background of magic. The witness accounts of these trials reflect almost directly the ‘rural witchcraft’, which took place in the background of the official events and preceded these trials. Contrary to the accused, who may even have been forced by the expectations of elite demonology to make a false statement, the witnesses reconstructed the goings on of their village in the context of traditional witchcraft belief. They relate those of their memories, which can be interpreted as malefactions of a witch in the light of their beliefs. This allows us to gain what might near enough be called direct evidence regarding bewitchment (‘maleficium’) or black magic (or, in fact, its absence, as we shall see in what follows).

The Mystery of Birth: Magic, Empirical and Rational Approaches to Women’s Medicine In the Medieval and Early Modern Periods

Author(s): Tünde Lengyelová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

“Be gone Satan from the body of this woman and make room for the Holy Spirit!” commanded Hildegard of Bingen, and on her words “an unclean spirit left the woman in a disgusting way through her sexual organs and with excretion. She was free.” Although this event occurred sometime in the 12th century, it faithfully catches the level of women’s medicine in the Middle Ages and several later centuries. It is not surprising, since the protection of human health was generally on a very low level in this period. This unfavourable situation was further affected by the fact that women’s medicine and obstetrics were not only not regarded as a separate branch of medicine, it was also undervalued. This is not contradicted by the fact that the medical school at Salerno probably also educated women during the period of its flourishing from 1150 to 1180. The most important female graduate was a certain Trotta or Trotula, a famous obstetrician, to whom the work On the pains of women before, during and after childbirth is attributed. At the end of the 13th century, many woman doctors also worked in Paris, but the members of the faculty of medicine there opposed them, and excommunicated them for illegal practices. All the actions around the birth of a new person were an exclusively female affair, with the presence of men wanted only at the beginning – for conception. This is also shown by the case of the Hamburg doctor Veit, condemned to death by burning in 1522, because he had dressed in the clothes of a midwife and wanted to assist at childbirths. It was only possible to help women theoretically, as the Worms town doctor Eucharius Roesslin did. In 1513, he published the book Der Swangeren Frawen und hebammen Rosengarten [The Rose Garden for Pregnant Women and Midwives]. In spite of the fact that the author did not draw from his own experience, but from ancient authors, it became one of the most frequently published books of the 16th century.

Pohrebné miesta a náhrobné pamiatky Thurzovcov

Author(s): Zuzana Ludiková,Mikó Árpád / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Najstaršie a aj najznámejšie pohrebné miesta podľa súčasníkov najvznešenejšieho uhorského rodu Thurzovcov sú vo farskom Kostole sv. Jakuba v Levoči. Okolnosť, okrem iného, podporuje názor o dlho hľadanom pôvode v spišských Betlanovciach. Nejeden hrob príslušníka rodu Thurzo označuje aj náhrobná pamiatka.

Svadobné oznámenia Thurzovcov. (Prameň ku genealogickému výskumu ich rodu)

Author(s): Frederik Federmayer / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Súčasný moderný historický výskum spoločenských elít a osobitne aristokracie v Uhorsku sa nemôže zaobísť bez bližšieho skúmania príbuzenských a rodinných vzťahov uhorských magnátskych rodov. Dôležitú úlohu pri objasňovaní týchto vzťahov má nepochybne vedecká genealógia. Napriek tomu, že genealogický výskum má u nás už úctyhodnú, vyše dvestoročnú tradíciu, nemožno konštatovať spokojnosť s dosiahnutými výsledkami. Najmä v slovenskej historiografii chýbajú genealogické pramenné edície, ako aj širšie koncipované analytické práce, ktoré by osvetľovali historické procesy cez zrkadlo rodových a príbuzenských väzieb. Prakticky neexistujú slovensky písané genealogické monografie, ktoré by súborne mapovali nobilitu na našom území a predstavovali ju cez genealogické tabuľky. Nedostatočne spracovaná je najmä aristokracia pôsobiaca na našom území v období raného novoveku. V poslednom období síce vzniklo niekoľko monografií o jednotlivých aristokratických rodoch, avšak ide zväčša o práce kompilačného charakteru, spracované na základe staršej literatúry, bez hlbších archívnych výskumov.

Михаил Такев

Author(s): Angel Iordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian

Published between 1930 and 1934 as No 6 of the series "Политическа библиотека". It presents a biography of Mihail Takev (1864-1920), a Bulgarian major and politician, one of the leaders of the Democratic Party in Bulgaria.

Nga Ulqini deri në Durrës – emigrantët shqiptarë në Venedik (shek-ulli XIV-XVIII)

Author(s): Lovorka Čoralić / Language(s): Albanian Publication Year: 0

Punimi bazohet në zbërthimin e materialit origjinal nga Arkivi Shtetëror në Venedik (dokumente testamentare, kadastra, regjistra të bashkisë për shoqata artizanale dhe tregtare, shkrime të Zyrës për Arsenalin, e të tjera) dhe Arkivi i Vëllazërisë Shën Gjergji dhe Trifoni në Venedik (libra nga takime vjetore të vëllazërisë), si dhe në ekzaminimin e njohurive ekzistuese të historiografisë.

Summaries

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0