ПОГЛЕД ВЪРХУ СОЦИАЛНИЯ ПРОФИЛ НА ОСМАНСКИЯ ПРОВИНЦИАЛЕН УПРАВИТЕЛ (ПО ПРИМЕРА НА ЕЯЛЕТ РУМЕЛИЯ ОТ КРАЯ НА XVIII И НАЧАЛОТО НА XIX ВЕК)

Author(s): Gergana Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The Ottoman administrative and governing system is an important part of the history of the Balkans. For several centuries the representatives of the Ottoman elite influenced the history and everyday life in the Balkans. Decisions they made affected both public and political life of the provinces. Therefore, this study aims to outline the main features and characteristics of the Ottoman provincial governors (valis) focusing on a specific period of time. Hopefully, the presented biographies will reveal the profile of the Rumeli governor and details of its activities: the methods of his governing and ways of decision-making. The period of investigation presents the endpoint of the pre-modern period in the Ottoman Empire, when the administrative and governing systems were in their final stage of development, marked by the decentralization, just before they were replaced by the European-influenced state model.

Култови средища на мюсюлманите сунити в Герлово и Тозлука през XVIII – XIX в

Author(s): Nevena Nedelcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

The article presents the results of the personal terrain research conducted by the author in 2015. They provide the opportunity to establish religious centers of Sunni Islam in the regions of Gerlovo and Tozluka in the 18th – first half of the 19th century. The study focuses on particular cult centers and discusses their architectural plans, function and origin. The mosques in the villages of Cherna voda, Mengishevo, Metodievo and Konevo are examined in detail.

Обществената нагласа към “турското робство”, отразена във Варненския периодичен печат (1880 – 1930 г.)

Author(s): Desislava Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

The periodical press is one of the most attractive historical sources. He was the subject of numerous studies on various aspects, roles and its implications and the public. Locals in 1878 and recorded a number of different newspapers and magazines. This article will attempt to determine: What locals want to read, whether the presented their information is “simple”, “populist”, aims to teach you “anti or pro” attitudes to other Balkan countries. What is the ratio of the post-liberation print to the fifteenth to the seventeenth century.

Опити за възобновяване на Охридската архиепископия през последната третина на XIX век

Author(s): Yosif Metropolitan of Tetovo and Gostivar / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The article discusses the various attempts to restablish the Archbishopric of Ohrid (Achrida) over the last three decades of the 19th century. The problem of the resurgence of the Archbishopric of Ohrid was originally placed within the framework of the Bulgarian church-national question and the movement for the establishment of a Bulgarian church independent of Patriarchy in Constantinople. After the creation of the Bulgarian Exarchate and on the suggestion of the prominent Ottoman statesman Mithad Pasha, the first solitary attempts to resume the Ohrid Archbishopric as a separate church, independent of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Bulgarian Exarchate, began.A very characteristic feature of the movement for revival of the Archbishopric of Ohrid during the period under consideration is that it is strongly linked to the idea of recognizing the primacy of the pope and the movement to conclude a church union with the Roman Catholic Church.This can be seen in perhaps the most significant experience in this respect – that of Metropolitan Theodosius Gologanov in 1891.

Йерусалимия от църквата “Св. Георги” в Арбанаси

Author(s): Plamen Sabev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

In 2011, I came across a Jerusalem type of icon in the chapel of the “St. Demetrius” church in Arbanasy. Due to the long-term exposure to humidity and dust, it needed an urgent restoration and conservation. However, in the museum data it was signed that the place of origin of the icon was the church of St. George in Arbanasy. After a research over older photographic documents, I’ve found that the icon was hang on the wall of the nave of this church, and eventually, due to the church’s closure for restoration, it was moved in the chapel of St. Demetrius church in the same village. After an urgent repair it was strengthened, cleaned and restored in the Regional museum of History – VelikoTarnovo. In spite of the urgent measures, the icon’s contents were inaccessible and not researched, which aroused my scientific interest. Up in the right corner, on the back, the Jerusalem icon is signed in Greek language, as follows: ΧΑ[ΔΖΙ]: NIKOΛAΥ TΟΥ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΥ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΜΕΓΑ ΤΡΝΟΒΑ ΑΡΒΑΝΤΟΧΌΡΙ. 1849. The painted side of the icon comprises inscriptions in Greek language with parallel additions of Bulgarian-language inscriptions. Each scene is presented not in chronological, but in compositional order. Four scenes in the upper register are from the Old Testament: Creation of Adam and Eve, The Fall, The Expel from the Paradise, Cain murders Abel. In the upper half of the front side is presented a multi-figural composition of the Last Judgment. In the middle, on a throne is seated Jesus, clad in archbishop vestments (as a Superior Bishop and a Judge, at the same time), flanked by the pleading Holy Virgin and St. John the Baptist, and the twelve apostles. In the scene’s both corners, traditionally are presented the two symbolical saints warriors – St. George and St. Demetrius, both on horsebacks. In the complicated iconographic scheme, traditionally as it could be seen in other examples is depicted a second register dedicated to the Holy Virgin. Her affectionate image is surrounded by 18 medallions with plots that are literally visualizing texts from the hymnography. In the centre of the icon is presented a large-scale map of the interior of the Jerusalem church “The Nativity of Christ” surrounded by golden walls. The composition itself is divided into three arcaded segments, which are depicting existing parts of The Hill of Golgotha, the Holy grave itself allocated under the altar of the church itself and the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. The rest of the composition, in the arcaded area is depicted Jesus Christ Almighty, holding a sphere with a golden cross – a symbol of the whole world taken by the Christianity. In the broad frame around His image are ordered 18 significant episodes: 1. Christ teaches in the Temple; 2. Healing of the Leper; 3. The Meeting with the Samaritan woman at the Well, 4. Healing of the Blind; 5.The Meeting with Zacchaeus up a tree; 6. The Ascension of Christ; 7. The Resurrection of Lazarus; 8. “Entry into Jerusalem; 9. The Last Supper; 10. The prayer in the Gethsemane garden; 11. Washing of the Feet of the Disciples; 12. The Betrayal of JudasIskariot; 13. Christ at the trial of Pilot of Pontius; 14. Peter’s Denial; 15. Apostle Peter’s repentance; 16. The Whipping of Christ; 17. Mocking of Christ; 18. Hanging on the Cross. After examining the icon and comparing it to other examples from monasteries and churches on the territory of Bulgaria, I can conclude that this type of iconography is popular and repetitive for the second half of the XIX century. In some of the examples we can read the names of Bulgarian icon-painters (or at least such that are working in Bulgarian language), carefully implemented and reflecting the icon-veneration in the years of the Ottoman domination. In regard to the style of the Jerusalem icon from Arbanasy – despite the naпve details – there is a tendency to precision and attention to the detail, a knowledge on the church hymnography, an affinity to the contrast colours and use of gold, without catchlights or complicated highlighting on the garments. In the context of the common stylistic forms of this type of church art during the mature period of the Bulgarian Revival, the researched icon is not an exception. In terms of artistry impressive is the complicated panoramic topography, the elegant result from the shrunk figures, the bilingual inscriptions, as well as the fact that the main theme is not omitted – the temple of The Nativity of Christ and the festive liturgy in it.

Руското военно разузнаване в България (1879–1912 г.)

Author(s): Stefan Simeonov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

The present article focuses on the Russian military intelligence in Bulgaria in the period since the establishment of the Third Bulgarian State until the beginning of the Balkan War in 1912. The Russian intelligence in Bulgaria is carried out mainly by military agents in the country, which are subordinated to the General Headquarters of Russia. The main task of the military agents is comprehensive military statistical study of the Bulgarian state and its armed forces as well as collecting political information with military value. The author examines the process of building Russian military agents and the impact of the political relations between the two countries on the organizational structure and activities of Russian intelligence in Bulgaria.

Войните като граница в ногава история на България

Author(s): Petko St. Petkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2014

The paper discusses wide accepted periodization of the modern Bulgarian history in which the wars are being used as border landmarks for beginning and end of different periods. Out of the six accepted boundary landmarks in the present periodization of our modern history from the beginning of the 18th until the middle of the 20th century, six are related to wars: the Russian-Turkish war of 1828–1829, the Crimean War of 1853–1856, the War of Liberation of 1877–1878, the wars of national unification of 1912–1918/19 and the Second World war which coincides with so called “September 9, 44, Socialist revolution”. The author brings forward arguments in confirmation but also reasons against some of the already accepted periodization border landmarks connected to the enumerated wars. If the chronological border landmarks are defined according to different essential criteria as for example economic development, political changes, culture change then the periodization should vary accordingly.

Теодор Теодоров като председател на VIII ОНС (1894–1896 г.)

Author(s): Maria Peneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

Born March 14, 1859 in Elena, Teodor Todorov received his primary and secondary education in Elena and Gabrovo and then continued his studies in Russia. In 1893 he graduated from the Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). This determined his enduring feelings for Slavophilism and Russia. After returning to Bulgaria in the middle of 1886, he began his career as a lawyer in Ruse. His involvement with politics coincided with his professional development. Teodorov did not belong to the generation of politicians who took part in the national liberation movement, or the struggle for an independent church and education. From the beginning of his political career after the dethronement of Prince Alexander I he was defined as a Russophile. He strongly supported the dethronement of the Prince and endorsed the interim government of Metropolitan Kliment (Vasil Drumev) and was one of his defenders. During the time Teodorov served as Chairman of the National Assembly (1894-1896) he proved himself an extremely clever politician and a gifted orator. He asserted himself as the third major political factor in the country after the Prince and the Prime Minister. He was an irreconcilable enemy of liberals and Stambolov in particular. He was an undisputed authority among conservatives and hard-line Narodnyak Russophiles, and he advanced on the political arena at a time when the country had plunged into both social and political turmoil.

200 години от “Битката на народите

Author(s): Valentin Spiridonov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

In 1813 Napoleon Bonaparte was confronted by a new powerful anti- French coalition. The decisive battle, popularly referred to in history books as the Battle of the Nations, was fought in the autumn of 1813 at Leipzig, in Saxony. Nearly 600, 000 troops from over 20 nations took part in the four-day-long battle and over 100, 000 men lost their lives on the battlefield. It is considered to be the bloodiest battle in German history. The victory over Napoleon I contributed to the liberation of the German lands from French rule and it has been officially commemorated in Germany in the past 200 years. In 1913, to mark the 100th anniversary, the tallest monument in Europe was opened on the battlefield at Leipzig. In 2013, the organizers of the celebrations stressed the importance of peace and understanding among nations.

Рецензия: Проекциите на подарената свобода [Симеон А. Симеонов. Европа и българската перспектива в Ново време. Велико Търново, Унив. изд. Св. св. Кирил и Методий, 2012. 203 с. 229

Author(s): Valentin Spiridonov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

Режимът на капитулациите в програмната политика на буржоазните партии в Княжество България (1879–1908 г.)

Author(s): Dimitar Sazdov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2012

The aim of the present article is to analyze the ideas promoted into the programmes of the political parties to repudiate the political and economic restrictions imposed on the Principality of Bulgaria under the Berlin Treaty. Although the ideologists and the leaders of the bourgeois parties did not work out in detail specific resolutions to gradually deprive the foreign subjects of their privileges, the programme documents gradually and more and more emphatically propounded the demand to repudiate the political and economic dependence imposed by the Berlin Treaty. With their practical actions the governments, and in particular those of the People’s Liberal Party and of the People’s Party, contributed to the de facto annulment of the capitulation regime, and paved the way for the recognition by Turkey and the Great Powers of the independence of the Bulgarian State, which was declared on 22 September 1908.

Помощното движение в Добруджа по време на Съединението и в навечерието на Сръбско- българската война от 1885 г

Author(s): Veliko Lechev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2012

The article analyses different activities undertaken by the aid movement in Dobrudja which was launched after the act of unification of the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia on 6 September 1885. It throws light on the activity of the subsidiary committees in major cities – Dobrich, Silistra and Balchik. Attention is paid to the aid campaign for fund raising, providing food and clothing, which was organized among Bulgarians in Northern Dobrudja. Three volunteer detachments were equipped with the funds raised and they fought selflessly during the Serbo-Bulgarian war of 1885 defending the Unification of Bulgaria.

Развитие на търговска фирма “Н. Минчоолу & Е. Селвели и съдружие” и търговията им през ХІХ век

Author(s): Yumico Hayasaka / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2012

“Nikola Minchoolu & Evstati Selveli and association” is one of the biggest trading companies in Bulgaria from 1840s’ to 1860s’, the last decades under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. The company was located in Veliko Turnovo and developed by transit trade between Istanbul and Western Europe (Vienna). This article explains about their branches on Bulgarian territory along the Danube, formation of the trading networks and trading skills. They had own “Khan” (Caravansary), a big storehouse and shops in the center of Veliko Turnovo. Nikola Minchoolu also subsidized some constructions and restorations of churches in this city by his own means. He is not only a merchant, but also a politician and a prominent person. It is considered that these investments contributed to the city and supported his social status at the same time.

За произхода на търновския митрополит Теофил I (преди 1527, 1528, 1530 – ?)

Author(s): Ivan Tyutyundhziev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The present article tries to elucidate the origins and activities of Theophilos I – an Archbishop of Tarnovo in the early 16th century. As a successor of the Tarnovo Patriarchate, which had existed before the Ottoman conquest of Bulgaria at the end of the 14th century, the city continued to play an important role in the Orthodox world. Therefore, Theophilos I took a very high position, which is obvious by the documents mentioning his name. Unfortunately, the information about him is scanty. There are few documents, found out mainly in the archives of the Mount Athos monasteries but they are limited to the period between 1527 and 1530. The origins of Theophilos is obscure. However, based on a new reading of an inscription in the monastery of Mylopotamos, where he had been a hieromonk prior to becoming an archbishop of Tarnovo, the author concludes that his native town was Arta in Epirus, Greece.

Sumarul sumarelor revistei Historia Urbana, tom. XXI–XXX (2013–2022)

Author(s): Mariana Vlad / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 30/2022

Index of Contents of Historia Urbana, vol. XXI–XXX (2013–2022)

Czy u schyłku XVIII wieku miasta leżące w najdalej na wschód wysuniętej części Galicji rzeczywiście były miastami?

Author(s): Krzysztof Ślusarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The last quarter of the eighteenth century was a time of substantial reforms of the political system in Galicia. The most important of these concerned, among other matters, the legal position of the peasantry, nobility and clergy, the organisation of the administrative and fiscal apparatus, and, above all, the tax collection system. These reforms initiated a process of more profound changes that covered many areas of social, political, and economic life. They also impacted towns which, after several decades, reduced the number of settlements officially recognised as cities or towns.

Życie intelektualne ludności żydowskiej w Szczecinku w XIX i XX wieku na tle sytuacji społeczno-gospodarczej prowincji pomorskiej

Author(s): Mateusz Pielka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2022

This article examines the intellectual life of the Jewish population living in the city of Szczecinek in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its religious, social and political activity is set against the backdrop of the broad changes taking place in Prussia and, from 1871, Germany. In this context, particular attention was paid to the Pomeranian province, the greater part of which belongs to modern Poland. The small Jewish community in Szczecinek consisted of many people who were active in the wider social community. They created and organized the activities of various educational and religious groups and associations.The author also identified and analyzed the profiles of the Szczecinek rabbis who shaped the local Jewish community. Each of these figures was characterized by slightly different views on day-to-day German and Jewish affairs. What they had in common, however, was an appreciation of liberal Judaism and a belief in the need for religious reform. Focus was also given to the political life of the Jewish population in Szczecinek, the involvement of its leaders and individuals.

A SOCIETY OF SOCIAL DIFFERENCES: ISOLATING THE RICH AND THE POOR IN THE 17th-CENTURY KINGDOM OF NAPLES DURING A PLAGUE EPIDEMIC

Author(s): Idamaria Fusco / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

In this essay I will deal with plague and preventive measures in two epidemics which broke out in the Kingdom of Naples in 1656 and in 1690. The prevention was the most effective solution against the disease, but it was not always adopted. Differences between isolating the rich and isolating the poor existed, and they contributed to the plague spreading, as it happened especially in the 1656 disease. However, by the end of the 17th century a greater awareness of the importance of prevention had been reached, as well evidenced by the experience of the better managed 1690 epidemic.

The movement of Romanian women from the Middle Ages to the end of the WWII

Author(s): Ovidiana Bulumac / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The present paper addresses in a schematic manner the image of Romanian women, a subject not well developed in the sociological literature. The text indicates references to the condition of women starting from the Middle Ages, continuing with early modernity time frame, following the interwar period, and ending with the communist oppression installment. This is, in fact, the first fragment of a wider study, designed in three main parts. The second one is based on research centered upon the Scânteia newspaper, the official trumpet of the communist power, documenting all the published references related to women between September 1944 and February 1954 (almost 30,000 pages), a study that will be published in 2022 in London. The third part, still under development, represents a reality check: the real herstory, that took place in the communist induced state of terror, a timeframe which was considered to be the harshest repressive regime that the country endured until the Revolution of December 1989.

MARTORI DE PICTURĂ MURALĂ DE LA CETATEA DE SCAUN A SUCEVEI

Author(s): Paula Vartolomei,Loredana Axinte / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2022

The work proposes the presentation of the casuistry of some fragments of fresco coming from the chapel of the fortress of Suceava. First mentioned in 1388, during the reign of Peter I Mușat, the fortress suffered numerous restorations, both during the reign of Stephen the Great and of the rulers who followed it. Over time, the fortress undergone numerous damages as a result of sieges and natural disasters. Archaeological excavations have revealed various vestiges, including fragments of the original decoration of the fortress chapel. Currently, the fresco fragments are in the custody of the Zonal Restoration Laboratory within the National Museum of Bucovina, where they benefit from specific conservation processes.