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Lowry, James (ed.). Displaced Archives. London and New York: Routledge, 2017, 227 pp., ISBN 978-1-4724-7069-0; Báez, Fernando. Obecné dějiny ničení knih: Od sumerských tabulek po digitální éru. Translated from Spanish by Daniel Nemrava, Pavlína Švandová, and Radim Zámec. Brno: Host Publishing House, 2012, 597 pp., ISBN 978-80-7294-697-6. The review introduces and compares two books which are to some extent similar as to their topics, but different in terms of the approach to the topic. Both deal with destructive or manipulative treatment of historical and cultural heritage of the past, namely forms of restrictions of access to written documents as a medium containing certain information and possessing a certain value. The collective monograph Displaced Archives is dedicated to archival documents which were “displaced” or “moved” from the place of their origin for political reasons and often rendered unavailable or even destroyed in the process; these are generally sets of documents from former colonies moved or liquidated by European colonial states before theend of their rule. The reviewer describes some of the studies, commends their analytical approach, the comprehensive nature of the publication, as well as theability of its authors to address both the professional community and a broader audience. The second publication, A Universal History of the Destruction of Books: From Ancient Sumer to Modern-day Iraq (original edition: Historia universal de la destrucción de libros: De las tabillas sumerias a la guerra de Irak. Barcelona: Destino, 2004), became a global bestseller and its author Fernando Báez, a Venezuelan essayist and writer, attempted to cover, in a comprehensive manner, the phenomenon of destruction of written records since their oldest beginnings until now init. The reviewer appreciates the author’s vivid, almost belletristic language and the remarkable amount of information concentrated in the book; however, he missesits hierarchization, analysis, and evaluation. In his opinion, the author’s effort to make the topic popular is sometimes on the verge of tabloid journalism.
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Surmiak-Domańska, Katarzyna: Ku-klux-klan: Tady bydlí láska. Translated from the Polish original by Jarmila Horáková. Žilina: Absynt, 2017, 294 pp., ISBN 978-80-89876-49-5. In the reviewer’s opinion, the educative book "Ku-Klux-Klan: This is where love lives" by the Polish reporter (initially published under the title "Ku Klux Klan: Tu mieszka miłość". Czarne, Wołowiec 2015), is a catching story about the immortality of a legend centered around the idea of chosenness and certain superiority of the white Christian American nation. The authoress provides a fitting and plastic description of Ku-Klux-Klan’s history since its birth after the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery, detailing the movement’s changes and constants, rises and falls,and permitting an interesting insight into today’s American society and politics through the movement’s optics. The reviewer appreciates that the authoress gives the floor not only to critics, but also to current members and leaders of KKK. Even a rather weaker setting of the book in the context of wider research of extremist movements cannot, in the reviewer’s opinion, diminish its value, particularly fora broader community of readers.
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The reviewer states that the publication titled "History of Latin American Art" (Prague: Univerzita Karlova and Karolinum, 2018) is the first-ever book of its type in the Czechbook market and, at the same time, a unique deed in today’s Czech academic production. In her opinion, a very likable feature of the publication consists in the fact that the authoresses – Monika Brenišínová, Markéta Křížová, and Kateřina Březinová – do not attempt to present a comprehensive overview of specific artists and works, but prefer to introduce a broad range of topics which are typical for Ibero-American graphic arts – from the pre-Columbian time to the Conquista and colonization and until today. They identify principal art trends and flows spanning centuries and covering the whole American continent (including the Hispanic community in the United States), and are interested in principal issues which Latin American artists have been devoting their attention to. They describe power policy, economic, environmental and social changes and the art dynamism related thereto in a chronological order, focusing on three principal areas – architecture, painting, and sculpture. The reviewer deals in detail with chapters on the Latin American art of the 20th century, emphasizing the extraordinary importance of the political context for its formation, and sees its dominating feature in a search for own identity in the tension between the pre-Columbian tradition and European and North American influences. In particular, she concentrates on the penetration of modernism and avant-garde to Latin America and graphic art works produced in Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, and by Latinos in the United States.
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This review essay is published on the occasion of the recent death of the American historical sociologist Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1930–2019) and seeks to present, in outline, his ambitious work resulting in a major theory of the evolution of global capitalism. The author therefore looks first into the origin, expansion and structure of the world capitalist system and later examines the way in which Wallerstein explains the persistence or increase of inequalities in this system. In this context, he develops thoughts on Kondratieff waves, but also offers other alternative views on the long economic cycles not explored by Wallerstein. Apart from these long cycles, the study also critically presents the concept of periphery and the related unequal exchange between the global centre and the periphery, or semi-periphery. Finally, the author pays special attention to the late phase of Wallerstein’s scientific career, when his attention shifted to the issue of culture. The review is motivated by the fact that in the Czech environment the extensive work of this prominent historical sociologist has been reflected in a systematic way only by Stanislav Holubec, and apart from this, it has been reflected only marginally. The author presents a detailed critical argument challenging Wallerstein’s general thesis on the increase of global inequalities between the centre and the periphery by showing that different methodological approaches to measuring these inequalities lead to different, or even contradictory, conclusions.
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The Liberal (Radoslavov’s) Party is one of the major parties of the bourgeois democratic system in Bulgaria. It is involved in every success and failure of the young Bulgarian state in the period between the Unification of the Bulgarian Principality and East Roumelia till the end of the World War. An attempt is made to define the main social groups, forming the Liberal party and expressing their interests through it. The Party comprises representatives from almost all social strata of Bulgarian society. But their representation is unevenly distributed. Numerically prevail the groups of the small landowners and dealers, but they do not play a decisive role in the formation of the party policy. It is played instead by the representatives of the middle class such as merchants, landowners and some industrialists. However, major industrialists, workers, craftsmen and intellectuals are only poorly represented in the party. An attempt is made to characterize the so-called “political figure” epitomizing the Liberal Party activities.
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The article is a voice in a discussion among historians on the issue of the administrative affiliation of the Diocese of Łuck in the Modern Era. Drawing on the primary sources from the late Middle Ages and the modern period, we can find the roots of the complex formal-legal situation of the Lutsk diocese. Equally crucial are the various sources on the authority of the archbishops of Gniezno over the diocese of Lutsk. Since the 15th c. when the office of a Primate was established, the archbishops of Gniezno had also ruled over the Lviv ecclesiastical province (Pol. Metropolia) and since then it had been difficult to clearly state what powers the archbishop of Gniezno held over Lviv suffragan dioceses, particularly, which rights stemmed from the role of a Primate and which from the affiliation to the ecclesiastical province. Combining the two legal roles is best illustrated by the fact that the Gniezno Provincial Synods were tantamount with Primate and Country Synods, the decrees of which were implemented in both Gniezno and Lviv ecclesiastical provinces. Also, the court procedures since the beginning of the 16th c., granted the Primate a right to rule over the suffragan dioceses in the first instance. The author stands on a position that due to lack of Papal document granting the jurisdiction over Łuck diocese to Gniezno ecclesiastical province, it remained a Lviv’s suffragan diocese throughout the entire Modern Era.
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Bringing back into actuality a personality as important as Ioan Boroș (1850-1937), a reference figure of the Banat Greek Catholicism during the second half of the 19th century and the first decades of the next, represents a significant acquisition, an important result of the research efforts that were conducted after 1989 in the area of church history. In this respect, two major historiographical restitutions must be mentioned; after they saw the light of the printing press, they contributed in a the decisive manner in placing in the spotlight the proposed archiereus Ioan Boroș to the Romanian historiography and to the contemporary Greek-Catholic ecclesial and community consciousness; it is the publication of his memorial notes, along with his will, correspondence and documents proving his elevation to the rank of honorary archiereus, in the period immediately following the Great Union. A first book containing his historical writings is of great importance in understanding his intellectual profile and the great diversity of the concerns that animated him. Considering the intellectual formation, the life experience and the exceptional church administrative skill that Ioan Boroș showed, we consider that it is not without interest to see how his memorial notes and, on a broader level, his scientific and publishing activity, reflect the multi-confessional character of Banat and especially the relations between the two Romanian confessions, Orthodoxy and Greek Catholicism. This is the aim of the present research paper.
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The overview refers to the publication Kulturelle Vernetzung in Europa. Das Magdeburger Recht und seine Städte (eds. G. Köster, Ch. Link, H. Lück, Dresden: Sandstein Verlag, 2018). It contains 23 articles devoted to the shaping of urban centres in Central-Eastern Europe, based on an interdisciplinary approach. These centres developed from the 13th through the 18th centuries, following the Magdeburg legal model, under the influence of its legal culture. A similar economic and social context shaped comparable circumstances and transformation trends in these centres, regardless of ethnic diversity. Cities established under Magdeburg law shared a network of cultural links, both material and spiritual. The starting point of most of the texts is the history of urban law, and its transfer and adaptation to new areas. However, they also refer to the legal language, the development of written culture in law, the history of the cities’ inhabitants and ethnic groups, and the history of urban development, archeology, and art.
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"Sousedé: Česko-rakouské dějiny" [Neighbours: A Czech-Austrian History Book] edited by Václav Šmidrkal, Ota Konrád, Hildegard Schmoller and Niklas Perzi and its parallel Austrian version "Nachbarn: Ein österreichisch-tschechisches Geschichtsbuch" (Weitra, Bibliothek der Provinz 2019) is a remarkable and unique attempt by a collective of twenty-seven Czech and Austrian historians to work together on the history of Austria and the Bohemian/Czech lands (and Czechoslovakia) and their mutual relations from the Middle Ages to the present day. The book is a product of the Permanent Conference of Czech and Austrian Historians on Common Cultural Heritage, which was established in 2009, and it is conceived in a consistently reciprocal manner: all its thirteen chapters (ten chronological and three thematic) were co-authored by a Czech-Austrian duo. In addition to the overall concept, the reviewer appreciates the professional quality and reliability of the volume, its language that encourages reading, and its unusually attractive design, which visualizes the narrated history with several documentary photographs. The authorial teama voided one-dimensional assessments and the book offers a rich story of the mutual coexistence of the two countries through periods when cooperation, estrangement and disinterest alternated. The work is an important contribution to the transnational history of Central Europe and helps us to understand why the relationship between the two successor states of the Habsburg monarchy did not develop in a friendly and straight forward manner.
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Following the establishment of the first rüşdiyyes in Istanbul in 1847, the Council of Education launched an active policy of spreading their network in the entire territory of the Ottoman Empire. Exploring the process, the article pays attention to the edifices that housed them and the attempts to coeducate Muslims and Non-Muslims. Although its initial endeavors failed, the Council of Education did not hesitate and took every opportunity to promote the rüşdiyyes. The growth of the network was influenced by positive and negative factors, natural disasters and political events. The most important problem that slowed down its development was the difficulty to provide quickly an adequate building. Nevertheless, by January 1876 there was a rüşdiyye in almost two-thirds of all Ottoman administrative centres. Nowadays many of the rüşdiyye edifices have been demolished while modernizing the urban environment. The article is based on documents and newspapers kept in the Sts Cyril and Methodius National Library of Bulgaria, the Istanbul Ottoman Archive, the Library of the Turkish Historical Society, the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Taksim Atatürk Library, and the Library of the Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies.
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The rescue archaeological research in Cîrligi (Ștefan cel Mare commune, Neamț County) was carried out as a result of the construction of a mortuary chapel close to the church built in 1660 by the great treasurer Iordache Cantacuzino.In the vicinity of the Orthodox Church, to the north, is the Dimitrie Sturza Mansion, dating from the XVII-XVIII centuries.All these buildings constituted at one time a single ensemble, respectively a boyarʼs court, with houses and church.The excavated area covered a surface of 48 m2. During the research were identified vestiges belonging to the Bronze Age (Noua culture), Age of Migrations (Sântana de Mureș culture), as well as seven burial tombs in a cemetery dated to a period after the year 1660, the skeletons being investigated from anthropological point of view. Also, four pits were identified, one of them dates from the Middle Age (XIV-XVII centuries), two pits from the Pre-Modern Age and the Modern Age (XVII-XX centuries) and the last one from the Contemporary Period (XX-XXI centuries).Faunal remains, potsherds, a fragmentary tile, a coin (silver denarius issued by Leopold I for the Kingdom of Hungary in 1698), a buckle and a nail were found from these ages.
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Review of: A. Angelova, L. Petkova. Колекция Славика: Редки и ценни издания по славистика от библиотеката на Софийския университет „Св. Климент Охридски“ (1519-1922), София, Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2005. 535 p.
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Review of: М. Pleterśnik. Slovensko-nemski slovar (1894-1895). Elektronska izdaja v 1.0. Institut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovsa ZRC SAZU [Elektronsko izdajo na CD-ju uredile: Metka Furlan, Helena Dobrovoljc, Helena Jazbec; Digitalizacija: Helena Jazbec; Izmenjalni spletni format: Primoż Jakopin], Zalożba ZRC, Raćunalniśka priprava Amebis, d.o.o. [2006]
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Overall, there are 400 song types mentioning a wolf in the Latvju dainas tradition. A lot of songs show the wolf as the main subject of the song, although there are many songs where it is one of the participating animals. Some of the songs show the wolf as a personified animal, acting like a human. Among activities performed in this state there are singing songs, playing a pipe or a bagpipe, dancing, getting married, baptizing the wolf ’s son. As the first folklore researchers considered such animal activities childish, the song types describing them are found in the first volume of “Latvju dainas”, incorporated in the cycle “Education of the child, nursing and teaching”. As a musician and singer the wolf is described in approximately 50 song types, the most important is song type LD 2686, included in the subgroup “birds wedding”. The word “bird” has some semantic peculiarities evident in the opposition of “undomesticated birds and animals” vs. “domesticated animals and people”. Quantitative analysis shows that this type contains 40 variants (having 20–60 lines each), which K. Barons divided into 14 versions. The wolf is mentioned in 20 variants, 9 versions, the wolf blows pipes and bagpipes (16 variants), starts singing (1 variant), slaughters a cattle (1 variant), guards horses (2 variants) during this common meal. In addition to the wolf in these 9 versions there are 21 bird, 9 mammals, 3 reptiles, 2 insects. A wedding meal appears in the story, consisting of beer and meat, meaning that all birds and mammals, including a hare, are considered carnivore. In the group of classical quatrains (approximately 15 song types) the wolf is shown a) as a bridegroom at his wedding party – his bride is a fox, b) in their family life, c) how they get ready for their son’s baptizing with a hare as a godfather. A number of textual variants of Christmas game (38 variants) and some quatrains show the wolf as a suitor going or riding to take a goat as a wife. There the wolf fights alone against people and domesticated animals (masking, breaking promises). The wolf personified as a dancer is described in approximately 20 song types. The most interesting of them is LD 2206, included in the same children’s cycle. It is a long song type, too, containing 21 variant being divided into 17 versions. Of 9 full-length versions (16–24 lines) the wolf is mentioned in 6. The plot of these songs shows an event reminiscent of the Canadian Indians – potlatch, i.e., gift-giving. In this gift-giving everybody and everything may take part – people, animals, natural objects, mythological beings – and the wolf is the last gift-receiver. Each of these song types relates to a certain historical period and different worldviews. * “Latvju dainu” personificēto dzīvnieku tēlojumā risinātas daudzas un dažādas cilvēku sadzīves un sociālo attiecību problēmas. Rakstā mēģināts sniegt ieskatu, kā vilka tēls izmantots svarīgu un svinīgu dzīves brīžu tēlojumā: ko tas dara kāzās, kristībās, īpaši uzsverot funkcijas kā muzicēšana, svētku galda gatavošana, dejošana, līgavas izvēle un kāzas, bērnu audzināšana. Nosacīti nodalītās četrās dziesmu kopās skatītas personificētā vilka un tā apkaimes (dzīvnieku fona) saskares jomas: apģērbs, dalībnieku kvantitatīvais sastāvs, valodas lietojums, personifikācijas pakāpe, dalība dāvanu apmaiņā.
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Review of : Ivana Drmić - Dane Pavlica, U vatrama – Počitelj (1263. — 1993.), Požega: Povijesno društvo Požega i Biro-tisak d.o.o. Brestovac, 2021., 310 str.
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This article attempts to verify some aspects of the research hypothesis which implies that normative orientations of the Byzanine orthodox theological thought (in ideologies, mentalities, discourses) contained traditions and constructions that were in odds with tendency to see communities of ethnic type in people whom we used to qualify as Russians and Ruthenians. In the East European Orthodox medieval Christian identity of groups included in the Church was thought of as a hindrance in forming discourses, which would claim that the Church community could be fragmented into ethnic and «national» groups (nationes). Old Russian texts, and texts of Muscovy, as well as writings of some Orthodox authors in Ruthenia (Ukraine and Belarus’) of the early 17th century have been taken in account. In these sources, very often, theological discourses were entering in conflict with tendency to transfer norms of ethnic (tribal) identity on the Christian communities. This generated a situation when «Russianness» was not perceived in ethnic terms, and in this respect relationships between Christian and «ethnic» were understood in a very different way, than in the theological culture of medieval West. Search for an explanation leads to the area of the Byzantine theological tradition, in which Christian and ethnic identities were regarded as two conflicting discourses. The Orthodox identity of emperor’s subjects was understood as «effacing» traces of tribal (ethnic) belonging. For subjects of Christian history (id est history of those, who got baptized) were regarded not the multiple nationes, but «new people» who became a united «nation of God». In medieval Rus, this discursive ligic was expressed by «Tale of the bygone years»; the same discursive «scenario» seems to be implemented in other texts of Russian Middle Ages, and this lead to Orthodox culture of Muscovy, which repelled the ethnic definition of «Russianness». It is very likely, that the same tendency was alive — disappearing and reappearing — in the worldview of literati and broader circles of the Orthodox population of Ruthenian lands.
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My research aims to investigate the Turkish and Tatar language education in Romania from two perspectives: the reconstruction of the dominant educational paradigm and the outline of a history of Turkish and Tatar language education. At a first level, I reconstruct the educational paradigm which is dominant among the Turkish and Tatar elites by placing education in the general ethno-political program of minority elites, by identifying relevant policy actors concerning minority education and the main debates on this issue. At a second (history outline) level, I identify the major historical turning points of the Turkish and Tatar language education, by sketching a periodization of educational and institutional processes. Emphasizing the current institutional reality of Turkish and Tatar language education, the research will give a glimpse on how two minorities in Romania, with a similar historical and cultural background, are engaging in different forms of minority-language education. The research is based on qualitative methods: structured and semi-structured interviews with political actors, experts in education, members of the two minorities, on text analysis of political programs, journalistic texts and not last on the analysis of legislation.
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The article discusses the Esmahan Sultan Mosque in connection to the tombstone inscriptions from the building’s courtyard. Using as a starting point a summary table with the names and details of the deceased, the authors will refer to the demographic situation of the city during the 17th – 19th centuries, highlighting the consequences of the Russian-Turkish conflicts of the 19th century on the evolution of the population. As a historical source, there will be presented Ottoman maps used during the 19th century, showing the city of Mangalia and the main roads in the area of southern Dobrudja. The paper ends with the presentation of the plan and brief description of the oldest house in Mangalia, owned by the merchant Mehmet Hagi Ismail at the end of the 18th century.
More...![Ikonografia nastawy ołtarza głównego [1693 – 1694] w poprotestanckim kościele pw. św. Piotra w Młynarach](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2017_70413.jpg)
The Lutheran community living at the end of the 17th century in Młynary (germ. Mühlhausen), inspired by the pillars of Protestant spirituality, ordered a new altar which was built between 1693 – 1694. The aim of this article is to describe the setting of the altar as a piece of art and its placement in the spirit of the epoch in which it was created and to present its content. „Delectare et movere” – „rejoice and move” – that is what was expected from a successful speech as well as from successful piece of art. Authors from the entire Baroque period were engaged in explaining its content and this was what provided the concetto for the most touching pieces of art. The altar in Młynary presents the place of the Lord’s supper. The motif of the road – the path from death to life also appears. Two aspects of the road are presented – the vertical one such as the vertical arm of the Cross – toward God the Father through the death of Christ to the Good Shepherd and the horizontal one such as the vertical beam of the tool of torment. The second aspect emphasizes the faith in earthly life through the word of God and baptism. The rhetoric of both ways, described in the language of art, has been clarified in the article.
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