Photography and its Role in the Bulgarian Society (Winning Recognition and Spreading – Late 19th Century – 1930s)

Author(s): Chavdar Vetov / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2016

The article examines the place of photography in the modernizing Bulgarian society. The issues related to the development of the photographic craft after the Liberation are outlined, with emphasis on the emergence and evolution of legal regulations for the practice of the photographic profession. Attention is paid to the creation of professional organizations of photographers, and their statutes are also considered. A logic consequence of the long-standing efforts of many prominent photographers was the 1928 Royal Decree, with which photography was recognized as a craft - photographers thus received the protection that was guaranteed by the state to other crafts as well as the corresponding obligations to it. The next step of professional photographers was connected with the effort to reduce the possibility for people without the necessary qualifications to receive masterful testimonials. The picture assumed the role of a correct reflector of the preserved monuments of cultural and historical heritage scattered around the Bulgarian lands – photography becomes an assistant of archeology. An overview and list of the development and distribution of photographic workshops on the Bulgarian lands from the Liberation to the end of the 1930s are presented. In conclusion, it is argued that from the Liberation until the 1930s photography succeeded in establishing itself as a common means of reflecting the reality – a fact which is explained by the rapid modernization of the Bulgarian state.

Joseph Woelfl – życie i działalność artystyczna

Author(s): Ewa Bogula-Gniazdowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02 (37)/2018

The present article constitutes an introduction to the artistic profile of Austrian composer and piano virtuoso Joseph Woelfl. This forgotten creative personality left an artistic legacy of instrumental music, stage works, numerous orchestral compositions, piano concertos, a concerto for piano and violin, and a chamber concerto. Beyond this, he wrote numerous other chamber works scored for various ensembles; but above all, he created an array of works for solo piano or two pianos, as well as piano pieces of pedagogical character.The artist was born on 24 December 1773 in Salzburg, where he began his musical education. In 1790, he left his hometown of Salzburg and, probably following in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s footsteps, set out for Vienna. He did not remain there long, however, because in 1791, he was accepted for service to Prince Michał Kleofas Ogiński in Warsaw. The pianist-composer returned to Vienna probably ca 1795. He set out on his next conquest of European cities in 1799. This period of tours lasted until 1801. At this time he visited, among other cities, Prague, Leipzig, Berlin, Hamburg and Dresden. In 1801, he arrived in Paris, where he spent the next four years of his life. In 1805, he left the French capital and set out for London, where he remained until his death. He passed away on 21 May 1812.In his intensive artistic career, Joseph Woelfl devoted himself mainly to piano performance and composition; beyond this, he also engaged in ped­agogical activity. His abundant artistic output is nearly forgotten today, so it is worthwhile to remind a broader audience of this distinguished figure.

English Author Dictionaries as Contribution to National Heritage

Author(s): Olga Viktorovna Karpova / Language(s): English Issue: 39(44)/2021

The paper is devoted to cultural heritage dictionaries with special reference to the oldest branch of English lexicography – author lexicography, comprising three hundred reference books of different types: concordances, glossaries, lexicons, indices, thesauri, etc. The article describes the main trends in developing author linguistic dictionaries for general and special purposes to single and complete works of G. Chaucer, W. Shakespeare, J. Milton, other famous English writers since the 16th c. up to the present days. The architecture of author encyclopedic dictionaries (guides, encyclopedias, companions) and onomasticons (dictionaries of characters and place names, who is who in … series) and their significant contribution to the English language, culture and society are discussed. The main accent is made on the digital era of English heritage lexicography, innovative features of modern printed and Internet author reference resources, aimed at certain target groups users’ needs and demands.

Щрихи върху ежедневието на дербентджийското и войнушкото население през XVI–XVII век

Author(s): Krastyo Yordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The main object of this study is, on the basis of some Ottoman documents, to shed new light on the everyday life of some settlements situated along the busy road from the Ottoman capital city of Istanbul to Central Europe. Some details are given about the daily duties of the Bulgarians who went to work in the Capital’s State Stables or went on a risky journey, following the conquests of the Ottoman army. They are studied on the basis of an unpublished list of voynuks assigned to service. The population of the Christian villages along important roads most often performed derbendji service. Despite their tax privileges, Bulgarians from these villages had a difficult life. They were often disturbed by the presence of Ottoman troops and state officials, who during war, but in peacetime as well, moved along this main road, staying in people’s houses and expecting to be fed and supplied with provisions. The everyday life in the villages of the region of the Balkan Mountains Range and the Sredna gora Mountain, far from the busy roads, was quite different. There the population was engaged in cattle breeding and crafts related to it. In this region there were some very large entirely Bulgarian settlements, which over time became thriving trade and craft centres having the appearance of small towns.

Дисциплина и всекидневие на кадровия състав на ВМОРО (1893–1912)

Author(s): Elena Aleksandrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

At the core of the exposition is the ‘disciplined’ rebel (chetniks), who voluntarily accepts all the requirements in order to be included in the mysteries of a revolutionary organization. Loyalty to the cause is the principle in the name of which the members of IMARO are ready to give their lives. The whole disciplinary policy is clearly formulated and ‘codified’ in a coherent system of policy documents that have the force of a law. The topic of the IMARO personnel’s morality, to which the revolutionary leaders pay special attention, also has an important place in the exposition.

Nihon No Sensou – The Japanese War Experience Illustrated through the Lens of Ningen No Joken (The Human Condition)

Author(s): Mihai Chiș / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 58/2021

Japan’s military campaigns in Asia during the Second World War were taboo, especially during the 1950s and the 1960s in Japanese society. After the Second World War, Japan experienced a political and social transformation, which unfortunately could not ‘eradicate all the elements of militarism’ still present in the society of the time. Instead of repenting for their misdeeds, many conservative leaders and people who experienced the war chose to identify themselves as the actual victims of the war. Consequently, they ignored the suffering of the inhabitants of the Japanese-occupied territories during the Second World War. I will not dwell, however, into the reminiscences of the past present in the Japanese society of the time nor discuss the issue of war responsibility, but instead look into the case of a noteworthy attempt of coming to terms with the past, the case of Kobayashi Masaki’s trilogy, Ningen no Joken. The trilogy was not the first attempt at reconciling with the past. However, it is one of the most ambitious and well-acclaimed attempts to acknowledge Imperial Japan’s misdeeds. By using Kobayashi’s movies, I will endeavor to sketch a portrait of the Japanese war experience and those who lived in the Japanese-occupied territories of the time.

თურქეთ - ამერიკის შეერთებული შტატების ურთიერთობების პოლიტიკური ანალიზი თანამედროვე ეტაპზე

Author(s): Beka Makaradze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2021

At the end of the XX century and in the 10s of the XXI century, there was observed some tension in Turkish-American relations, that were not developed in accordance with the expectations of Turkey. This was due to problems related to Armenia, Syria, Israel, Iran, Kurds, which were the most important and sensitive for Ankara.The end of the "cold war" in the 1990s and the "withdrawal" from the political map of Turkey's main threat - the Soviet Union - provided Ankara with an opportunity to act independently in the region, And at the beginning of the XXI century, Turkey began to work most actively in this direction. Turkey's modern foreign policy is distinguished by many features. This is the "New Turkey" model, which is especially concentrated on the Middle East and Islamic countries. The main goal of the policy is to influence the Muslim population of this region and spread neo-Ottoman values. Turkey attaches great importance to its international relations.Turkey occupies a leading position and is at the head of the triangle of the Balkans - Caucasus - Middle East, and it should not be thought that all this is connected only with the subjective self-realization of Turkey. The Turkish Republic was brought to this state by the attitude of other Western states. Relations between Turkey and the United States began in the middle of the XX century, although the idea of Turkey as a secular, democratic Muslim state became more widely known only in the early XXI century.At the beginning of the XXI century, Turkey's renewed foreign policy approaches, of course, also influenced its relations with other countries. First of all, there have been some changes in relations between the Republic of Turkey and its long-standing strategic partner, the United States.Turkey, which wants to transform itself into a country with a "world-class economy" and become a state with a liberal democracy, will inevitably have to forge ties with the United States, which in part will require it to clarify its foreign policy priorities.

Crucile de piatră din zona dealurilor Ciceului (jud. Bistrița-Năsăud)

Author(s): Adrian Socaci / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 34-35/2021

In the area of the Ciceu hills, in northern Transylvania, people have fashioned from the local stone a wide array of stone objects and monuments since ancient times. Among them one can notice the Ciceu crosses. The solitary holly relics resonate with the past times when the sacred was an important part of humans lives. The monuments were fashioned in a simplistic, sober manner, the stone masons around Ciceu did not excel in their artistic creativity, they were busy transposing in stone the ideas and symbols with religious character. The crosses from Ciceu hills were placed on the edges of the graveyards and the village, at the crossroads, on the hilltops separating village borders and the roads leading to the nearby monasteries. For most of the crosses in the Ciceu area their dating is difficult, the symbols were influenced by the millennium-long art of wood from Maramureș. In the summer of 2012, in Ireland, we visited Ahenny Cemetery (County Tipperary)and Kells Monastery (County Meath), places where arched stone crosses are erected. I have noticed on that occasion some similarities between the Irish stone crosses and those in Romania(especially northern Transylvania, from Hășmașu Ciceului, Ciceu Giurgești, Negrilești, Dobric).The similarities seem to be the result of archaic religious forms and symbols conveyed by Irish and the Anglo-Saxon missionaries. In the seventh century, St. Kilian christianized the population of Franconia and Thuringia. In the next century, other Irish missionaries, scoti peregrini, have travelled all over Europe, some reach Vienna and their art seems to penetrate the Romanian countries and Hungary. There are some signs that since the 11th century, religious influences between the British Isles and Transylvania/South Carpathian area may have occurred with the journey of the Anglo-Saxon “wanderers” to the Bosphorus and the Black Sea areas.

თურქეთ-აშშ-ისურთიერთობები2016-2017 წლებში

Author(s): Emzar Makaradze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2018

The US - Turkish relations are more important, more difficult and simultaneously less predictable in the modern stage than before. Today the relationship between the two countries is characterized by prevailing uncertainty, which is caused by the following circumstances:1.the political views of Turkey-the USA on the ways and methods of such conflict resolutions as, for example, the Cypriot conflict, or contradictions existing between Greece - Turkey and Turkey – Armenia;2. Turkey has shown that it will not support the US on the issue with Syria, as well as the war in Iraq and the Kurdish conflict;3. Turkey tries to implement a foreign policy independent fromWashington.Nevertheless, the interests of the United States and Turkey are very close to each other or just coincide. Geenerally, the Turkish-US cooperation is based on the following:1. It should become the force restraining Russian and Iranian geopolitical ambitions in the region, what is unanimously recognized by the Turkish elite;2. Ankara is interested in participating in the development of European Defence System.It strives to become a full-fledged member of the EU and it is greatly supported by the US;3. The US-made weapon comprises 80 percent of Turkey's military arsenal, what indicates to a close cooperation of these countries in this field;4. By cooperating with America Turkey tries to ensure successful implementation of such big projects as "Baku-Ceyhan", at the same time it strives to increase its influence on the region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, which is quiet rich with energy deposits;5. Turkey is ready to install the US missile defense system on its territory, as it will not only provide additional resources in the country and increase its military security, but also strengthen its importance in the region.Assessing Turkish-American relations, it is better to mention the term "strategic partnership". For example, since 2002 Turkey has been trying to conduct "zero problem with neighbors" policy and in this context it took steps of friendship and economic cooperation towards Syria and Iran, to which America is not so well-disposed.These steps do not exclude a strategic partnership, but in 2003 Turkey did not allow the US armed forces to use the Turkish military bases for Iraqi warfare, which is essentially contradicting the basic principle of "strategic partnership".After this fact, Americans did not mention the "strategic partnership" for a long time. And after the warming of relations, American politicians started using this term again. On November 5, 2007 during the visit of the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan in the US, the President of America George Walker Bush mentioned this term again.However, an attempted coup d'etat,committed on 15 July 2016 in Turkey, caused the period of uncertainty between the two countries.In general, it is interesting to observe how the current policy of Turkey is reflected on the relations with the US. Erdogan's foreign policy almost questioned the issue of partnership between Turkey and the United States.And nowadays, when the relations with Russia have almost been regulated, Turkish policy towards Russia is largely dependent on the cooperation the United States will have with Ankara. We consider that stable relations with the US will not cause Turkey the desire to seek such an ally as Russia.On the issue of the Middle East, regarding to the Syrian problem, Turkey has become an involuntary participant of the big countries - on the one hand, the United States, and on the other hand, Russia. After the US recent bombardment in Syria the positions of Turkey tend toward the US.In this case, we could say, Turkey fixes an indecisive position. However, in the Syrian war, due to the problem with the Kurds, Turkey has its own interests, which are the part of the Ankara new course.Turkey could not manage to gather Turkish-speaking countries around it and head them; it also failed neither tobe the leader of the Islamic world, nor to accelerate the adoption to the EU. Nevertheless, it coulduse the problem of refugees in relations with the European Union, but there is still a lot to do and not everything is clear.If Turkey aims to become a country of "the first world economy" and liberal democracy, it should strengthen ties with the US, which would partly demand to alter its foreign policy priorities and to keep some distance from the Muslim world.

თურქეთ-აშშ ურთიერთობის ძირითადი საკითხები XX საუკუნის ბოლოს და XXI საუკუნის დასაწყისში

Author(s): Beka Makaradze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2018

After the end of the Cold War, within the the new international order, Turkey has chosen a joint move with America. Moreover, there was no anymore such a dangerous force like the Soviet Union. In the process of globalization the balance of economical and political partnership with US and the European Union became a necessary condition, in order to maintain the competitiveness. Thus, in order to get closer to the West, Turkey has come to the need to transform its own internal and external system.If in 90’s of XX century the relations between Turkey and America continued within the framework of a common strategic partnership, after the event of 11th September 2001, this relationship developed in to the fight against international terrorism and the strengthening of democratic ideas. It should be noted that during this period, this relationship was asymmetrical. The term "asymmetric" implies a two-sided concept of relations. An excellent example of political asymmetry is Turkish-American relations. Since Turkey is asymmetric for America, America is asymmetric as well for Turkey.An important element of the foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey is stability in relations with America. The guarantees offered by the United States of America, which affecting the course and the rhythm of Turkey's foreign and domestic policies, are crucial for the country. The interest and desire of the Republic of Turkey to participate in the international system as an active world power is directly proportional to the attitude of the United States. In addition, Turkey's strategic position provides perspectives for meeting these requirements.Turkey and USA has common or personal interests in the many regions of the world. For both country, depending on their own interests, priority is to provide peace and stability in the region. for example Turkey and USA has common mission to solve in Caucasus Region the key conflicts in a peaceful way, provision of territorial integrity in the countries of the region and deterrent of Russia as aggressor, because there is common interests for oil extraction and its transportation. Of course, the different opinions in this kind of issues are inevitable, but to accomplish and reach common goals by the method of mutual understanding gives ability to make other agreements easier in future . In spite of periodical disagreements, key issues such as Iraq, Caucasus, Afghanistan, Middle East and other conflicts, both countries have a vital potential. This great potential determines the clear perspectives of common partnership on their path of future relation between Turkey and the United States.

რუსეთი და სამხრეთ კავკასია

Author(s): Maia Manchkhashvili / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2018

After the dissolution of Soviet Union the southern Caucasian region has activated its strategic function, controlled by the Empire and served its interests.After the obtaining the independence the usage, full using and activation of the foregoing strategic function was the well-defined foreign policy purpose for the young states of the region, but at the same time started activation the Russian political purposes, being in acute opposition to the interests of the South Caucasus Region States.The fighting arsenal of Russia is enough varied and the only scope is to provide control on the South Caucasus Region. In this process every resistance and attempt of new player is recognized by Russia as the intervention on its interests and starts to work Russian experienced fighting methods already to other/necessary direction.

თურქეთ-აზერბაიჯანის სტრატეგიული ურთიერთობები და საქართველო

Author(s): Zaza Beridze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2018

The union of Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan creates strategic triangle, the relationship of which conditions the necessity of gaining a vital area for these countries. After decomposition of the Soviet Union, from 1990 up to nowadays, official Ankara realizes quite pragmatic and stable policy in South Caucasus. Turkey prefers the relationships with Azerbaijan. This is explained by as cultural and linguistic nearness so significant geopolitical location of Azerbaijan. The commencement of realization of the projects of “Bako-Tbilisi- Ceyhan” oil pipeline and “Bako-Tbilisi-Erzurum” gas pipeline, also “Bako-Tbilisi-Kars” railway project, acquired great economic (also political) importance to South Caucasus, that is very important for the region. The wish of Turkey was to execute energetic and transport corridor function between Europe and Caspian regions. Logical result of this ambition was significantly increased interest towards Georgia, that is connective link between Turkey and Azerbaijan, also between Central Asia.The necessity of direct connection with Azerbaijan dictates Turkey that it needs minimum one from two – controlling of Georgia of Armenia. Because of the control of Armenia by the Russia and Armenia – Turkey historical disagreement, Ankara decided to choose the strategy of collaboration with Georgia and isolation from Armenia. From the point of view of independence and development perspectives of Azerbaijan, Turkey is very important partner for Baku. Assimilation of energetic corridor function with Turkey and the perspectives of Karabakh conflict, dictates to Baku that it vitally needs to make strategic partnership with Ankara. Georgia, of course plays a significant player in this circle , which have its own interests.The aim of the theme is to analyze correctly historic realities of formation of strategic partnership of Turkey and Azerbaijan, the spheres of overlap and conflict of interests of states and to define Georgian role in this sphere.

Procesy o czary na pograniczu północno-zachodniej Wielkopolski i Nowej Marchii w czasach wczesnonowożytnych

Author(s): Andrzej Kamieński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2021

The purpose of this article is not only to bring out so far unknown details and correct confabulations, but also to look at the witch-hunt in the New Marchian – Greater Polish borderland through the prism of types of accusations. It will make possible to search for an answer to a question whether the data from the above defined territory were different from the cases cited in the literature of the subject. A significant group of accusations of witchcraft in the period of interest (16th−18th centuries) concerned using magic or sorcery in the interpersonal conflicts, e.g. over property. In the investigated material accusations of spoiling beer and contacts with the devil were also found. Moreover, the reason for a witch-trial became also magic practices for love and those used in the political games.

Relacje podróżnicze z końca XVI i XVII wieku jako pierwsze opisy architektury i sztuki Szczecina

Author(s): Barbara Maria Ochendowska-Grzelak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2021

The purpose of the article is to analyse the reports of the travellers passing by Szczecin in the period from late 16th century and 17th century with regard to the contained descriptions of the objects of architecture and art. Discussed were passages from twelve diaries of travellers from Germany, Poland, Italy, and England. These accounts vary, but also have some elements in common. The majority of peregrinators depicted Szczecin as a rich port town with picturesque location. Most of them described the Renaissance ducal castle as a dominant element among the town buildings. Its descriptions date back to times when it was a residence of the Griffin dynasty, and subsequently, after the dynasty became extinct, when the town was ruled by the Swedes and the rulers of Brandenburg. From among seven Gothic churches in Szczecin most frequently visited were two most prominent and with central location: St. Jacob’s Church and Marian Church. They were appreciated, particularly emphasized was their size as their distinguishing feature. Although there weren’t in the town instances of “contemporary” 17th-century Baroque architecture – perhaps apart from the bourgeois houses – Szczecin was perceived as “beautifully built”. After the Swedes constructed in early 17th century new defensive fortifications, the travelers described the capital of Pomerania as “well protected”. The visitors paid less attention to the mobile objects of art. The most distinguishing of the discussed reports is that of Filip Hainhofer who was a guest of Duke Filip II and hence stayed in the town for the longest time. As the Duke’s art dealer, he was sensitive to the beauty of objects, which can be explained by his profession but also by his personal sensitivity. However, most of the peregrinators displayed “culture of curiosity” with regard to the objects of art. Artifacts were perceived as peculiarities and curious details, aesthetic judgments weren’t too often formulated. An example of this can be the popularity of the epitaph of the Eckstedt spouses in St. Jacob’s Church, most frequently mentioned in the diaries not because of its craftsmanship but for the anecdote connected to it.

Bir Ermeni Köyü Olan Adiş’in Siyasî, Sosyal, Ekonomik ve Dinî Durumu

Author(s): Oktay Bozan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

Adish i a village in the Chungush district of Diarbekir province. Chungush is a residential center where Muslims and non-Muslims live. According to the administrative regulation made after the Ottoman rule in 1516, Adish is the only village where Armenians live among the villages of Chungush. Although Adiş is mentioned as Adiş-i Süflâ (Lower Adiş) and Adiş-i Ulyâ (Upper Adiş) in most of the Ottoman records, it was defined as Adish only in some records. According to the records of the 16th and 17th centuries only Armenians lived in Adiş, since the beginning of the 19th century, Muslims have also settled in the village of Adiş. Since Adish village has insufficient agricultural areas, a significant portion of the men of the village had to go to Istanbul to meet the needs of their family. There were educational institutions and churches in the village, which reached 300 households at the end of the 19th century. During the Armenian events of 1895, the bandit which came from Gerger attacked the village of Adish and some grievances were experienced.

Eckhard Jäger, Robert Geissler (1819–1893). Ein Zeichner von 2000 Veduten. Biographie und Ouvrekatalog, Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Lagensalza 2021, ss. 192, 74 ilustr

Author(s): Radosław Skrycki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2021

Short notes

Author(s): Maciej Górny / Language(s): English Issue: 124/2021

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A Study on theFormation of a State in the Early Middle Ages], Warszawa, 2020, Wydawnictwo Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Muzeum Historii Polski w Warszawie, 228 pp., ills, bibliography, index of geographical and ethnical names, English sum. Szymon Wieczorek, Galla Anonima opowieść o królu Bolesławie i ubogim kleryku. Moraliter, anagogice, allegorice, historice [A Story about King Boleslaus and a Poor Cleric by Gallus Anonymus. Moraliter, Anagogice, Allegorice, Historice], Rzeszów, 2020, Publishing House of the University of Rzeszów, 148 pp., list of abbreviations, bibliography, list of sources, English sum. Małgorzata Dowlaszewicz, Diabeł w legendzie. Wyobrażenie diabła antropomorfi cznego w średniowiecznej literaturze niderlandzkiej [The Devil in Legend. The Image of the Anthropomorphic Devil in Medieval Dutch Literature], Wrocław, 2020, Oficyna Wydawnicza Atut, 153 pp., annex Anna Horeczy, Recepcja włoskiej kultury intelektualnej w krakowskim środowisku uniwersyteckim w drugiej połowie XIV i w pierwszej połowie XV wieku [Reception of Italian Intellectual Culture in the Cracow’s University Environment in the Second Half of the Fourteenth and First Half ofthe Fifteenth Century], Warszawa, 2021, Instytut Historii PAN, 459 pp., list of abbreviations, bibliography, list of tables and diagrams, index of persons, annexes, English sum. Jacek Pielas, Oleśniccy herbu Radwan w XV-XVII wieku. Z dziejów szlachty małopolskiej doby nowożytnej [The Oleśnicki Family of the Radwan Coat of Arms. 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Karta ze stosunków rodzinnych Ormian zamojskich

Author(s): Marcin Łukasz Majewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2021

Death of Helena Kistesterowiczowa, who was murdered by her husband only one year after their marriage, was the most shocking event in the history of the Zamość Armenian commune. On the basis of case files and other sources, the author presents circumstances of this crime and course of the case. Analysing the testimonies of the accused and witnesses as well as the report about examination of the corpse, he reconstructs the events, depicting relations in the marriage of Kistesterowicze, for which the conflict between Eliasz Kistesterowicz and his father-in-law Serhij Zachariaszewicz Browar was the background. This affair constitutes a minor contribution to family relations of Zamość Armenians in the second half of the 17th century.

ПОКРЪСТВАНЕТО НА БЪЛГАРИТЕ МОХАМЕДАНИ ПРЕЗ 1912–1913 г. ИСТОРИОГРАФСКИ ПРОБЛЕМИ

Author(s): Silvio Tomov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The text describes the conversion to Christianity of the Slavic Muslims in Bulgaria during the Balkan war (1912–1913). The main focus is on the Historiography about the event by comparing different opinions from memoirs, documents, articles, books and etc. The event is represented in the context of the Balkan war, which effects not only Bulgaria, but the whole Balkan region. This is done by comparing different points of view from different authors – historians or writers. After all it`s a trau- 237 matic event for the Muslims themselves many of whom lost their homes or were forced to live very miserable. Also, it was used to discredit Bulgaria in front of their neighbors who won the wars and got the most benefits. These events made Bulgarian Muslims even more isolated then they were ever before instead of attracting them to the Bulgarian state and national cause.

ТРАДИЦИОНЕН КОСТЮМ И УКРАСА В СТАРИТЕ ОКРЪЖИЯ ‒ СОФИЙСКО, КЮСТЕНДИЛСКО И ТРЪНСКО, СПОРЕД ДЪРЖАВЕН ДОКУМЕНТ ОТ КРАЯ НА XIX В: МЕЖДУ САКРАЛНОТО И ВСЕКИДНЕВНОТО

Author(s): Yavor Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

In the 19th century, on the territory of Bulgaria was gathered information on traditional clothing by different population groups. This paper presents just a part of work corpus of handwritten documents, housed 289 in the in the Scientific Archives of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The article provide information on the domestic production of clothing, fabrics and decoration which the subject of analysis are names of clothes, decoration, material and ornaments in the old districts of Sofia, Kyustendil and Tran.