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This article sheds light on the art of travel in the Islamic Maghreb, particularly with reference to diplomacy. While the traditional formation of travel came to be associated with an Islamic phenomenology, this paper argues that in the modern period the art of travel in the Islamic Maghreb underwent a paradigmatic shift in terms of its purposes and poetics. The first pertains to the expansion of its telos from an exclusively experiential religious horizon to the negotiation of various secular, particularly political undertakings.The second relates to the critical situatedness of travellers/diplomats as they navigated the ethical acuities of pursuing representational faithfulness while also doing their best not to hurt the sensibilities of the Moroccan Sultan or the interests of the state which they represented. Within the Moroccan ambassador Ahmad al-Kerdoudi’s travelogue about nineteenth-century Spain, the enterprise of intercultural mediation reflects the porousness of the Mediterranean world not only in the spheres of theology and culture but also in that of diplomacy.
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The study examines some of the additional social activities representatives of the Orthodox clergy as teachers and churchwardens at the local school in the village of Arbanassi in the period from the end of the 18th century till the 1870s. The personalities of three priests are presented – Simeon, Marin, and Ivancho, who performed the functions of teachers. In addition, the activities of four priests – trustees at the school (manciple priest Atanas, sakellarios priest Marin, priest Nicolas and skevophylax priest Hristo), are elucidated.
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The proposed research article aims to explore the social aspects of Ukrainian anthroponomical stock in 17th and 18th centuries which concerns Polish female representatives of the most privileged class in old Ukraine. It presents and describes their baptismal names, additional identifiers and personal identification formulae (naming styles), which were a language measure for the social differentiation.
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Editiones sine fine, t. 2, red. Krzysztof Kopiński, Janusz Tandecki, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Toruń 2021, ss. 222, il. Paweł Babij, Pieczęcie rycerstwa obcego na Śląsku do 1335 roku w zbiorach Archiwum Państwowego we Wrocławiu, Archiwum Państwowe we Wrocławiu, Wrocław 2021, ss. 119, il. barwne Pavel Krafl , Dvě studie k synodálnímu zákonodárství (Würzburg 1287, Kališ 1420), Ius canonicum mediiaevi, t. 2, Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa, Nitra 2021, ss. 119 Alice Colantuoni, Multilingual Traditions in Multilingual Contexts. State of the Art and Methodological Problems in the Study of the „Chronicle of Morea” (XIV c.), „Byzantion”, 91, 2021, s. 75–98 Statuta Universitatis scholarium iuristarum studii generalis Paduani ab anno 1331 ad annum 1404 (Codex Bibliotecae [!] Cathedralis Gnesnensis 180), wstęp Krzysztof Stopka, tłum. na wł. Magdalena Wrana, tłum. na ang. Paweł Marcinkiewicz, współpr. red. Tomasz Babnis, Natio Polona. Fontes et Studia, t. 3, Archiwa Państwowe, Uniwersytet Opolski, Opole 2020, ss. 216 + [1] + [174] ss. fotokopii Olga Miriam Przybyłowicz, Dokumenty i dyplomy klasztoru klarysek w Gnieźnie. Sposoby uwierzytelniania dokumentów w praktyce kancelaryjnej konwentu św. Klary. Inwentarz, „Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne”, 115, 2021, s. 359–418 Janusz S. Bień, Traktat Parkosza. Eksperymentalna edycja elektroniczna, „Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza”, 26, 2019, nr 1, s. 27–69 Georgios C. Liakopoulos, The Early Ottoman Peloponnese. A Study in the Light of an Annotated Editio Princeps of the TT10–1/14662 Ottoman Taxation Cadastre (ca. 1460–1463), Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt Fund Series, Royal Asiatic Society, Gingko Library, London 2019, ss. 649 + 31 tabel + 38 map + 23 inne ryciny Paulina Pludra-Żuk, Nieznany spis zajęć na wydziale artium Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego z lat 1474–1477, „Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki”, 30, 2021, z. 2, s. 99–116 Witold Brzeziński, Życie szlachcianki w późnośredniowiecznej Wielkopolsce. Magnificae et generosae. Zagadnienia demograficzne i majątkowe, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz 2021, ss. 832 Zbiory polskie, red. Arkadiusz Wagner, współpr. Danetta Ryszkowska-Mirowska, Anna Wronka, Tegumentologia Polska, t. 3, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń 2021, ss. 512, il. Tomasz Maćkowski, Gdańskie odznaki żebracze (XVI–XVIII w.), „Studia Historica Gedanensia”, 11, 2020, s. 149–161 Magdalena Bober-Jankowska, Błąd czy wariant? O technikach redakcyjnych Adama Naruszewicza, „Napis”, 26, 2020, s. 127–148 Jakub Łukaszewski, Szyfr Jana Żdżarowskiego (–1551) na tle metod kryptograficznych używanych w Polsce w pierwszej połowie XVI wieku, „Biblioteka”, 25 (34), 2021, s. 29–77 Jerzy Kaliszuk, Sławomir Szyller, Badanie rękopisów średniowiecznych według Łukasza Gołębiowskiego, „Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki”, 29, 2020, z. 1, s. 7–69 Aleksandra Kuligowska, Dialog kultur naukowych. Teoretyczne koncepcje metody historycznej Brygidy Kürbis w kontekście niemieckojęzycznej refleksji nad uprawianiem historii, „Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki”, 29, 2021, s. 45–60
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The article provides a discursive analysis of the descriptions of Bulgaria compiled by Russian travelers in the first years after the fall of S. Stambolov and the normalization of relations between the two countries, in semiotic and axiological aspects. Publications in newspapers and books of those years, materials of the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art are compiled. On their basis, the features of Bulgarian public life that the authors paid the most attention to are highlighted: urban improvement, political development, attitude to religion and culture. Based on the analysis of the attitude to these symbols of modernity and Westernization, it is assumed that the descriptions of Bulgaria by Russian eyewitnesses contain elements of both oriental and occidental discourse, and the descriptions are based on a comparison of Bulgaria with an ideal modernization project.
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After February 25, 1921, the Soviet government tried in every possible way to win the favor of the population of Georgia, even though they managed to gain control over the country by force of arms, still, according to their outlook, they were doing a good deed, which they had to explain to the population. According to the command of the occupying forces of Soviet Russia and the Transcaucasian Bureau of the Communist Party, it was the government of the Democratic Republic that was repressive and oppressive to the population, but then again they also realized that the occupation would make a neutral person feel bad about the occupier, so in the initial period it was decided to pursue a "compromising" policy, which meant the conditional preservation of the old system, so that the population did not feel too big of a change and there were no disturbances in the country, which could result with serious consequences.The Soviet occupation authorities kept local parties around, however covert surveillance and recruitment policies were launched against its members, the purpose of these actions being to physically or politically eliminate people who had more or less influence on the population.In spite of this kind of covert actions, the Soviet occupation authorities could not avoid the demand of the population to celebrate the day of declaration of independence on May 26, which the Georgian nation considered as a national as well as a political achievement. Although the Soviet authorities did not want this day to be celebrated, they were forced to take into account the demand of the majority of the population, however, they found a solution that would be convenient for their rule, they transformed May 26, the Independence Day of the Georgian people, into an international day for the liberation of common workers, where they presented Georgia, not as An independent state, but a country of workers who were oppressed and real freedom was only brought by February 25. With such a distorted ideology, the authorities of Soviet Georgia celebrated May 26 for the first and last time during its existence without its real idea and essence.
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Time of the national renaissance of the Balkan peoples, the 19th century represents also an important chapter in the history of Romanian-Bulgarian relations. The Bulgarian renaissance and the struggle for emancipation from Ottoman rule would not have been possible, beyond the involvement and help of great powers such as Russia, without the safe Heaven that Bulgarian revolutionaries and common people, cultural and political elites have found north of Danube. Cultural, military and political structures, schools, press and printing in Bulgarian appeared and flourished north of the Danube under the protection of the Romanian authorities. The present approach proposes an analysis of these developments and the impact they had on the Bulgarian national renaissance and the relations between the two states.
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Romanian participation in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877 – 1878 was manifested to the greatest extent in the high number of casualties near the town of Pleven in 1877. The Romanian attacks during the third assault on the city and the subsequent actions for its liberation remain memorable. With memorial signs and museums Bulgaria and Romania honor and preserve the memory of the heroes who, with their blood, won the victory of Pleven and contributed to Romanian independence and Bulgarian freedom.
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The report examines aspects of Bulgarian-Romanian relations during the Bulgarian Renaissance and the use of the territory of Romania as a base for Bulgarian revolutionary movements against Ottoman slavery.
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In this paper the relationship between humanities as a field and tragedy is examined. Relying on Menke’s analysis of the tragic (Menke 2009) we examine in some depth the ideas of Schelling, Hölderlin and Friedrich Schlegel on the subject and how they positioned themselves on the topic of the possibility of the tragic in Modernity. Accepting that both the speculative idealist model of the didactic play and the model of the romantic comedy tried to overcome the tragic, we conclude that the element of tragic is still a worthy and much needed topic to be part of the humanities in the XXI century and Post-Modernity, primarily as a way of thinking power.
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The following article highlights the most important endogenous aspects of population reproduction in crisis circumstances, based on demographic data on the Bessarabian Bulgarians in the 1940s. During this decade, the territory of Bessarabia sporadically fell within the borders of both Romania and the USSR, which led to the collapse of the traditional social institutions and practices among the Bulgarians living there. Led by the numerous political changes, demographic birth and death rates within a group are affected by these exogenous factors, while reflecting actual societal alterations. As a basis for the study, information extracted from the current reports of the village councils was used, or in other words – the so-called population registers. The results of the data processing are presented in a diachronic comparative perspective regarding the history of the Bulgarian communities in Bessarabia. This approach allows for analytic clarifications of the scale and nature of the famine in 1946-1947. The average daily mortality rate was found to be 18.3. In general, the specificity of the demographic transition of the Bulgarian group from a traditional to a modern model of reproduction stands out. The role of exogenous causes in the final phase of this transition has been also revealed. Birth rates were reported to be gradually decreasing while mortality rates were increasing. The consequences of this transformation were visible in the next generation in the 1960s.
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The aim of the study is to investigate the fight against infant mortality in the second half of 19-th century till the 1930-s, by examining it in four selected countries, significantly different in rates of the indicators and development of the healthcare system – France, Great Britain, Russia, USA. Methodology A historical documentary method is applied for achieving the aim. There are some common features of the fight against infant mortality for the defined period in the four countries – recognition of infant mortality as a socially important problem, expansion and enrichment of the statistics, and on their basis development and implementation of measures for its reduction. Risks related to the mother, low socio-economic status, bad hygiene, especially in urban environments are the main reasons for the high infant mortality rates. Physicians and social reformers are the main actors in the development of organizations fighting infant mortality. Charity has a leading role in improving child health in the lack of social policy. During the first half of the 20th century legislation was passed in many countries on the protection of motherhood and childhood, aimed at all regardless of their socio-economic status. Specific structures and organizations for prevention mothers and children are established, good practices such as health-visitors are applied, medical and social approaches are integrated. The fight against infant mortality entered a new stage after the Second World War, grounded on the concept of the development of maternal and child healthcare, when the major scientific inventions in medicine contribute to its successful realization.
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The article examines the presentation of the Ottoman Empire at the Philadelphia International Exposition in 1876, putting two main tasks in the study. On the one hand, it follows the coverage of the exhibition in the press of the Bulgarian Revival period, mostly by the American Protestant newspaper Zornitsa, which introduced to its readers the five main sections of the exposition, some inventions shown for the first time, and specific exhibiting countries. On the other, the Turkey’s preparations, participation in the fair and its results are studied in detail. For this purpose, a comparative and an idiographic approachеs are applied. In the end, new information on the subject regarding the preparation in places in the empire, as well as examples of Bulgarian participation, is presented. Turkey impresses visitors with high-quality carpets and an authentic Turkish café. Foods, goldsmith’s works, coming from the Bulgarian lands, and rose oil of two Kazanlak companies are exhibited.
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