Monede medievale şi moderne descoperite în Dobrogea (1223 - 1872)

Author(s): Gabriel Custurea,Ana-Maria Velter / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2017

The authors present 391 coins and counters discovered in 38 localities in Dobrudja. A batch of coins belongs to the Romanian Principalities Moldavia (2) and Wallachia (1). We may add to these East, Central and West European issues and, finally,the Islamic ones minted by the Sultanate of Rum, Golden Horde, Crimean Khanate,Ottoman Empire, Jaipur, Afghanistan and Khanate of Khiva. Most of the pieces presented are small coins and counters that were used in daily money circulation. They are followed by pieces of medium value – ort, rupee, dirhem –and the ones of great value – thaler, 8 real, guruş, ikilik and yüzlük and gold pieces.Some of the coins presented are rarities or exotic appearances for the monetarycirculation in Dobrudja and Romania in general. We are reffering to the false of Sultan Kaykhusrow III, a ½ gros coin of Alexander the Good, mangir minted by Emir Suleyman,the shilling minted by Mihnea III, pieces of the Crimean Khanate, but also the coins from Jaipur or Afghanistan and the Khanate of Khiva. The authors also present a number of forgeries pieces that circulated on the market at the time and created problems in the economy. The last category presented are the counters, that circulated at the time as small pieces. The published numismatic material completes the image of the monetary circulation in Medieval and Modern Dobrudja, a territory located at the crossroads of large trade axes and, later on, a province at the edge of the Ottoman Empire.

Formuła wyrażania szacunku w strukturze osiemnastowiecznego listu polskiego

Author(s): Katarzyna Sicińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2019

The paper discusses, from the formal, semantic, pragma- and sociolinguistic point of view, the honorificative formula that constituted one of the components of the final part of an epistolary Polish text of the 18th century. Most commonly, it took the shape of a conventionalized phrase which consisted of the preposition z (‘with’), an adjective, and a noun; e.g. z prawdziwym szacunkiem ‘with true respect’. The formula was syntactically dependent, as it was part of a larger whole – nearly always the subscription, i.e. the broadly understood signature of the author of the letter. The lexical composition of the formula showed considerable diversity. The nouns that constituted it include estymacja ‘esteem’, poważenie ‘reverence’, szacunek ‘respect’, weneracja ‘veneration’, and others. The attributes that described the main stem of the formula were also characterized by notable semantic diversity. Moreover, the honorificative formula could also appear in the form of a Latin quotation, e.g. profundo cultu. The usage of the formula depended on social and situational factors, namely it was used in letters to people of equal or higher social status (e.g. to members of princely families), as well as in highly official situations.

ГРЪЦКА? РЕВОЛЮЦИЯ? ИСТОРИОГРАФСКИ РАЗНОВИДНОСТИ ЗА ЕДНО ИСТОРИЧЕСКО СЪБИТИЕ

Author(s): Maria Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

This article is taking account of the different historiographical clusters or frameworks in which the 1821 Greek Revolution has (or not) found its place. The clusters identified reflect the ways in which Greek history and by extension the Greek Revolution, itself a function of the overall reception of Greek history, are globalized. They show their prevalence in some rubrics and relative absence in others, depending on the epoch. Among the rubrics, foremost is the question whether, when and by whom the events of 1821 were represented as a revolution and why some historiographical traditions withhold this characterization. Other clusters, analyzed comparatively and in the context of modernity, are nationalism studies, international relations, especially the Eastern Question, the issue of violence, as well as women studies. Finally, addressed is the issue why the Greek Revolution, without doubt global in its imagination, connections and ramifications, is sorely missing from the big narratives of world history.

СТАРИНИ: ПРАДЯДО МИ, ОПЪЛЧЕНЕЦЪТ САВА НЕДЯЛКОВ РАКЪДЖИЕВ-ВОДКЕЕВ (1855–1925)

Author(s): Maria Baeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

Father and Academic Professor Niculae M. Popescu - Contributions to the Research of the History of the Romanian Orthodox Church and Byzantine Music

Author(s): Zaharia Matei / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The great priest and academic professor Niculae M. Popescu was one of the most emblematic figures within the Romanian Orthodox Church and within the Theological section of the University of Bucharest in the first half of the XX century. Raised in the Orthodox spirit, Niculae M. Popescu studied in the Theological School “Nifon Mitropolitul” and in the Faculty of Theology in Bucharest, while his PhD studies were completed in Vienna. Because of his critical and rigorous spirit, but also due to his high level theological qualifications, he became distinguishable to the clerical authorities in Bucharest who gave him the title of main editor of a few magazines of the Church. He was highly appreciated for his historical and documentative nature reflected in his studies and researches. For this reason, the teaching body of the Faculty of Orthodox Theology in Bucharest named him University Professor of the History Section. He was praised and appreciated by scholar Nicolae Iorga and thus, became a member of the Romanian Academy and vice-president of the highest academic forum in Romania. Alongside his pastoral and universitary vocations, he was also an accomplished musician. Niculae M. Popescu elaborated his first creations of Romanian musicology dedicated to the Romanian precentor, Macarie Ieromonahul. Due to his bass vocal tone, composer D. G. Kiriac recruited him as a member of the well-known Romanian choir, “Carmen”, which he also conducted for a long time, as the head of the choral association. His historical and musicological published creations, as well as his ecclesiastical and academic stance, made father professor Niculae M. Popescu one of the most enlightening figures within the history of the Romanian Orthodox Church and of the Romanian people.

Keletas galimų vengrų kalbos skolinių lietuvių kalboje

Author(s): Aranka Laczházi / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 83/2020

The article aims to overview the Lithuanian words that are supposed to be of Hungarian origin or may be linked to Hungarian in an indirect way. Most of these lexemes have been borrowed through Polish, less often through German, Belarussian or Russian during the 16–18th centuries. They belong to specific thematic groups like military terms, names of military uniform details or names of products that were imported into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the former Kingdom of Hungary. In many cases a significant change in the semantic of the lexemes can be observed. It is worth noticing that only a small number of these lexemes is being known and used in contemporary Standard Lithuanian, as these words belong rather to dialectal or historical lexicon.

John Gallagher, Learning Languages in Early Modern England

Author(s): Jekaterina Merkuljewa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

Review of: Jekaterina Merkuljewa - John Gallagher, Learning Languages in Early Modern England, Oxford 2019, Oxford University Press, ss. 288

Bibliografia spuścizny Tadeusza Strumiłły (1884–1958)

Author(s): Justyna Legutko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2020

Međunarodni znanstveni skup Corpus, carnalitas…: o tijelu i tjelesnosti u povijesti na jadranskom prostoru

Author(s): Ante Bećir / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 60/2021

Preko Zoom aplikacije održan je 20. i 21. svibnja 2021. godine 10. Istarski povijesni biennale, međunarodni znanstveni skup s temom Corpus, carnalitas…: o tijelu i tjelesnosti u povijesti na jadranskom prostoru = Corpo e corporeità nella storia dell’area adriatica = The Body and Corporality in the history of the Adriatic.

Mälutööst elulooliste mälu-uuringuteni. Märkusi biograafilise kultuuriuurimise ja nõukogudejärgse Eesti mälu-uuringute seoste kohta

Author(s): Ene Kõresaar,Kirsti Jõesalu / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 2/2021

This article provides an analysis of the intersection of memory studies and biographical research in the study of Estonian post-Soviet memory processes and memories. Both lines of research emerged during the postcommunist turn, albeit with different dynamics and different possibilities to build on existing research traditions. Both are multidisciplinary in nature. This article focuses on the points of contact between biographical research and memory studies in social and scientific methodological processes. The authors show that biographical research, which played a significant role in documenting and disclosing the long-silenced past throughout Eastern Europe during the collapse of communist regimes, has shifted from memory activism to critical examination of memory contexts, mnemonic actors, power relations, and contradictions. To this end, first, the impact of the cultural institutions dealing with collecting oral histories and life stories is analysed as contributors to the Estonian post-communist turn. Second, an overview is provided of post-communist biographical research in Estonia from a memory studies perspective, focusing both on influential theories and methods and pointing to contributions to international memory debates. In addition, gaps in biographical memory work and research are highlighted. Biographical memory studies in Estonia grew out of anticommunist memory work in the late 1980s and early 1990s, being part of a symbolic process of truth and remembrance, actively shaping interpretations of the past, evoking and slowing down collective ‘memory shifts’.

Tabella Miast, Wsi, Osad Królestwa Polskiego z wyrażeniem ich położenia i ludności alfabetycznie ułożona w Biórze Kommissyi Rządowey Spraw Wewnętrznych i Policyi z 1827 r. Znane źródło w nowej postaci

Author(s): Krzysztof Narojczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

A vast, two-volume list of all the towns and villages of the Kingdom of Poland was published in 1827, with the number of houses and residents, and the type of ownership specified in it. It was the only official publication issued by the then central statistical body of the state – The Statistical Office of the Government Commission for the Internal Affairs and Police. Due to the alphabetical order of the entries, with the absence of any territorial grouping or partial summaries, this potentially valuable source for historical and demographic studies has been of only marginal use to historians. An attempt was made at its digitisation and at entering the data into the database system in 2020. This paper presents the historical background of creating this list and uses selected examples to present new, previously unavailable data exploration and analysis opportunities that are offered by an electronic form.

Социални и професионални мрежи на търговците бератлии

Author(s): Gergana Georgieva,Nikolay Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The place and role of merchants in the Ottoman economic system is a topic of interest in modern Ottoman studies. A certain group of traders – beratli traders, receive a special position, which provides them with a higher social and economic status than others. This category carries out its commercial activity under the regulation of a special certificate (berat), which shows that they perform activity delegated by the state. The category of beratli merchants developed especially in the 19th century and their economic activity was directly related to the important political and economic changes in the Empire. The abolition of monopolies on the grain trade, the opening of Danube shipping in the 1840s, the change in the structure of imperial markets and the full integration of the Ottoman Empire into the world economic system imposed new rules and required a new type of player.The aim of the study is to analyze beratli merchants using the methods of two modern social and economic theories – that of entrepreneurship and social networks. We will analyze which of the characteristics of entrepreneurs have beratli merchants and how they apply them. Two specific examples have been selected which, thanks to the well-preserved documentation, allow the best methodological outlines of professional and social networks of beratli merchants. Beratli traders were one of the most important elements of the economic structure of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th c. As a result, they hold important positions not only in the provincial administration, but also at central level. Beratlis maintains very good contacts with other traders, not emphasizing competition, but cooperation and partnership. Beratlis may have high-level contacts, but they do not neglect small players. They build a dense network of representatives, suppliers, partners and customers. If we look at the overall image of beratli merchants, we will find the many roles they play in society. They were great benefactors of the community – donate money to schools, churches, hospitals, and etc. beratli merchants fully correspond to today’s image of entrepreneurs: active, flexible, quick to respond to changing conditions, seeking up-to-date information, taking financial risks, developing several different activities in parallel, but also socially active.

Le Centenaire de la Grande (Re)Union – L’IDée de L’Unité Nationale Dans la Littérature Roumaine

Author(s): Ludmila Braniște / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2020

The idea of national unity, the historical persistence of the Romanian nation and its century old ideal affirmed their semantic and artistic potential in all Romanian literature. From the 16th century until the present moment the idea of national unity has become a fruitful literary motif, inspiring numerous pieces of artistic, epic and dramatic art. Romanian literature, as studied in its diachronic aspect, provides the reader with a large palette of themes and forms of nationalism, not infrequently abounding in pathos – clearly demonstrated, hidden, or veiled by means of lyrical and epic characters. This paper tries to analyze the representative hypostases of the confluence of art and history in order to demonstrate that quite a few Romanian writers, aware of their national and social duty, used to constantly highlight great national symbols. As far as the domain of art is concerned, possibilities of highlighting the semantic polyvalence of history are truly inexhaustible. Our study is most pertinent, since the possibilities of bringing out semantic polyvalence of history are inexhaustible in the field of Romanian art. The list of names and titles that bring out intellectual and affective aspects of the idea of national unity is a long one. In the present paper we have chosen only several of them, belonging to different periods of Romanian literature, with a view to demonstrating how a literature, aware of its national and social role, sanctifies history, transforms its myths into history and introduces symbols into contemporary art.

DOCUMENTE PRIVITOARE LA ISTORIA SCHITULUI VOVIDENIA DE LA ȚINUTUL NEAMȚULUI (1750-1846)

Author(s): Costin Clit / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2021

This study presents to history researchers some documents (30 more precisely) which draw the history of Vovidenia Hermitage near the Neamț Monastery, Hermitage built by the bishop Ioanichie of Roman in 1749. Preoccupied by the Vovidenia Hermitage built from the ground with his own resources where he planned to spend his old age, the bishop draws up the construction on July 25th 1754 establishing the boundaries of the place bought from the Neamț Monastery. The establishmentreceives donations also from the prince Constantin Racoviță. A part of the documents we publish referto Tănase Gosan (after 1769-June 1831), one of the founders. The 30 documents cover the period 1750-1846, being donations to this hermitage by the founder, princes and Tănase Gosan

Animals in the legal culture of Prussian towns (the 13th–16th centuries): An overview

Author(s): Paweł Mateusz Modrzyński / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2019

Animals were a permanent element in the landscape of medieval towns. Many residents of the then urban centres lived of animal husbandry. In addition to farm animals (e.g. pigs), they kept domestic animals (e.g. dogs and cats) as well as wild animals. The latter often sought food in garbage and suburbs. Such animals were also kept for entertainment. Authorities of Prussian towns regulated many issues related to the functioning of towns, including those concerning animal husbandry. Animals could pose a threat to the health and life of residents. They were also considered to be pests that destroy crops, orchards, and household appliances. The legislation of the period was focused on determining guilt for crimes and offenses committed by animals. Either an animal, treated as an entity responsible for the harmful act, or its owner was blamed for the misconducts. The presence of animals, especially livestock, was considered to be the cause of considerable sanitary problems in towns, mainly due to animal waste. Town authorities regulated issues concerning cattle herding and grazing. The care over the herd was entrusted to urban shepherds whose service was regulated by town legislation. The problem of the perception of animals by the society of that time was also significant. Although seemingly unwanted, they were the only source of income for many residents. For some, animals were pests, and for others, a guarantee of fragile existence. It was also a time when people began to wonder what exactly an animal is, what role it should play in human life, and how to treat it.

Modernization as a Transition from a “Traditional” to a Postmodern Society

Author(s): Svitlana Hladchenko,Halyna Bilanych,Inna Ivzhenko,Lilia Florko,Kateryna Vakarchuk,Zhanna Davydova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The purpose of the article is to explore the gender aspect of the modernization of Tunisian society from modernism to postmodernism, which defined the cultural concept of the twentieth century. The article conducts a comprehensive study of gender aspects of the modernization of Tunisian society since the beginning of this modernization in 1900 of the XX century. to the beginning of the XXI century; for the first time the periodization of the women's movement in Tunisia in the period of modern history is presented and substantiated; analyzed the history of the impact of political and legal reforms of the Tunisian government on changing the gender situation in society; reflects the specifics of gender ideas and practices of Tunisian society in historical retrospect. The degree of influence of the French colonial regime on the modernization of Tunisian society in a gender context is determined; an analysis of the specifics of gender relations in Islamic society. It is proved that Islamic democracy was presented as a guarantor of the real emancipation of women, provided that she retains the primary status of wife and mother. This principle, due to the socio-cultural traditions of Tunisian society, was in fact basic in gender perceptions and for this period. Biographies of the leaders of the Tunisian movement show that their social self-realization was usually directly ensured by the status of the wife of a politician.

The Oath More JudaicoTwo Early Modern Jewish Oaths from Wrocław and Świdnica and Their Comparison with Medieval Jewish Oaths

Author(s): Hana Komárková / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2020

Forma, a niekiedy gest przysięgi były jedną ze składowych świata symboliki epoki średniowiecznej i nowożytnej. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie dwóch wczesnonowożytnych przysiąg zachowanych w zbiorach (księgach przysiąg) z miast tzw. magdeburskiego okręgu prawnego – Wrocławia i Świdnicy – oraz ich analiza w kontekście rozwoju przysięgi żydowskiej (juramentum judeorum, sacramentum Hebreorum, Judeneid) w Europie Środkowej. Na podstawie porównania tekstu obu wspomnianych przysiąg z przysięgami średniowiecznymi została podjęta próba prześledzenia ciągłości owego zjawiska oraz zmian we wzajemnych relacjach pomiędzy mniejszością żydowską a chrześcijańską większością. Brzmienie przysięgi żydowskiej zależało od celu, jakiemu miała ona służyć. Przysięga została stworzona przez chrześcijan, którzy dążyli do tego, by jak najbardziej ograniczyć możliwość jej złamania. Biorąc pod uwagę przepisy dotyczące praktycznego zastosowania przysięgi, można powiedzieć, że jej celem było również ukazanie miejsca i pozycji narodu żydowskiego w społeczności chrześcijańskiej. Przysięga była przede wszystkim narzędziem dyscyplinowania i kontroli. Z powyższych powodów stanowi ona bogate źródło cennych informacji na temat rozwoju społeczeństwa miejskiego oraz zapewnia wgląd w zmiany, jakim podlegało ono na przestrzeni znaczącego i długiego okresu swojego istnienia.

GREEK? REVOLUTION? HISTORIOGRAPHICAL INSCRIPTIONS OF A HISTORICAL EVENT

Author(s): Maria Todorova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

This article is taking account of the different historiographical frameworks in which the 1821 Greek Revolution has (or not) found its place. The clusters identified reflect the ways in which Greek history and by extension the Greek Revolution, itself a function of the overall reception of Greek history, are globalized. They show their prevalence in some rubrics and relative absence in others, depending on the epoch. Among the rubrics, foremost is the question whether, when and by whom the events of 1821 were represented as a revolution and why some historiographical traditions withhold this characterization. Other clusters, analyzed comparatively and in the context of modernity, are nationalism studies, international relations, especially the Eastern Question, the issue of violence, as well as women studies. Finally, addressed is the issue why the Greek Revolution, without doubt global in its imagination, connections and ramifications, is sorely missing from the big narratives of world history.

Development of Mining in Sakar Mountain in the 15th and 16th Centuries. Demographic and Economic Characteristics of the Population Engaged in Ore Mining and Metalworking

Author(s): Stefan Dimitrov / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2021

The present study is based on unpublished Ottoman tax registers (tapu tahrir defterleri) kept at the collections of the Ottoman Аrchive in Istanbul (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi). The author aims to identify the ethno-religious characteristics of the population engaged in ore mining and metalworking, its tax liabilities and economic activity. From the late 15th c. to the 1530s the region of Sakar Mountain ranked among the significant mining and metalworking centres in the Bulgarian lands, such as Samokov, Chiprovtsi, Zhelezna, Etropole, etc. Later on it gradually declined and can hardly be characterized as “significant”. This decline in ore mining in Sakar Mountain is evidenced by both the general negative demographic trend among the mining population and the fact that after the 1530s this mining population was no longer recorded as a separate group in the Ottoman registers. It is also indicative that in the 16th century the miners gradually and more and more actively engaged in parallel agricultural activity, and at the same time the mining settlements began to fall away from the sultan’s hasses and were assigned different status (timars, mülks, vakıfs).

Sein und Schein am Hofe des Zaren Ferdinand von Bulgarien: einige Nuancen seines Intimlebens

Author(s): Peter Stoyanovich / Language(s): German Issue: 3-4/2021

Many have speculated on the intimate life of King Ferdinand. During the communist era, it was transformed into a calling of evil and a denial of everything Bulgarian and native. The article examines some of the important nuances of both the intimate life and tastes of the king, and draws interesting parallels to the public attitudes and false morals of the elite.