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The presented study is an attempt for a multifaced research the registered prishaltsi (out-comers) in the Ottoman tax inventories – one of the most important indicator of the occurred demographic, ethno-religious, economicand even political changes during 16th – 17th cc. The author’s observations are mainly focused on unpublished and just partially published Ottoman register material about sancak of Nikopol, while in the quantitative and statistical analysis is primarily used data from the detailed registered defters of 1516/17, 1541–45, 1579 ( 1613/14) and 1642/43–1646. One of the highlights is put on the reasons for the preservation of the authentic form of the word prishalets – prishelets in the Ottoman registration practice, synonyms of which in Bulgarian language are preselnik (immigrant), chujdenets (foreigner), drugozemets (from another land), immigrant and others. One of the starting concepts in the study is that when registered in such manner they are clearly recognizable – for the local population, as well as for the Ottoman tax officers and clerks – as newsettlers compared to permanent residents of the respective town or village. The outlined common characteristics of the discussed by the study prishaltsi, give grounds at least several key aspects of their role and place in the Bulgarian society during 16th – 17th cc. to be pointed out. First of all the so-called prishultsi are within the most important indicators of the demographic situation and the dynamics of migration processes for the period considered. The complex study of the data about them in the context of a number of other explanatory entries (ethnonyms and nicknames such as: surf/serb (serbian), vlach/eflyak, rum/grak (greek), latin, arbanash/arnavut, etc.; annotations, locating the departure points of the migration; socalled “escapes by the taxpaying population (reaya)” and other) gives a real opportunity the basic parameters of the migration processes to be outlined. They mark the intensity of migration processes during 16th – 17th cc. that had led to the depopulation of entire regions and destabilization of the Orthodox community, but along with it had provided theconstant “mechanical” growth and economic boom of a number of major urban centers in the Bulgarian lands. The high concentration of prishaltsi in Kazgan Banara (today’s town of Kotel), for example, as evidenced by the adduced registerdata, clearly marks the stages of the enlargement of the town and its transformation into one of the centres of the Bulgarian Revival movement. Among the outlined summaries the conclusion that deserves attention is that the so called prishaltsi are far from belonging to the marginalia of the society – neither at city level nor at village one. The summarized entries on taxes in all the commented registers from the 16th and 17th century do not detect any difference in taxation compared to the rest of the population, even when the prishaltsi are listed within the categories of population with special status and obligations to the central government. Furthermore, many of them are among the prosperous social classes in Bulgarian society throughout the whole period considered, and even afterwards.
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The paper deals with the life and work of priest Georgi Marinov Poluganov (1808 – 1888) – the most eminent personality of Polikraishte, Veliko Tarnovo region, Bulgaria, in the entire 19th century. It is shown that he founded the school in the village in 1847 and became its first teacher. His role as an organizer and basic actor in the two sublemest socio-political events in Polikraishte during this period: the solemn welcome of Ilarion Makariopolski, the first Tarnovo Bishop at the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate in 1872; and the welcome ceremony in honour of the Russian liberating forces in 1877, is examined, as well. His participation in the revolutionary committee of the Internal Revolutionary Organization, established by Vasil Levski, and in the committee for the preparation and declaration of the April Uprising in 1876 when he was persecuted by the Turks and was threatened with hanging, are also highlighted.
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The reading-room “Napredak” in Gorna Oryahovitsa was founded in order to support the revolutionary figures and to carry the ideas for national liberation into effect. Although it was mostly engaged in the protection, dissemination and execution of the revolutionary ideas, the reading-room did not abandon its actual educational activities. Its ideas were adopted by the female and student societies founded by the chairman Vicho Grancharov.
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The presented letters are from Dimitar Pushkov, a prominent national figure, politician and entrepreneur from the end of XIXth and the beginning of the XXth century. They describe the events that occured in Constituent National Assembly in Tarnovo from the 17 of February to the 8 of March 1879. The National Assembly was summoned for the elaboration of the Bulgarian constitution in accordance with the decisions of the Berlin Congress. The letters are a prominent evidence of the dynamic political processes that were developing in the assembly hall and the formation of the party-political system.
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This paper explores the development of market integration within the Lower Danube region andMediterranean deposit ports, from the 1830s to the 1850s. By the early 1830s, Danubian grain entered this commercial pattern, following the provisions of the Russian-Turkish Peace of Adrianople (1829). It granted the two Romanian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia full freedom to pursue commerce and to navigate on the Danube, turning the ports of Brăila and Galaţi into important suppliers of grain on the European markets. In the following two decades, Danubian grain supplied the Mediterranean deposit ports, before a decisive shift took place following the repeal of the Corn Laws in Britain, when most of the Danubian wheat and maize was carried directly to the British archipelago. This paper refers to the conditions of grain production in the Romanian Principalities, to their foreign trade through the ports of Brăila and Galaţi and to the commercial houses and the merchants who mediated these trading relations between the Danube and the Mediterranean deposit ports.
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The aim of this articleis to analyze and compare the researchin the magazine “Epochs”, which wasmade for the Newest and General history, from 1993 till 2018. Statistics showthatinthis period there were 102 articles published, which were regarding the New General history, the Modern General history, the history of Russia and the history of the Balkan nations, which is approximately 15.1% out of all 644 articles. Most of the mare regarding the New history. Thereis a balanced presence of representatives from different countries, universities, institutesetc. Whenit comes to subjects of the articles the rear et womain tendencies: 1. The publications follow the personal research orientation of the author; 2.Some of the publications out line other research subjects from the General history. Thereis a wide variety of the subjects– from the politics of the Great powers to the historyof different countries, colonial an do thermatters. Articles, which wereregarding the history of Russia and the Balkan nations history, were also published. The publications were based on authoritative and diverse, evidential matterand on a high scientifically level.
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The paper explores the status, rights, and responsibilities of teachers of the Kiev Institute of Noble Girls, which were regulated by the Charter of that institution and official documents of the Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria. It is shown the connection between the institute teachers and class inspectors, and the division of tutors. Also, it highlights the teachers’ work load, salaries, and the impact of teachers on girls’ daily routine life, which are based on the memories of the alumni.
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This article aims to examine and call more attention to an old, unduly disregarded ethnographic map from 1874, drafted by the Slovenian intellectual Maks Pleteršnik. The „Ethnographic Map of the Bulgarian Land“ outlines the territories across European Turkey populated by ethnic Bulgarians at the time. It is the first known ethnographic map authored by a non-Bulgarian to deal exclusively with the Bulgarian people, which makes it a document of particular importance. This article retraces the map‘s history in brief, elucidates the historical situation and the reasons for its drafting, and attempts to determine the sources used in its composition. The map is then subjected to an extensive analysis, with the goal of explicating its specific peculiarities as well as its shortcomings and virtues/ contributions. The book „Slovanstvo,“ wherein the map was first published as an appendix, is also given its due consideration. This article fills in a certain gap in research and hopefully will be of use not only to the scientific community, but a much wider readership as well.
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Following the archaeological research carried out in 2020 at the Reformed Church in the village of Nușeni, a sealed document was identified, in a niche of the balcony from the inside of the church.It is dated 10th of August1933 and mentions the local community’s efforts that year to renovate the church. The document is signed by the reformed priest active at that time in Nușeni, Geréb András.
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The 17th century was one of the most turbulent centuries in the history of Europe. Both its beginning and its end were marked by wars with the Ottoman Empire, the first half by a 30‐year religious war, and the second half by a mini‐ice age, in addition to the final turnaround in the Austrian‐Turkish wars. Given all of this, the Austrian‐Turkish war between 1663 and 1664 seems to be only a minor episode. Nevertheless, this war was considered an important turning point in European history. It coincided with the time when the surface area of the Ottoman Empire in Europe was at its largest and signaled the end of the Ottoman power and domination in South‐Eastern Europe. The battle of Saint Gotthard did not change the course of European history; however, it did expose some of the weaknesses of the Austrian Imperial Army on the one hand and the failings of the Turkish Army on the other. It can be argued that the experience of this battle convinced the Austrian emperor that victory in the Austrian‐Turkish war was possible. At the same time, this was an essential motivational aspect for Hungary in the coming fighting with the Turks. During this period, Hungary was still mainly under the occupation of the Ottoman Empire. The above‐mentioned was followed by the slow, but persistent decline of the Ottoman rule in the Western Balkans.
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Józef Baum came from a Saxon family. His forebears came to Poland along with the elected King Augustus II at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Both Józef ’s father and grandfather were high officials in the Austrian Civil Service in Galicia. Józef was born in 1821 as the fifth child of Antoni and Helena (nee Walczak) Baum. The parents planned a military career for him. He quickly cast aside those plans, however, and after completing the Military Academy in Wiedeń, he settled in the family estate in Kopytówka (in the Wadowice district). Th ere, he became known as an exceptional organiser and administrator of his lands. He quickly earned respect among the local peasants. It is likely that it was this widely held esteem among the people that gave Baum his entrée to the National Seym, or Assembly, in Lwów. In 1861 he was selected as a delegate to the Seym for his first term from the Wadowice-Andrychów district. In Lwów he represented the Fourth Curia, which meant that Baron Baum was elected by the peasants, who must have entrusted him to advocate for their interests. Baum’s meteoric political career was interrupted by the outbreak of the January Uprising in Congress Poland. Despite the fact that that drive for independence included only the Polish lands in the Russian partition, the organisation of aide - mainly military aide – was undertaken on behalf of the insurrectionists. A significant role in this fell to Józef Baum, who had been a member of the independence organisation, the National Committee for Western Galicia (later transformed in the National Provisional Council for Western Galicia). In August 1863 he was arrested by the Austrian authorities on accusations of treason. In the absence of compelling proof, he was cleared of the charges and in June of the following year he was released from prison in Lwów. At the beginning of the era of autonomy in Galicia, Józef Baum again became involved in political affairs on both the regional and national levels. He was particularly noted for his activities in the parliament in Wiedeń, and as the President of the Department of the Poviat in Wadowice. Baum’s role in the creation of "modern" Wadowice is not adequately appreciated today, as it should be remembered that it was through his aid in the City on the Skawa that, among other achievements, the seat of the large Circuit Court was located there, and that city was the site of the first Poviat Savings Bank in Galicia. Without a doubt, Baum also took part in the opening of the Polish gymnasium in Wadowice, which in the nineteenth century became one of the most important cultural institutions in the region. Just before his death, of Józef Baum was involved in supporting the city government in efforts to enlist Wadowice in the circle of the “greater cities of Galicia”, which came into eff ect a few years aft er he passed away. Józef Baum von Appelshofen died suddenly in Wiedeń in March 1883. His passage sent a shudder through the community of Wadowice and people involved in the city’s and the region’s affairs. In October of 1884, the city councillors of Wadowice decided to erect a monument with his bust. This initiative was met with support from the majority of the people of the city. Th e choice of location for the new monument was obvious to its founders. A socle with a bust of the Baron was to stand in the centre of the square between the building of the Circuit Court and the gimnazjum. It was completed in 1887. Since that time, through the decades, it has become a part of the landscape of the city, and a reminder to successive generations of the citizens of Wadowice of a great Polish patriot and a person who did great service for Wadowice and the Wadowice Poviat.
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This article deals with the hitherto unknown phenomenon of paying tribute to kings, princes,and free state lords in Silesia in the period 1600–1740. It is important that the formula for submittingthe homage in the times cited changed dramatically, and the observation of the legal custom allowedus to distinguish three types of this type of ceremony. We distinguish, therefore, the tributes paid tothe hands of royal-imperial dignitaries in the Superior Office in Wrocław by feudal princes (apartfrom the tributes paid in Vienna itself), tributes paid by princely vassals in hereditary principalitiesto the royal starosts, where the prince was almost always Habsburg during the period in question(exception: Duchy of Opole and Racibórz, 1645–1666). The third type of tribute were those that tookplace with the seizure of one of the six free state states (estates with rights similar to principalities).Attentions gets also the so-called “reverse guarantees” provided by newly acquiring principalitiesor their representatives. Apart from the legal and administrative aspects, the work also presents thecultural image of paying homage. It contains a description of the custom regarding the place ofworship, the manner of gathering, or the texts of the oaths and homage replicas of the rulers, firsttime in the Polish translation.
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Motivation until the beginning of the 19th century was an undiscovered area of scientific research. The idea of using motivation in psychology, almost or in other fields, was born only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Leon Petrażycki was one of the first scientists to make a groundbreaking classification of psychic phenomena. He distinguished among them emotions, feelings, sensations and processes of the will. Research that was carried out at that time showed a connection between emotions and motivation. Many of the later researchers continued various assumptions resulting from Petrażycki’s theory. In literature, two periods of the scholar’s work are distinguished: St. Petersburg and Warsaw. Therefore, it is justified to divide his followers on the basis of these stages of his scientific activity. The article presents short profiles of researchers selected by the author who were inspired by the ideas of Leon Petrażycki, including Jerzy Lande, Henryk Piętka, Mikołaj Timaszew, Georgij Gurwicz, and Mikhail Rejsner. In addition, an analysis of their work was made in the context of emotions and the theory of motivation initiated by the St. Petersburg scientist. It also presents the views of contemporary Petrażycki supporters.
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The publication presents the criminal activity of perpetrators committing violent crimes in the Sanok region at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century. It shows the specificity of the criminal judiciary at that time, as well as presents social and geographic factors influencing the shaping of the criminal world. It also discusses the typology of the above-mentioned criminal acts and shows the social structure of the crimes perpetrators at that time. It also shows the specificity of the criminal world in the form of more numerous criminal associations operating in the studied area than in other parts of the country.
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The distinction between “major” and “minor” guardianships appeared with the Civil Code of Kingdom of Poland in 1825. The former was created with participation of the courts of peace (for wealthier pupils) and the latter – with the participation of local magistrates (for less wealthy). Documentation of the „minor” guardianships activities was regulated by administrative regulations. The separated court files were created for every new case. Most of them included document initiating the guardianship, one protocol of the family council’s meeting and the inventory of property. Custodial data rarely documented more activities. The magistrate officials created protocols of the family council’s meetings, and reports about the number of the guardianships establishments based on the forms sent by courts and the governmental commissions. Reports and official correspondence between magistrate and court’s and administrative authorities were documented in the general files.
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The Civil Code of the Kingdom of Poland (KCKP), enacted on June 1, 1825, stated that property relations in marriage could develop within the statutory property regime, which was the exclusive property regime or the contractual regime adopted by the spouses. KCKP regulated the principles of operation of the three main property regimes that could be introduced by agreement. The future spouses could simply bind their property relations to one of these regimes, or make any modifications to them. In addition, they were allowed to adopt a completely different, arbitrary system, as long as the rules of its functioning did not violate the law or good morals, and were specified in detail in the contract. The contractual systems regulated in the code were: property separation, dowry property regime and joint property. In practice of first notaries in the years 1841–1875 in Łódź, most commonly adopted property regimes were those that combined the features of two regimes, i.e. property exclusivity and joint property, or a dowry regime and joint property. However, the principles of the functioning of these systems adopted in premarital agreements were not uniform. The bride and groom decided on various combinations in terms of subjecting individual property components to property exclusivity, possibly to a dowry government, or joint ownership. The regimes of exclusive property and joint property as well as the dowry regime and joint property regimes were attractive for spouses, due to their flexibility, the possibility of adjusting the arrangements to the financial situation of future spouses.
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The paper shows the development of legal representation in the Principality of Serbia, with a special focus on the professional participation of women in court proceedings, shown through the character and work of Marija Milutinović Punktatorka, a teacher and the first female attorney in Serbia. In the judicial system of the Principality of Serbia, women were not prohibited from practicing law, which enabled an educated woman to pave the way for future women lawyers in the period of ‘Little Serbia’. In the relevant literature, one can find rare texts in which the life and work of Marija Milutinović are mentioned casually and inconspicuously without an стр. 00–000 24 insight into the complete biography. By researching unpublished archival sources, significant information was obtained about the life and work of Marija Milutinović Punktatorka, the wife of the poet Sima Milutinović Sarajlija and the mother of the architect and professor of the Grande école, Dragutin (Dragiša) Milutinović. Marija Milutinović Punktatorka was born in 1809 into the Popović family in Timisoara. As the ‘first Serbian’ teacher, she educated girls and thus strove for women in the 19th century to fight for their place in the society. She was educated in Buda, where she also studied several sciences privately, with a ‘very good approach and accuracy’. After the death of her husband, in October 1848, she opened a private elementary school in Belgrade. Soon, in 1849, she entered the civil service and started working as a teacher at the state school in Belgrade near the Great Church (Saborna crkva), where she received a pension in August 1874. Marija Milutinović’s main motive to engage in legal representation stemmed from humane motives and not from material benefit. She practiced law even during her married life. She charged wealthier people, whom she successfully represented and won lawsuits in court with large compensation—modest, symbolic sums, more as a reward than as a fee (Игњатовић, 1860, p. 24). Even after her husband’s death (1847), she continued to practice law and fulfil her husband’s bequest, providing legal aid and representing the poor free of charge, which reflected badly on her impoverished family fund (Јавор, 1862–1863; 1874–1893, p. 350). During the working life of Marija Milutinović, legal regulations did not prohibit women from practicing law, nor did the prohibition result indirectly. With the entry into force of the Law on Legal Representatives (1862), the previous decrees and orders, which often ad hoc solved the issue of providing legal aid in the Principality of Serbia. Officially, Marija Milutinović did not submit a request to be recognized as a lawyer before the competent authorities because she did not graduate from the Faculty of Law. In a formal sense, Marija Milutinović was never recognized by the Мinistry as having the right to call herself a lawyer. Based on the real facts, it cannot be disputed that Marija Milutinović Punktatorka was the first woman in the Principality of Serbia to engage in a free profession, in this particular case, legal work.
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