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Epigrafik Belgeler ve Antik Edebi Eserler Işığında Magnesia ad Sipylum

Author(s): Yasemin Sargın / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Issue/2020

Magnesia ad Sipylum is a Lydian City established on the northern foothills of Mount Sipylos (Spil/Manisa), within the borders of the modern Province of Manisa. Topographically, the city overlooks the fertile Gediz Plain irrigated by the Hermos (Gediz) River. Its location on the intersection of ancient itineraries gives the city commercial and strategic importance. Magnesia, located about 32 km northeast of Smyrna (Izmir), has had good relations with this neighboring city. This relation is also documented by an epigraphic inscription which contains the decree of sympoliteia between the two cities, dated to 243 BC. A few archaeological remains and epigraphic documents have survived from the ancient city. Further the information of the city is acquired by the accounts of ancient writers. This study aims to present current information on Magnesia ad Sipylum in terms of historical-geography and socio-cultural aspects within the possibilities provided by epigraphic documents and ancient literary works.

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Чужой в тандеме с хищником: звериные статусы и воинские ранги погребенных Солохи

Author(s): Sergei Aleksandrovich Kozlov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

The present article attempts to transcode the “animal” status of those buried in the first monumental burial ground of the Scythians in the Lower Dnieper region — the famous Solokha barrow. Solokha’s materials are seen as an optimal case for such kind of study. On the one hand, two burials from different periods and of different statuses were found underneath the mound. On the other hand, each of the burials contained artefacts with depictions of wild and mythological predators, which makes it possible to correlate the statuses of the buried with the depictions of beasts. Based on the analysis of the funeral contexts in Solokha, and taking into account the semantics of animal styles, it is possible to conclude that the lateral grave belonged to a legitimate king of the Scythians (conventionally, “Oktamasades”) whose status was clearly marked by feline-shaped predators, and the central one — to a “prince” (conventionally, “Orikos”) who died at a young age and forever remained on the primary, “wolf” stage of military initiation.

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Ландшафтное окружение городищ и курганов скифского времени в донской лесостепи

Author(s): Yury D. Razuvaev,Yury G. Chendev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

The article offers a reconstruction of the landscape in the 6th—3rd centuries BC in the environs of 24 sites of Scyphoid and Gorodets archaeological cultures. Information on previous soil and palynological analyses is summarized, and the results of the latest studies of buried soils are published. A modern soil map offers an approximate view of the vegetation of the Don basin in the past. Hillforts and barrows of the Scyphoid culture are concentrated in the territories of typical forest steppe, while the fortified settlements of Gorodets are found in the more forested northern territory. This may be due to the difference in management systems, especially farming (tillage and slash-and-burn farming). Under the earthen defensive ramparts of all the studied hillforts of Early Iron Age, associated with forest valley-river landscapes, the soils with properties of forest formation have been identified, however, in many cases preserving the features of Chernozems of the drier Bronze Age. Qualities of paleosoils suggest the process of afforestation of river valleys and adjacent sections of watersheds at the beginning of Early Iron Age. Kurgans, which demonstrate the military-elitist appearance of the material culture and mobility of their creators, are situated in the interfluvial meadow-steppes and are separated from the nearest hillforts under the forests by the local relief. Localization of these and other sites confirms the existence of different economic and cultural types among the population of the Scythian era.

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Рецензия на: Нефедкин А. К. Изучение древнего военного искусства в России и странах СНГ (XVIII — начало XXI в.). Санкт-Петербург: «Петербургское Востоковедение», 2020, 468 с. ISBN 978-5-85803-538-1

Author(s): Sarkis S. Kazarov,Alexandr N. Kovalenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

book review

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GEÇ ANTİK ÇAĞ-ERKEN HIRİSTİYAN SANATINDA FİLOZOF İSA FİGÜRLERİ

Author(s): Ferda Barut Kemirtlek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 77/2021

Late Antique and Early Christian Art designates the idiosyncratic content and style of the art which was produced during the Christianity transition process of the Roman society which was nourished mostly by the ancient Greek culture. In this transition process in which the border lines were blurred and the Christian iconography was not standardized yet, the pagan elements were included to the Christian narration or the visual images which were needed by the Christians were articulated into the pagan narration. This process which was lasted between the third to sixth centuries ended by the dissolving of pagan culture into Christianity. After Christianity constructed its own content and image discourse, pagan elements disappeared except rare personifications and mythological premises of some Christian scenes of which their geneological roots cannot be settled down easily. In this period, the philosopher image, one of the prestige indications of the ancient culture, was used for Jesus depictions frequently. In ancient society the notions of morality, culture, education and philosophy were perceived as honourable and closely interrelated with each other. The philosopher figure who possesses these virtues is an educated and restained person, a wise teacher who guides the people around him by the way of his attitudes, his own life and his lectures. In relation to this perception, in Late Antique and Early Christian Art, especially on sarcophagi, Christ is depicted in the image of philosopher/teacher who leads the person to the true knowledge both in life and after-life. Christian theology has created its own sphere and conceptual framework, consequently the identity between the virtuous life and philosophy is abandoned at the end of Late Antiquity. In this milieu philosophy losts its importance, even starts to define an antitheological sphere for Christians. The philosopher image is no longer appropriate for the ones who identify it with the pagan and hence religionless Greeks of the ancient times. By losing the previous value of the philosopher’s image in ancient society, Christ the Philosopher figures have disappeared from the representations.

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Irony and heroism:

Author(s): Maksim Prikhodko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

In the article we investigate the Christian –pagan polemic of Origen’s treatise “Contra Celsum”in fragment 7.53-58, where the problem of the correlation of irony and heroism reveals the contrast between false and true deeds, for which divine honours are given. The irony that Celsus uses to attack Christians serves as a kind of “divide” that marks acontrast between pagan ideas about heroism, as a principle of deification of people, and the principles on which, from Celsus’ point of view of, Christians consider Jesus to be God. A special subject of the article is Celsus’ reflection on the ironic motive of the Book of Jonah, the story of the gourd (Jonah 4, 5-11), and the salvation of the prophet Daniel from the lion's den (Dan. 6, 16-23). Origen’s response to Celsus’ speech shows a certain similarity to the text of a pagan author in structural, stylistic and lexical aspects. Such factor reveals a rhetorical content of the response of Origen. In the field of rhetorica, Origen uses irony against his opponent: pagan heroes and philosophers now appear funny or not serious enough, whereas the Old Testamentprophets are revealed as genuinely great and as a source of miracles. In light of this, Origen’s response to Celsus replaces Celsus’ ironic allusion to the gourd story from the fourth chapter of the Book of Jonah with the first verse of the second chapter, which opens the episode of Jonah’s stay in the belly of the whale. An analysis of this substitution, based on the hermeneutic principles of Origen, shows the role of Biblical irony as a specific aspect of the spiritual meaning of the sacred text. It is hypothesized that the essence of this specificity is the creation of a contrast that sets any feat of any person in the light of the historical life of Jesus Christ, who completely and exceptionally realized God’s providence. This reveals a pattern or principle of going beyond the limits of human virtue to the sphere of divine being. To compare any feats with the earthly life and the death of the Saviour renders the opposition of ironic and heroic no longer a contrast between false and true: any heroism, even the exploits of the Old Testament prophets, becomes ironic / ridiculous. Thus Origen’s Christian irony is not only an instrument of rhetorical discourse, but a philosophical and literary device that allows transcending, or elevating to an unattainable level, the heroism of the life and death of the Saviour.

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SOGMATAR

Author(s): Yusuf Albayrak / Language(s): English Issue: 48/2020

Located on the Individual Mountains, about 70 km. southeast of Şanlıurfa provincial center, Soğmatar, starting from the Chalcolithic Age due to the abundance of water resources, the Middle and Early Bronze Age, The Iron Age (Bc I. Bin), the Roman period and the Islamic period until the present day uninterrupted settlement, especially in the 2nd century AD. In the 19th century, the moon came to the forefront with the worship of the God of Sin. In addition to being used as a temple area, Soğmatar was also used as a necropolis area in the Early Bronze Age and roman times. Some of the rock tombs in the necropolis area built in the Early Bronze Age were replaced during the Roman period and were reused. These tombs, which were opened in the well-entrance plan, were extended to the south during the Roman period, the well entrance part was extended to the south, the stairway corridors were opened, the entrance part was expanded and the wall cells where the dead were placed on 3 walls were opened.

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Záchranný archeologický výzkum na polykulturním sídlišti a pohřebišti v Obříství (okr. Mělník)

Author(s): Katarína Čuláková,Klára Fleková,Lucie Šmahelová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2014

The site Obříství (Mělník district) is situated in old settlement area and it is known from older finds, among them the most important is funeral area from Roman period. This article is an introduction to the volume of papers, which evaluates the results of archaeological rescue excavation, which was realized in years 2008–2011 before the construction of 64 family houses on originally agricultural land.The archeological excavation gives evidence of settlement or funeral activities from Neolitihic Linear Pottery Culture to Middle Ages, except of La Tene culture. In this volume are published the results of evaluation of finds from Neolithic period, Eneolitihic period, Roman period, the Great Migrations period, Early Middle Ages and the evidence of funeral activities.

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Anmerkungen zur Geschichte des Stalles von der Urgeschichte bis zur Neuzeit am Beispiel von Rinderstall und Schweinekoben

Author(s): W. Haio Zimmermann / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2014

Notes on the evolution in housing domestic animals from prehistory to modern times, based on the cattle-byre and pigsty. Succeeding three papers published in 1999, this paper deals with the byre and pigsty; structures which served many purposes, varying in time and place. They were important to collect dung, to save the farmed areas from damage during the winter, to protect the animals from raids etc. It is astonishing how well the reasons for the introduction and maintenance of the byre, as summarised by the author in 1999, match with ethnographical sources quoted by Huppertz (1948). Apart from Scandinavia and the areas on the southern edge of the North Sea, very little is known about when and why stabling was introduced in Europe, and whether it was practiced continuously or not. The presence of byres can be demonstrated by various scientific methods. When large scale excavations uncover complete yards with different types of buildings and structures, phosphate analysis is an excellent method to give insight into the use and function of these yards, providing that the researcher does not restrict himself to a few individual house plans. At present, only for the areas at the southern edge of the North Sea and in Scandinavia there are convincing P-mapping data; convincing because large numbers of data facilitate correct interpretation. Therefore phosphate analysis should also be a method of research in other European areas. By means of documentary and pictorial sources as well as ethnographic reports concerning different aspects of the byre and pigsty and the wintering of domestic animals are discussed, e.g. in which direction the cattle were stalled, their herding and tethering and the use of the byre for sleeping and the presence or absence of a hearth. Even if the results may not be directly applicable to pre- and proto-historical conditions, these sources can be helpful to produce models. This is especially interesting in the case of the pigsty, for which there is little archaeological evidence so far. And each well-preserved and undisturbed house-plan which is not phosphate mapped, is a lost opportunity. (corr. Adrie Ufkes, Groningen)

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Kral Mitolojilerinde Evrensel Kahraman Tipolojisine Bir Örnek: Akad Kralı Sargon

Author(s): Osman Emir / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

In this study, the main topics and common features of universal hero stories will be discussed. Then it has been discussed the universal hero stories that emerged at different times and places and the reasons for the surprising similarities between these stories. Then, the cuneiform text, which represents one of the oldest examples of universal hero stories and tells the story of the birth of the Akkadian king Sargon, known as the “legend of the birth of Sargon”, has been studied. In this text, it will be revealed to what extent the information given about his life is similar to the universal hero stories; how, when and why this story was written. Based on the other written texts of Sargon, it has been tried to reveal whether the information given among these texts is compatible or not. Finally, the question of the “legend of the birth of Sargon” affects the similar heroic stories that emerged in the later periods, whether the text is the oldest archetype of these heroic stories, and whether Sargon’s text was taken from an older story.

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Zakamarki (nie)widzialnych miast. Techniki obrazowania 3D na przecięciu archeologii, architektury i filmu

Author(s): Maciej Stasiowski / Language(s): English Issue: 113/2021

With the success of the BBC and PBS series such as "Italy’s Invisible Cities" (2017), "Ancient Invisible Cities" (2018), and "Pompeii: New Secrets Revealed" (2016), made in collaboration with ScanLab and employing LiDAR scanning and 3D imaging techniques extensively, popular television programmes grasped the aesthetics of spectral 3D mapping. Visualizing urban topographies previously hidden away from view, these shows put on display technological prowess as means to explore veritably ancient vistas. This article sets out to investigate cinematographic devices and strategies – oscillating between perspectives on built heritage championed by two figures central to the 19th-century discourse on architecture: Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc and John Ruskin – manipulating the image in a rivalry for the fullest immersion into a traversable facsimile of past spatialities.

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BRAMA ZACHODNIA W LEPTIS MAGNA (PORTA OEA) JAKO ŁUK TRIUMFALNY ANTONINUSA PIUSA

Author(s): Jakub Mosiejczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 66/2020

The aim of the presented study is to consider the remains of the Western Gate in Leptis Magna as a relic of the triumphal arch in the urban and social context of the city. The monument is relatively unknown and functions among researchers mainly as the monument of late ancient fortifications. The history and current state of the research on the architecture and decoration of this object is described in the light of studies and deliberations. Presented here is an iconographic analysis of the few details discovered near the monument, including a figural representation featuring a Medusa medallion. Conclusions on the stylistics of the arch decorations point to the work of craftsmen from Asia Minor. The importance of the phenomenon, which in the middle of the 2nd century begins the process of transformation of the city with the use of a newly imported raw material – marble, was emphasized. These processes resulted in the formation of the local North African architectural style in public buildings.

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PUBLIC OR PRIVATE? AN ATTEMPT TO INTERPRET THE SOCIAL-ECONOMIC PURPOSE AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WELLS LOCATED ON A PRZEWORSK CULTURE SETTLEMENT (BASED INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH – EXAMPLE OF THE SITE IN KWIATKÓW)

Author(s): Magdalena Piotrowska / Language(s): English Issue: 66/2020

The aim of this article is to present the results of the archaeological analysis carried out on two wells from the site Kwiatków 11/20 (Brudzew commune, Greater-Poland Voivodeship) against a background of the geochemical and lithological data, as well as to outline the lithological and geological conditions of the surroundings of the excavated area. Within this settlement more than 100 wells were recorded. Most of the wells discovered have features of the Przeworsk culture from the first centuries AD. The analysis and interpretation of the data obtained (thanks to interdisciplinary research) helps us to understand the validity of use and functions of the wells within the site mentioned, and their social aspects. Thanks to the cooperation of specialists representing various scientific fields, it was possible to identify some differences not only in the chronology of both fields analyzed, but also in their function within the area of the settlement.

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A CHAOTIC TOURS OF THE ‘HALLS’ OF THE LOGOI OF THE HERODOTUS ‘MUSES’: REVIEW OF THE ENGLISH HISTORIOGRAPHY ON THE ‘FATHER OF HISTORY’ AND HIS WORK IN THE NEW GUIDE-BOOK

Author(s): Aleksandr Sinitsyn,Igor Surikov / Language(s): English Issue: 66/2020

Review of: Aleksandr Sinitsyn, Igor Surikov - Sean Sheehan. A Guide to Reading Herodotus’ Histories. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. XIV, 316 p. ISBN 9781474292665

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Homoseksualizm w prawodawstwie biblijnego Izraela

Author(s): Barbara Strzałkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The purpose of this article is to look at the topic of homosexuality in ancient Israel’s legislation and to analyze the specific regulations on this issue. The issue of homosexual acts appears clearly twice in the Torah, in Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13, in both cases alongside other intimate practices prohibited by Law. Both texts are discussed in the article together with their context, and then possible interpretations – the traditional ones, and those proposed in recent years. The latter try to demonstrate that the content of biblical legislation is not clearly opposed to homosexual relations (unlike how it was interpreted in the Jewish and Christian traditions). The article additionally – in the discussed context of the legislation on homosexuality – analyses two biblical texts possibly dealing with male sacred prostitution (Deut 23:18-19 and possibly also Leviticus 18:21).

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Преднамеренно деформированные черепа из могильника Фронтовое-3

Author(s): Natalia G. Svirkina,Maria V. Dobrovolskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2021

The paleoanthropological materials from fully studied 228 burials of Frontovoye-3 burial ground it is possible to characterize the deformed skulls frequency and their shape in burials dating back to late 1st — early 5th centuries AD. We esteem the tradition of baby’s head artificial deformation as related to gender culture, which is passed on from one generation of women to the next. There were found only seven cases of deformities, which is less than 3% of the total number of individuals studied. With the contours of the skull sagittal sutures compared, traces of slight annular deformation were found on six male skulls of mature and older age. The skull of one young woman shows traces of annular deformation with the effect of slight skull elongation. We discuss the hypothesis that the tradition of insignificant deformation of baby’s head was observed by a very limited part of society. Nevertheless, this tradition has been preserved throughout the entire existence of the necropolis. The same picture can be observed in a series of paleoanthropological materials from the Roman period from the necropolises of Chersonesos, Phanagoria, and burial grounds of the Abrau Peninsula. This situation contrasts with the high frequency and significant severity of deformed skulls among the population of the Lower Don and Volga regions, Northern Ciscaucasia.

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РАЗЧИСТВАНЕ НА ВАРНЕНСКИ „АВГИЕВИ“ ОБОРИ

Author(s): Dimitar Chanev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The cyclical 12-year calendar is marked each year by its zodiacal symbol. Among them is the year of the astrological, imaginary, heavently fire-breathing dragon. The word „Sklav/Slav“ means heavenly dragon. The image of St. George, a victor, presents the killing of a dragon near a lake with sacrilegious girl in which a symbolic murder of the Slav was concealed. In the lakes and rivers live snakes and St. George must kill a snake, not a dragon, a symbol of the Slavs. Do scientists think that presidents, patriarchs of Slavic countries must necessarily change?

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ЕДНА ГОДИНА СЛЕД ОТПЛАВАНЕТО НА МЕЖДУНАРОДНАТА ЕКСПЕДИЦИЯ “ABORA IV” ОТ ВАРНА – РЕТРОСПЕКЦИЯ

Author(s): Alexander Alexandrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The ABORA project has nearly 20 years of history. The leader is the German scientist and practical researcher Dr. Dominique Goerlitz, who is a follower of the Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl. ABORA IV is the expedition held in 2019 from Varna to Kas, Turkey, where the voyage ended on 21.09.2019. The paper presents information about some developments since its end up to the present moment realized mainly in Germany and Bulgaria, in order to be identify the community’s attitude.

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The Vestal Virgins’ Socio-political Role and the Narrative of Roma Aeterna

Author(s): Karolina Wyrwińska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Roman women – priestesses, patrician women, mysterious guardians of the sacred flame of goddess Vesta, admired and respected, sometimes blamed for misfortune of the Eternal City. Vestals identified with the eternity of Rome, the priestesses having a specific, unavailable to other women power. That power gained at the moment of a ritual capture (captio) and responsibilities and privileges resulted from it are the subject matter of this paper. The special attention is paid to the importance of Vestals for Rome and Romans in various historic moments, and to the purifying rituals performed by Vestals on behalf of the Roman state’s fortune. The study presents probable dating and possible causes of the end of the College of the Vestals in Rome.

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The Concept of Nomos – Some Remarks

Author(s): Jerzy Zajadło / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

It is a widespread opinion that modern jurisprudence was shaped first of all by the tradition of Roman law. In this article author tries to explain why ancient Greek legal thought should be equally important. As an example he considers the evolution and the different meanings of the concept of nomos. Four issues are presented in this paper. First, nomos in the political philosophy of Carl Schmitt and Giorgio Agamben. Secondly, nomos in one of Pindar’s poems. Thirdly, the distinction between physis and nomos made by the sophists. Fourthly, thesmos, nomos and psephisma in the legislative practice of Athenian ekklesia.

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