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Rola kobiet w życiu religijnym. Przykład udziału młodych Atenek w kulcie

Author(s): Anna Kruszyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2017

This paper pertains to participation of young Athenian girls in rituals. Some researchersperceive these rites as initiation rites. The Athenian girls’ participation in rites-related dutiesshows how important they were not only for the Athenian girls, but also for women ingeneral. The ritual was treated as a substitute of men’s public activity. We can divide theAthenian girls’ participation into two categories: rites in which they played the main role,and rites in which their role was auxiliary or simply marginal.

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30-ųjų karta be moterų, arba Apie moters tapatybės vaizdinį Nikitos Chruščiovo laikotarpio spaudoje ir poezijoje

Author(s): Jurgita Žana Raškevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2018

This article analyzes the perception of women’s identity as it was created in the press in the period of Nikita Khrushchev’s rule (in the magazine Tarybinė moteris, “The Soviet Woman”) as well as in the poetry written by both men and women of the so-called 1930s generation. By taking a closer look at discourses across different levels, connections, conflicts, tensions, denials and contradictions were revealed, uncovering the complicated and tense relationship between the ideological, masculine and feminine paradigms that offer different identities. This serves to demonstrate how men and women have tried to accommodate their traditionally inherited, personal relationships with ideological perceptions. After describing the engineering of a woman’s image in the magazine and analyzing the images in male and female poetry, it became clear that this version of Soviet feminism was more regularly and consistently realized by men in their work, who had described the process of creating the Soviet world (the emergence of collective farms and the role of women in this process, ideological connection between the woman and the new order etc.). It was revealed that women were much more likely to be portrayed as negative characters in respect to the system than men, their worldview being based on values inherited from the interwar Lithuania, determining their obscurantism and secretive life. The emancipation of women in men’s discourse is almost without exception based on directly transposed Soviet postulates. A more personal perspective and relationship with a woman emerges as a traditionally inherited patriarchal paradigm of the woman-as-a-mother identity, which is disassociated from the Mother Heroine image by a personal and intimate articulation of the relationship. The images of the emancipation of Soviet women that appear in male poetry are taken up as postulates of the new system, but these images are never incorporated in the articulation of their worldview, always remaining as part of the new society’s architectonics. In the work of J. Degutytė, the only more prominent female poet of the period in question, two directions in the conception of women’s identity are observed: the official one, which shows the adopted image of hyperreality as being at the core of the new woman’s identity, an assumed woman’ self-image as being responsible for social sensitivity, and the stance of the party-appreciating mother. When the self-image of a woman is not thematized but rather manifests itself as the self-awareness of the speaking female subject, the female “I” appears as the acting subject that transforms the female attributes (emotionality, sensitivity etc.), traditionally perceived as restrictive, into opening up opportunities for action and possessing an existential perspective. The most intense exposure of the female subject to the world is portrayed as an act of creativity, whereas the creative aspirations of women in the poetry of men of the same time are associated exclusively with childbirth.

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Sofijos Kymantaitės-Čiurlionienės pastangos XX a. pradžioje įtvirtinti moters vertę ir savivertę

Author(s): Nida Gaidauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2018

This article examines the ways in which the self-awareness of a feminine identity, the perceived value of women and the self-esteem of a particular author have been evolving from 1904 to the end of the First World War; the author in question is Sofija Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė (1886–1958), Lithuanian publicist, writer and educator. During her studies at the Jagiellonian University of Kraków in 1904–1907 (and in Adrian Baraniecki’s High Courses for Women), she decisively chose to study the humanities and became one of the first modern Lithuanian women engaged in literature, literary criticism and the politics of education. This article presents the context of the women’s emancipation movement that at beginning of the 20th century in Kraków, where the increasing possibilities of education for young women had become increasingly available. Right after her return to Lithuania in 1907, Kymantaitė took part in the Lithuanian Women’s Congress in Kaunas and became involved in the preparatory work on the regulations of the Lithuanian Women’s Society. In her collection of articles Lietuvoje: kritikos žvilgsnis į Lietuvos inteligentiją (“In Lithuania: A Critical Look at the Lithuanian Intelligentsia,” 1910), besides a wide scope of issues that were considered, Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė discussed the issue of the relationship between well-educated men and women and questioned the equal value of women in the nascent modern Lithuanian society. In 1910, Čiurlionienė wrote a dramatic dialogue Ateities moteris (“Woman of the Future”, 1910), which highlights the idea that the equality between man and woman rests on shared human values. The dialogue foregrounds the spiritual faithfulness of the woman to the man she had chosen – faithfulness that is upheld despite the distance that greatly separates them, contradictory to the thought that women are incapable of creating ties of friendship with men, as expressed by one of Nietzsche’s literary characters. The main character of Ateities moteris – Johanna – reveals herself as a rebel only when she confronts the antagonist’s patriarchal worldview and his commanding affirmation of women’s lower position and the determinism of biological needs. References to Otto Weininger’s study Geschlecht und Charakter (Sex and Character, 1903), as well as a quote that evokes misogynistic sentiments from Nietzsche’s Also sprach Zarathustra (Thus Spoke Zarathustra, 1883), appear in the dramatic dialogue, provoking a polemic with these authors' positions. The dialogue indicates the writer’s interest in the theories of gender struggle. The text reflects Čiurlionienė’s involvement in the preparation of the statute of the Lithuanian Women’s Society as well as the influence of liberal feminist ideas that she had encountered while still in Kraków. Following the Romantic authors’ attempts to reveal female heroism, Čiurlionienė strived to create a distinctive interpretation of the end-of-the-19th-century “Lithuanian Jeanne d’Arc” in her psychological sketch (novelette) Joana Vaidilaitė (1914–1918). Johanna’s worldview is undoubtedly more akin to the ideas of early modernism, whereas Joana Vaidilaitė’s sedentary lifestyle is determined by the young woman’s realia of the 19th-century countryside, and later by her treatment in a psychiatric hospital. The sketch suggests the reality of the protagonist’s mystical motherhood, which others treat as a manifestation of madness. The novelette has never been published. Had Joana Vaidilaitė been published during the first years of Lithuania’s independence, there could have been an opportunity to enrich the history of Lithuanian literature with original efforts to give a sense to motherhood, with the Romantic treatment of madness as a form of clairvoyance and the modernist interpretation of the sea as a fluctuating womb. To conclude, starting with the formulation of the statute of the Lithuanian Women’s Society in 1910, Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė’s attempts to express liberal feminist ideas in literary fiction become more noticeable; in these writings, the author refuses to think of motherhood as a manifestation of the impersonal nature's force (which relates to the views of the misogynists), and she cherishes the idea that conscious motherhood is equated to the creation of an individual capable of enriching cultural resources in the future.

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Genderrezsim és „nőpolitika” Magyarországon 2008–2018. Történeti politikai gazdaságtani elemzés

Author(s): Gergely Csányi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 26/2019

In my paper, I look at the gender regime and “women’s policy” after 2008 in the context of the history of the integration of female formal and informal labour into society. I show that the productive and reproductive labour performed by women has integrated into society in different ways in different historical periods, according to way in which Hungary integrated into the world system. I argue that when looking at the gender regime and “women’s policy” after 2008, in addition to the rearrangement directly caused by the crisis, we also need to consider the demographic downturn that has been continuous from the 1950s, the abortion discourse attached to this, as well as the downturn of the world economy from the 1970s. We need to consider the way in which Hungary formally reintegrated into the world system in a dependent, semi-peripheral position during the regime change.

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CHRONICLE - FACING CHANGES AND EXPECTATIONS. SOME REMARKS ON THE 20TH GENERAL CONVENTION OF POLISH HISTORIANS

Author(s): Ewa Solska / Language(s): English Issue: 121/2020

General Conventions of Polish Historians serve as a form of professionalisation of historical science and integration of the scholarly milieu. Since 1925, the event has been held under the auspices of Polish Historical Society [PTH]. But its history is even longer: the first Convention was organised by the Cracow-based Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences [PAU] on the 400th death anniversary of the chronicler Jan Długosz, in the year 1880. There was enough time, then, to determine the canon of objectives and purposes, and the concept(s) of their institutionalisation.

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BLACK MIRROR: A COMPARATIVE HISTORY OF POLISH AND AMERICAN FAILURES

Author(s): Maciej Górny / Language(s): English Issue: 123/2021

Even though they occurred around the same time, the Polish January Uprising of 1863/64 and the American Civil War (1861–5) have seldom been considered in the same context by historians, while comparative historical studies of the events are scarce. The present article explores the historiography relating to both countries to, firstly, outline the most interesting attempts in existing Polish and US- American research to find shared aspects in the two events. Secondly, my study establishes and analyses phenomena and themes in these parallel histories that could prove most fruitful for comparative investigation. In conclusion, I assess the potential that comparative approaches could generate for the historiography of the American Civil War and the January Uprising.

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REVIEWS

Author(s): Anna Sosnowska,Natalia Jarska,Rafał Stobiecki,Aleksei Lokhmatov,Grzegorz Krzywiec,Aleksander Łupienko,Malte Rolf,Mikołaj Getka-Kenig,Łukasz Hajdrych,Mihai-D. Grigore / Language(s): English Issue: 123/2021

Review of: Mihai-D. Grigore- Gábor Kármán, Confession and Politics in the Principality of Transylvania 1644–1657, Göttingen, 2020, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 302 pp.; series: Refo500 Academic Studies, 6 Łukasz Hajdrych - Kateryna Dysa, Ukrainian Witchcraft Trials. Volhynia, Podolia, and Ruthenia, 17th–18th Centuries, Budapest, 2020, Central European University Press, 264 pp., 22 ills Mikołaj Getka-Kenig - Tomasz Opaliński, Stan chłopski w Księstwie Warszawskim w świetle akt sądowych [The Peasant Estate in the Duchy of Warsaw, in Light of Court Files], Warszawa, 2020, Wydawnictwo DiG, 196 pp., tables, list of abbreviations, bibliog., annexes Malte Rolf - Aleksander Łupienko, Order in the Streets: The Political History of Warsaw’s Public Space in the First Half of the 19th Century, transl. from Polish by Jarek Garliński, Berlin, 2020, Peter Lang GmbH, 272 pp.; ills, bibliog., index; series: Geschichte – Erinnerung – Politik. Studies in History, Memory and Politics, 29 Aleksander Łupienko - Beate Stö rtkuhl and Rafał Makała (eds), Nicht nur Bauhaus: Netzwerke der Moderne in Mitteleuropa / Not Just Bauhaus: Networks of Modernity in Central Europe, Berlin, 2020, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 400 pp., 200 ills; series: Schriften des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, 77 Grzegorz Krzywiec - Nils Fehlhaber, Netzwerke der “Achse Berlin–Rom”. Die Zusammenarbeit faschistischer und nationalsozialistischer Führungseliten 1933–1943, Köln, 2019, Böhlau Verlag, 343 pp.; series: Italien in der Moderne Aleksei Lokhmatov - Izabela Wagner, Bauman: A Biography, Cambridge, 2020, Polity Press, 500 pp., bibliog., appendix Rafał Stobiecki - Anna Sosnowska, Explaining Economic Backwardness. Post-1945 Polish Historians on Eastern Europe, Budapest–New York, 2019, CEU Press, 372 pp., bibliog., name and subject indices Natalia Jarska - Katarzyna Stańczak-Wiślicz, Piotr Perkowski, Małgorzata Fidelis, and Barbara Klich-Kluczewska, Kobiety w Polsce 1945–1989: Nowoczesność – równouprawnienie – komunizm [Women in Poland 1945–1989: Modernity – Equality – Communism], Kraków, 2020, Universitas, 520 pp., bibliog., ills and list thereof, index of personal names Anna Sosnowska - Béla Tomka, Austerities and Aspirations. A Comparative History of Growth, Consumption, and Quality of Life in East Central Europe since 1945, New York, 2020, Central European University Press, 456 pp., appendix, notes, bibliog., index

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Women in shunga: Questions of Objectification and Equality

Author(s): Louise Boyd / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

The objectification of women in art and pornography is often seen as harmful. However, Martha Nussbaum’s articulation of seven types of objectification shows how it can be benign or positive depending on the context. This paper utilizes Nussbaum’s ideas to examine the objectification of women depicted in shunga, sexually explicit art created in 17th-19th century Japan, and how it differs from European art of the same period. It also explores related issues of equality, sexuality, and agency.

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Written and visual expressions of authority of female monastic institutions in Medieval Livonia: From 13th to 15th century

Author(s): Gregory Leighton / Language(s): English Issue: 1(29)/2021

This article presents a study of how women (specifically nuns and abbesses) were perceived in medieval Livonia. Given the significant increase in accessible academic work on the crusading movement in the eastern Baltic, scholarly considerations of the visual culture of this region, and reconsiderations of the roles played by women in the medieval world in general, this article turns from the central regions of the study of Medieval Europe to the periphery. It begins by providing a historical overview of the sources, commenting on the sparsity of specific representations of women in the narrative texts for the Livonian crusades produced in the 13th century. Following this overview, it analyses the representations of women in the vast amount of charter evidence available for the study of Livonia. The first part of the article looks at the ways these institutions were patronized as a result of their intercessory authority. Looking at donations from the 13th to the 15th century, this article also comments on the ways in which private citizens, church officials, and members of the Teutonic Order viewed these intercessory powers. The second part also considers the economic authority gained by these institutions, particularly in the form of land donations. Finally, this article addresses the ways in which women of authority styled themselves in the written documents and depicted their power in the form of visual media, particularly on seals but also in the form of architecture.

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„Întreaga familie să redobândească fericirea care i-a unit la început”. Dezbaterile parlamentare privind regimul căsătoriei în Codul civil (1906) şi consecinţele sociale din perioada interbelică

Author(s): Maria Camelia Zavarache / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 19/2020

The Romanian Civil Law passed during the second half of the XIXth century has remained unchanged until 1906, when the Conservatory executive decided it was time to update the regulations regarding marriage, divorce and legitimacy. The main purpose of the initiative was that of relieving the population living in rural areas of the burden of providing numerous documents in order to get married, reducing thus the number of illegitimate children. However, it was the changes brought to the divorce regulations that have generated a fierce opposition from the members of the Liberal Party, causing the artisans of the law to discard a part of their proposals. Therefore, the final version of the project has been more moderate than the one envisioned initially, leading to important social consequences during the first half of the XXth century. There is no doubt that one of the most significant consequence was the interdiction of a second marriage for divorced couples that reconciled, and the illegitimate children that they produced. For them, the judicial system in effect until the Second World War had no understanding and no solutions.

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Daughters of Trauma. Women as Sites of Nationalistic Appropriation in Partition Cinema

Author(s): Roshni Sengupta / Language(s): English Issue: 59/2019

This paper attempts to delineate and focus on the common narrative thread running through subsequent cinematic treatises on the situation of women during the Partition, particularly those kidnapped and sexually violated during the vivisection. It proposes to construct a cultural and memorialized history of the Partition through a reading of mediated representations of literary engagements with the event, particularly the narrativization of the cinematic trope of the ‘radicalized’ Muslim and his involvement in the abduction of “chaste” Hindu women during the cataclysmic event. In doing so it considers films such as 1947-Earth (1999), Pinjar (2003), and Khamosh Pani (2003) as seminal films addressing female abductions during the Partition and the memorialization of trauma through cinema. The paper takes a feminist approach to addressing the question of the possession of the female body as the symbolic occupation of the nation.

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Lana Paćuka, Ženski identiteti u muzičkom životu austrougarskog Sarajeva

Author(s): Fatima Hadžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 49/2020

The review of: Lana Paćuka, Ženski identiteti u muzičkom životu austrougarskog Sarajeva. Sarajevo: Muzička akademija – Institut za muzikologiju, 2019, 189.

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Mexican and Brazilian Machismo: Cultural Tolerance

Author(s): Nubia Nieto / Language(s): English Issue: 13(42)/2020

Thousands of Latin American women disappear on daily basis. The United Nations through the Women Unit classifies Mexico as an emergency State, and Brazil as an alarming country in terms of violence and murder against women and little girls. However, the key question is to analyse the tolerance toward violence and subjugation of women in Mexico and Brazil. The hypothesis of this work is based on the idea that violence against women in Mexico and Brazil is due to prevalent machismo in those countries, which is influenced by the political, social, economic and cultural structure. The present text aims to understand how machismo is embodied into Mexican and Brazilian culture, reflected into family and social structures and values, as well as inside the political establishment, which contributes not only to subjugating women, but also to increasing gender violence in these countries, where corruption and impunity are also critical. The text is based on an interdisciplinary perspective, with ethnographic data extracted by direct interviews conducted in the communities of Xochimilco, South of Mexico City, Mexico. The article exposes the main perspectives about machismo, offers a cultural description of family values and social tolerance towards machismo, provides a general picture about the levels of gender violence in Mexico and Brazil, and presents the role of political establishment in the development of machismo, and finally it offers some conclusive comments.

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ODPOWIEDZI NA ANKIETĘ - ROBERT TRABA

Author(s): Robert Traba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

Na minione trzy dekady (1990–2020) nakładam matrycę dwóch uzupełniających się perspektyw: generacyjnej i osobistej. Gdyby na zadany temat spojrzeć przez proces nie socjologicznych, ale biologicznych kohort, to zaproponowane przez Redakcję „Kwartalnika Historycznego” trzydziestolecie historiografii wpisuje się w kulminacyjny okres pokolenia urodzonego w latach pięćdziesiątych i sześćdziesiątych.

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The Use of English in Contemporary Malaysian Feminist Activism

Author(s): Alicia Izharuddin / Language(s): English Issue: 1 (15)/2013

Feminism and the women's movement in Malaysia are products of specific historical and political contexts. Following this logic, the language used in feminist activism can also be seen as product of similar contexts. The focus of this article is the current state of the feminist movement in Malaysia and its linguistic framework as the effects of changes in language policy. This article then considers the use and relevance of feminist theory in Malaysian feminist activism as linked to the predominance of English in Malaysian feminist discourse. This article also argues that the predominance of English poses challenges to the inclusion of working-class class feminist agendas but offers opportunities in strengthening transnational feminist linkages. Language thus becomes an underlying issue which may explain the successful inroads and setbacks faced by feminist organizations in Malaysia. The issues of language and hegemony of this article couches itself within ongoing debates on Anglophone hegemony in feminist discourse in non-Western nations and how feminist concepts in English are engaged in multilingual contexts.

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Readings Behind the Early Christian Queer Experiences: Lives and Passions of Transgender Nuns

Author(s): Larisa ORLOV VILIMONOVIĆ / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This paper deals with the ideas of queer experiences in the Early Christian movement, seen through early Christian epistemologies of gender and patristic thought focused on sex differences. The lives and passions of transgender nuns are used in discussing various aspects of gender fluidity in early Christianity. Theoretically, the paper rests on the idea of the performativity of gender, that is, on the ways gender was constructed and how body modifications enabled renegotiation of gender categories. It also focuses on the social context of queer experiences in the late antique period with regard to Roman social norms.

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ЗАСЕЛЕНИЕ СТАРОВЕРАМИ ВЫГОВСКОГО СУЗЕМКА

Author(s): A. N. Staritsyn / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2022

The purpose of the article is to study the socio-geographical issues of the early Old Belief using an integrated approach to sources. The origin of the Old Believers – the first settlers of uninhabited lands on the border of two pogosts of the Olonets Uyezd is considered. Over time, there was a gradual process of settlement of the Vyg River basin from west to east, depending on the number of fugitives and the availability of ready housing. The settlements were large (monastery) and small (hermitages). The censuses of 1678 and 1707 were used as sources on the history of the early Old Believers. A comparative analysis of the seventeenth-century census data and the first revision with the data from the Old Believers’ sources was made. New biographical data on some of the first Vyg settlers were obtained. The results of the study confirmed the conclusion made by M. L. Sokolovskaya that the overwhelming number of settlers came from the Olonets Uyezd pogosts, on the territory of which the settlements were founded. The social composition of the settlers (their peasant background) corresponds to the social composition of the inhabited village districts surrounding the unpopulated forest areas (suzemok).

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19. YÜZYILIN SONLARI 20. YÜZYILIN BAŞLARINDA (1880-1930) TÜRKİSTAN SÜRELİ YAYINLARI VE KADIN KONUSUNA YAKLAŞIMLARI

Author(s): Yasemin IŞIK,Kübra Koç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 74/2022

Turkistan Turks, who started to wake up with the “Cedidcilik (Principles-of Jadid/Jadidism)” movement that emerged in Western Turkestan, took advantage of the libertarian atmosphere that emerged after the declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy in 1905 in Tsarist Russia and accelerated their publishing activities even more. The libertarian and egalitarian atmosphere promised by the Bolsheviks blowing in the region with the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution lasted only until 1922; This situation is also reflected in social and cultural life. While these were happening in West Turkestan, East Turkestan was exposed to the attacks of the Chinese on the one hand and the Bolshevik Russians on the other. Some of the Turkestan intellectuals, who could not stand all these pressures, preferred to emigrate and published various newspapers and magazines in the countries they migrated to tell the whole world about the Turkestan cause. Intellectuals who preferred to stay in Turkestan despite all the difficulties experienced did not stay idle and expressed their views through newspapers and magazines by transforming their reactions to the pressures into intellectual movements. In these periodicals, the subjects are usually political; discussions on different issues such as social life, women, women’s rights were also discussed.

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ИЗВОРИ И ЛИТЕРАТУРА О ПРОБЛЕМИМА ЕМАНЦИПАЦИЈЕ МУСЛИМАНСКЕ ЖЕНЕ У БОСНИ И ХЕРЦЕГОВИНИ

Author(s): Senija Penava / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 18/1981

Ова тема има значајан друштвени и политички аспект. Треба joj приступити не само као чињеници која се уклапа у историју пoјаве ишчезавања народне ношње на нашем подручју, већ je овај процес дио шире проблематике и токова новије историје у Босни и Херцеговини. Овај процес, који je започео 1878. године и трајао веома дуго, био je до сада код нас само дјелимично обрађиван у повременим политичким и вјерско-доктринерним расправама. Основа рада je истраживање у политичким архивима, затим консултовање литературе која се односи на ово питање, претлед оновремене штампе, као и преглед фотографија и филмова који су забиљежили овај догађај и, на крају, сјећања актера.

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KWESTIA PRAW I EDUKACJI KOBIET W TEKSTACH JANA HULEWICZA

Author(s): Edyta Głowacka-Sobiech,Iwona Chmura-Rutkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The aim of the article is to remind Professor Jan Hulewicz, historian of education and culture, social activist and expert in the history of women’s education. Thanks to Hulewicz, the “feminine question” appeared permanently in educational historiography. His in-depth analysis of the public discourse in the nineteenth century on the rights and educational opportunities of women and the description of their struggle for secondary and higher education showed not only political, but also socio-cultural and economic causes of unequal opportunities between women and men in Poland in the nineteenth and early years XX century.

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