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Based on more than 25 orations presented on the funerals of prominent Transylvanian women like Kata Bethlen, Mária Bethlen, Eszter Ráday, Eszter Teleki, Polixéna Daniel, Polixéna Wesselényi and others, the study tries to underline the womens' roles as wifes, mothers and housekeepers in the 18th century.
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(Színésznői imázs és a színházi szerepkör viszonyáról a 19. században)
Linked to the career of two prominent Hungarian actresses (Kornélia Prielle (1826–1906) and Lilla Bulyovszky (1833–1909)), the study focuses on some of the components of the actress’s image construction in relation to contemporary normative female images and theatrical role-types or lines of business. In fact, the two careers are seen within the framework of finding the right role/the fitting lines of business and working within it (ingénue, heroine or leading lady, ‘character’ actress or salon-actress) pointing out the different strategies used by them and the interferences of performative conventions used on and off stage. The analysis uses besides performance-criticism and other relevant historical sources, theatrical and textual self-representations of both actresses and in the case of Lilla Bulyovszky uses her fictional writings as well. The comparison may indicate the path that led to the creation of a new type of modern woman figure in the new century and so, too, we can gauge the extent to which these actresses participated in the transformation and remaking the norms of performativity for the new woman through their self-representation strategies and reception.
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The musical milieu of Lwów in the first half of the twentieth century was characterised by dynamic activities of women, particularly as music school students, which was the reverse of the situation prevailing in the other schools – particularly, tertiary schools. This fostered the female students’ keen interest in musicology, especially that Musicology was launched as a new major at the local university in 1912. Bronisława Wójcik-Keuprulian was its first graduate ever (in 1917). In 1934, she was the first woman in the history of Polish science to receive a post-doctoral degree (so-called habilitation) in Musicology at a Polish university. This was accompanied by multiple complications, including those caused by the Head of the Chair of Musicology. Yet, the applicant’s resolve brought about a successful end.
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Three musical adaptations of the myth of Phaedra, in which the wife of King Theseus of Athens desperately falls in love with her stepson Hippolytus, were composed in the second half of the twentieth century by three homosexual composers: the dramatic cantata Phaedra for mezzosoprano and small orchestra (1976) by Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) after a text by the American poet Robert Lowell, the opera Le Racine: pianobar pour Phèdre (1980) by Sylvano Bussotti (1931-) after a libretto drafted by the composer himself and consisting of a prologue, three acts, and an intermezzo, and, last but not least, the two-act concert opera Phaedra (2007) by Hans Werner Henze (1926-2012) after a libretto by the German poet Christian Lehnert. The aim of this paper is to prove that the three homosexual composers chose a myth about an incestuous—and thus censored—love in order to represent homoerotic desire, labelled as deviant by the coeval heteronormative society and hence condemned by it. The study sheds light on the aspects of the most famous literary elaborations that affect gay sensibility, and on how the three composers experienced their homosexuality and gave utterance to it in their other works. The analysis of the three works at issue demonstrates that the discourse about gayness takes shape through the interplay of numerous aspects. The elaboration of the literary sources, the organization of the libretto, the characters’ definition, and the mise-en-scène, together with the music, put the myth into that perspective.
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Three musical adaptations of the myth of Phaedra, in which the wife of King Theseus of Athens desperately falls in love with her stepson Hippolytus, were composed in the second half of the twentieth century by three homosexual composers: the dramatic cantata Phaedra for mezzosoprano and small orchestra (1976) by Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) after a text by the American poet Robert Lowell, the opera Le Racine: pianobar pour Phèdre (1980) by Sylvano Bussotti (1931-) after a libretto drafted by the composer himself and consisting of a prologue, three acts, and an intermezzo, and, last but not least, the two-act concert opera Phaedra (2007) by Hans Werner Henze (1926-2012) after a libretto by the German poet Christian Lehnert. The aim of this paper is to prove that the three homosexual composers chose a myth about an incestuous—and thus censored—love in order to represent homoerotic desire, labelled as deviant by the coeval heteronormative society and hence condemned by it. The study sheds light on the aspects of the most famous literary elaborations that affect gay sensibility, and on how the three composers experienced their homosexuality and gave utterance to it in their other works. The analysis of the three works at issue demonstrates that the discourse about gayness takes shape through the interplay of numerous aspects. The elaboration of the literary sources, the organization of the libretto, the characters’ definition, and the mise-en-scène, together with the music, put the myth into that perspective.
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This article examines the scandal of Cécile Tormay, a writer of international repute and prominence in interwar Hungary. Her purported homosexuality, despite its high political stakes, juicy bedroom details, long line of distinguished witnesses, and extensive press coverage has been largely ignored by historians. Cécile Tormay’s relationship with Countess Zichy Rafael became the talk of Budapest during the Zichys’ divorce trial and the subsequent libel case that Tormay and Countess Zichy filed against the count and his servants. Rather than trying to decipher the truth about Tormay’s sexuality and her relationship to the Countess, this article aims to reconstruct ideas and understandings of sexuality and especially of female homosexuality during the 1920s. By contextualizing the scandal within the social and cultural history of interwar Hungary, contemporary newspaper coverage, and the court documents of divorce and libel cases, this article reveals a gendered and highly class based understanding of female sexuality.
More...Társadalomtörténeti megközelítés hosszmetszetben
The paper provides a social historical analysis of the writing career of Janka Wohl and Stephanie Wohl. It proposes that periodicals were instrumental in shaping writers' life work, and that the press of the time requires particular attention when studying the 19thcentury history of authorship. It is based on the analysis of Stephanie Wohl's only letter of biographical relevance and on the wider, contextual presentation of some of the statements in the letter. The paper follows the life of the Wohl girls starting with a description of their family background and their education, until their career as writers and editors. It also discusses their reception in contemporary society and social life. The life of the Wohl sisters unfolds in the context of two significant social historical processes of the 19th-century: assimilated Jewish intellectuals and the emancipation of women. Their ambitions as writers are coupled with a strong assimilation urge, while the roots of this are explained through a presentation of the wider context of their family history. For them, the “life form” of the intellectual, which guaranteed integration into the society of Hungarian language and culture, was attainable through a fellowship with the Lutheran intelligentsia. And the Lutheran environment explains not only their writing activity, but also their skills to get along and act as organizers in the social life of their time.
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<p>Acta Marisiensis Seria Historia is an open access international scientific journal of the “Petru Maior” Faculty of Sciences and Letters of "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș which is published by the University Press. Acta Marisiensis Seria Historia represents, in a new form, the journal Studia Universitatis Petru Maior. Series Historia. The change, in tittle, was determined by the merge of two of the most prestigious Romanian universities: “Petru Maior” University of Târgu Mureș and University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Târgu Mureș. Thus, the editorial board of Acta Marisiensis Seria Historia will preserve the tradition of Studia Universitatis Petru Maior. Series Historia which was published regularly since 2001. The journal started its editorial activity in 2019 and it is published on a yearly basis under the coordination of an editorial board and an advisory Board which includes prominent personalities, from the University as well as from abroad, all with an acknowledged reputation in the historical field. Acta Marisiensis Seria Historia publishes high-quality articles on various subjects related to historical research on Ancient, Medieval, Modern and Contemporary periods. Each issue includes articles based on original research ordered according to chronological and thematic criteria. They also include scientific reviews to the most recent editorial projects published by national and foreign historians. The journal is a miscellaneous languages publication as articles are published in Romanian and in such international languages as English, French, German or Italian thus aiming to enlarge the access of the international academic community to the scientific research conducted by the Romanian historians. The journal also welcomes foreign historians to share their latest researches with the Romanian academic community. This perspective motivates the editorial staff to permanently improve the quality of the journal.</p>
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The national movement of Romanian women underwent a continuous evolution, entering a new stage during the communist period, that of the legal recognition of gender equality, its entire activity being conducted under the direct guidance of the single party and the state. The organization of the National Council of Romanian Women at territorial level offered the opportunity of a unitary activity in terms of tasks and duties, which fitted perfectly the party politics and which encompassed all areas of social life. Among them, the ideological and cultural-educational activity regarding the creation and consolidation of families, the birth-rate growth and the protection of mothers and children were state policies aimed at the demographic growth, the rejuvenation of the population and the education of the young people in the spirit of establishing the multilaterally developed society and an authentic democracy. The Romanian State paid special attention to the family, considered the basic cell of society, to women and children, who were under its immediate tutelage, the women’s councils and committees having the most important tasks of informing and advising women on birth, marriage, raising and educating children. Their main duties were stipulated in the documents issued by the National Council of Romanian Women on the occasion of the national congresses and they faithfully reflected the directives of the Romanian Communist Party.
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The aim of this article is to present how the Polish renaissance authors creatively transformed and adapted to the native context one of Erasmus’ dialogues, Senatulussive Gynaikosynedrion. The humanist exploited here a popular motif of a meeting of women who debate on different issues. Th e work is based on one of Aristophanes’ comedies as well as an episode from a biography of a Roman emperor, Heliogabal. Senatulus was very popular and was translated into a number of vernacular languages all over Europe. Erasmus, with his characteristic sense of humor and criticism, pointed to some vices of women, but did not stop there. He used a seemingly paradoxical formula of women’s council to draw attention to social and political problems of the time. Early modern Polish texts developing the theme in question can be understood in the context of Polish parliamentarism. But their literary inspiration has to be taken into consideration as well. The first part of this article focuses on problematic aspects of Senatulus, its somewhat provocative and ambiguous character, which probably attracted authors to this particular text. Th en two Polish dialogues that are linked to Erasmus’s work are examined. These are: anonymous Senatulus to jest sjemniewieści (Senatulus, or the council of women) from 1543 and Sjem niewieści (The council of women) written by Marcin Bielski in 1566/1567. Even a preliminary comparison of these two works with Erasmus’ colloquium indicates that the vernacular texts are a kind of sequel to the original and further develop its basic idea. References to the Latin version are present here on different levels. Similarity lays not only in the title and topics discussed by the characters, but also in the linguistic structure. In both cases, the concept of the female parliament was used by the writers as a pretext to draw attention to the political, social and economic problems Poland faced at that time and to suggest their own solutions.
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The principles of liberty and equality, which were spread by the French Revolution, caused that new limitations were enacted in slave trade. The decrease in the need for slaves, which had emerged with the Industrial Revolution, was one of the reasons for this. The Ottoman State, as well as Iran, spent significant amount of efforts in banning the slave trade along with the European States during the 19th Century. Although there were important outcomes of these efforts of states which were spent independently from each other, the slave trade in Africa continued along the 19thCentury. For this reason, an international conference was held in Brussels with the leadership of Britain to prevent slave trade in Africa completely. The parties of this conference signed a set of rules that had the aim of banning slave trade on July 2,1890.
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The review of: Nanette Funk and Magda Muller (eds.): Gender Politics and Post-Communism; Reflections from Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. New York: Routledge, 1993, 348 pp.
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ELENA ISABELA POPA, Agency of Women in Mesopotamian Religion of the Second Millennium B.C., 2019, București, Editura Universității din București, 170 p., ISBN 978-606-16-109-4
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The most common form is domestic violence against women and children. Violence against women is a common social problem in Turkey. Violence against women includes a variety of different acts, which abused them physically, sexually or emotionally. Today, increasing the presence of many social scientists feel the violence has been the subject of the investigation. This research is conducted on all men and women who reside in the center of Bingöl and their age is 18 and over. The research group is consisted of 524 people 265 of them are women (50.51%) and 259 of them are men (49.42%) residing in Bingöl city center. Two different scales are applied for the purpose of the research. The first of these scales is "Domestic Violence Scale (for women)" and the "Domestic Violence Scale (for men). Both scales are applied separately to men and women. The other one is "Violence Attitude Scale" which is used common for both women and men including 21 questions in the survey. This article contains the findings only "Violence Attitude Scale" obtained from women.
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Islamic feminism claims that it is not Islam but rather the Muslim men who deny the rights to women, thus it seeks to find example of an ideal Muslim sociaty and democracy in its Medinan period. From within that society, A’ishah bint Abi Bakr, wife of Muhammad s.w.s., is taken as a paradigm of a socially active Muslim woman. One of the most renowned feminists in the Muslim world, Fatima Mernissi, takes A’ishah r.a. as a central figure in the book in which she presents her view of the position of a Muslim woman in the past, at the same time identifyng principles upon which the “ideal Medinan society” was founded. Mernissi’s contribution to Islamic feminism is original in a way that she attempts to defend her position through classical and traditional sources, by dealing mostly with “reasons for the Revelation” (Asbab al-nuzul) and the Hadith. Her methodology leads towards a historization of the holy Text, however the author of this article believes that the method of contextualisation is more appropriate. The author of the article is of the opinion that understanding the spirit of the Qur’anic legislation, rather than insisting upon individual Shariah regulations (following Fazlu Rahman’s distinction between the Sunnah of faith and the historical Hadith). However, the central figure of Mernissi’s work, Aisha bint Abi Bakr, as a role model is a great opportunity for Islamic feminism. Islamic feminism should take inspiration from the spirit of the Qur’an and the life of the Messenger if it is to secure it legitimacy in contemporary intellectual developments of the Muslim society.
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The mass mobilization of women into the workforce which took place in Poland in the 20th century contributed to changes within the institutions of family and marriage. For some women, the ingress into the labour market symbolized an opportunity to develop and gave them fulfillment and satisfaction. However, for others, professional duties became a hardship and synonym for lack of time, monotony and exhaustion. In the article the author analyzed autobiographical narratives of “ordinary” people which refer to the women’s participation in the labour market. The narratives, which had been composed for autobiographical competitions organized in 1960s, enabled the author to perceive a conspicuous diversity of women’s and their husbands’ attitudes towards the phenomenon which was characteristic of the first decades of the Polish People’s Republic.
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Women`s movement in interwar Poland encompassed several hundred organizations, differing among themselves by number of members, political affiliations, or programs. Aside from mass organizations, in local environments there were also women`s movement structures which limited themselves to localized issues. The purpose of this article is to present the examples of formation of organizational activities among women of Kalisz Region during the interwar period, as well as social and educational efforts undertaken that have changed the awareness and attitudes of rural women.
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The paper focuses on the events after the Brioni plenum of the Central Committee of the LCY in 1966. The turning point for the development of the national relationships in the Yugoslav federation became namely the Brioni plenim. This plenum and its decisions led to a liberalization of the national relationships in Yugoslavia, thus to the outburst of the Albanian problem, which was severely suppressed to this moment. This is the first major victory for the Albanians in Yugoslavia. In this regard, a movement has begun among the Albanian population in the multinational federation with the main goal of achieving full national recognition, including republican status for Kosovo. This new policy towards the minorities in Yugoslavia was introduced after the middle of the 1960s. Its expression became the new constitutional definition of “Yugoslav peoples and ethnoses”, which had to substitute the term “national minorities”. That led to changes into the rights of Albanians in Yugoslavia, and as a result their socio-political activity drastically aroused. The Yugoslav party leadership started again to look for a solution of the Albanian issue. Significant Yugoslav financial aid and investments were directed towards Kosovo, aiming at a closer incorporation of the Albanians in the Yugoslav federation and an interruption of their connection with Albania.After the Brioni Plenum, the Albanian problem in the Yugoslav Federation entered a qualitatively new state. The events in the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and the neighboring Republic of Macedonia at the end of 1968 played an important role in the further development of this problem and in the changes in the constitutional, legal and socio-political development of the Yugoslav Federation. So after the demonstrations of the Albanian population in Kosovo and Macedonia at the end of 1968, a “creeping Albanization” started in Kosovo. The Albanian political elite and intelligencia played the most important role in the imposition of the “Albanization” as a political line at the end of the 1960s. Albanians hold all important posts in administration, culture, education and political life of Kosovo. That led to an increasing mistrust between the Albanian population and the Serbian-Montenegrin minority, and the last was forced to leave its homes and to migrate in other republics and regions. The political leadership in Prishtina insisted the autonomous region to get equal rights with the republics as a federal unit. That is how at the beginning of the 1970s Kosovo issue transferred into a problem of the whole Yugoslav federation, not only a Serbian one. The Albanians in Prishtina were involved into the confrontation Zagreb-Belgrade and acquired a support from the Croatian side, as well as the Slovenian one in the efforts to take their problem out of Serbia and to put it on a federal level at the League Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). The processes in the political life of the autonomous region Kosovo were not isolated and were connected with the events in the Yugoslav federation as a whole, and precisely in Croatia at the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 70s, which culmination was so-called “Zagreb Spring” in 1971. The Croatian crisis had an important influence on the national relationships in the federation and led to an inflammation of the national disputes. That had a direct impact on the political life of Kosovo. Searching for allies against Serbian hegemony and unitarism, which were the main danger for the Croatian republic, Zagreb’s political leadership supported Kosovo pretensions for the extension of the autonomous rights and the freedoms of the Albanians. The amendments to the federal system of Yugoslavia (1968-1971) and the new Yugoslav constitution from 1974 are reflected in Kosovo, which makes the Albanian problem not only a problem of Serbia, but also a common Yugoslav problem.
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<p>AM Journal of Art and Media Studies (ISSN 2217-9666 - printed, ISSN 2406-1654 - online) is a scholarly journal for art theory, media studies, cultural studies, general art sciences, philosophy of art and contemporary aesthetics with interdisciplinary approach and international scope. The journal is open to various theoretical approaches, platforms and schools of thought: avant-garde theory, semiology, poststructuralism, deconstruction, performance studies, theoretical psychoanalysis, neo- and post-marxism, cultural studies, media studies, gender studies, queer theory, biopolitics, new phenomenology, etc.</p> <p>Through artist portfolio section AM Journal is also relevant for young emerging artists from Serbia and abroad.</p> <p>Since 2017, the Journal is issued in English three times per year (in April 15, September 15, and October 15), both in print and in digital, open access version.</p> <p>The Journal was started in 2011. It is indexed in ERIH PLUS, EBSCO, DOAJ, and in the List of Scientific Journals Categorization of Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Republic of Serbia (M52). Beginning with No. 12 2017, AM is indexed, abstracted and covered in Clarivate Analytics service ESCI.</p>
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This article explores the branches of the International Federation of University Women (IFUW) in the interwar period and up to the early 1950s as feminist organisations on the Balkans gathered women intellectuals with various fields of expertise and devoted its initial efforts to equal rights of education and professional career. By means of historical and social network analysis the associations of university women in Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey and their as attempt to create a scientific network of women academics on the peninsula are studied. The main question is to discuss whether or not the Balkan associations of university women were organizations which supported women’s movement against the segregation in the University and the museums, which promoted their scientific work in domestic institutions, which assisted them before public prejudices, which gave them opportunities to make contacts with colleagues abroad, and which provide them with scholarships. The analysis of the Balkan associations is made with a comparison with similar women’s scientific networks in the Western Europe.
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