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Jezuickie instytucje edukacyjne w Orszy 1773–1820

Author(s): Andrzej Paweł Bieś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The aim of the article, describing the functioning of Jesuit educational institutions, in the years 1773–1820, in Orsha, the poviat town located by the Dnieper, is to present the phenomenon of the survival and continuation of educational and pedagogical activities at the time of a serious institutional crisis. On the one hand, for the above-mentioned institutions, the crisis was connected with the collapse of the Polish statehood and its incorporation into the structure of a foreign state. On the other hand, it was related to the perturbations caused by a futile attempt to completely abolish the organisation responsible for its functioning until then. Taking advantage of preserved archival materials as well as of the scarce literature on the subject matter, the author reconstructs the subsequent forms of functioning of particular institutions – the Jesuit public school, music dormitory, landed gentry boarding school, teacher training college for Jesuit clerics and a year course for nunnery formation, the so-called third probationary period. Owing to the type of the available source material, the article concentrates mainly on the school ran by Jesuits since 1618, focusing among other things on its material basis, the number of students, the teaching staff, on the changes in the curricula as well as the reasons for these changes, and also on accomplished educational results. The further part of the article presents the objectives set for the remaining institutions, methods of their implementation and the scope of their functioning, as well as the people responsible for task fulfillment in particular institutions. The educational activity of Jesuits in Orsha was irreversibly terminated as a result of their expulsion in 1820 and the institutions themselves did not survive even a decade once their new administrators were in charge. However, after centuries, the memory of former institutions dedicated to education and upbringing unexpectedly returned to the public space in the form of the reconstructed trace – the adapted buildings which were erected from ruin.

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Początki kształcenia akuszerek w Krakowie (1780–1805)

Author(s): Małgorzata Stawiak-Ososińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

Establishing midwives school of Kraków was inseparably related to the Kraków Academy reform conducted in the late 70s of the 18th century by Hugo Kołłątaj. In contemporary Poland, destroyed from inside and politically weak, nobody took care of providing the society with the school which would educate the future medical practitioners – doctors or midwives. Favourable conditions to establish such an institution occurred after appointing the Commission of National Education, the main responsibility of which was the education reform on all levels. With respect to the higher education, two universities were subject to the reform: the one in Kraków and the one in Vilnius. In Kraków, the modern, at that time, Faculty of Medicine was formed, as a part of which the Surgery and Midwifery Division was established. According to the assumptions of the initiator of the university model of medical education at the University of Kraków – Mr Andrzej Badurski, it was decided to initiate two or three-month practical courses for the female students willing to engage in midwifery assistance in the future. The school, from its early days, encountered various problems; the contemporary maternity clinic was equipped with only one bad for the newly delivered mothers, there was deficiency of so called clinic material i.e. women who would decide to give birth in public, the students could practice their skills, acquiring the knowledge was also a problem (male students had lectures in Latin, female students in Polish, since the first students were illiterate), because so far the Polish maternity terminology was unavailable. The first teacher, professor Rafał Czerwiakowski had considerable achievements with reference to the development of maternity education in Kraków. Thanks to him, the school developed gradually. The first years of midwives school, although very difficult, allowed to establish the institution which continuously provided education to midwives in almost entire area of Galicia for the whole 19th century.

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Nowatorski program nauczania i wychowania w Gimnazjum Wołyńskim, późniejszym Liceum w Krzemieńcu (1805–1831)

Author(s): Ewa Danowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The Volhynia Gymnasium in Krzemieniec was founded by Tadeusz Czacki with considerable help from Hugon Kołłątaj. The school became a Lyceum in 1819 and during its less than 26 years of existence gained a permanent place in the history of the Polish Commonwealth’s eastern territories annexed by Russia, as well as in the history of Polish education. Czacki was responsible for formal and organisation issues, while Kołłątaj prepared the teaching programme on the basis of Czacki’s ideas. The programme was designed for 10 years of education – four 1-year courses plus three 2-year courses. Teaching foreign languages was a priority. The school paid close attention to students’ moral advancement as well as the increase of their knowledge. Students followed a strict set of rules with emphasis on the equality of all students irrespective of their social status. The school offered a rich teaching programme as well as extracurricular activities. Graduates were bound by a sense of brotherhood developed at this school and cultivated their friendships for many years later.

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Poglądy Klementyny z Tańskich Hoffmanowej 1798–1845 w refleksji uczennic. Zarys zagadnienia

Author(s): Monika Stankiewicz-Kopeć / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

Klementyna Hoffmanowa nee Tańska (1798–1845), worked as a teacher of “Moral Teaching” for five years (1826–1831). She was employed at the Government Institute of Female Education (Institute for Governesses) and the associated Model School for Girls. Her students included Seweryna Duchińska nee Żochowska 1 v Pruszakowa. (1816–1905). Pruszakowa – poet, journalist and translator edited the Rozrywki dla Młodocianego Wieku [Entertainment for the Young Age] magazine, where she published a few dozen page long biography of Hoffmanowa (1856, 1–2). Another student of Tańska was Teodozja Papi nee Gałęzowska (1810–1887). Several years after her death, based on the memories of her mother, Teodozja’s daughter Jadwiga Papi (1843–1906) devoted one of the chapters of her novel Klementyna. Powieść dla dorastających panien osnuta na tle życia Klementyny z Tańskich Hoffmanowej [Klementyna. A Novel for Adolescent Girls Based on the Life of Klementyna Hoffmanowa nee Tańska] (1905). However, a special role was played by the most famous student of Klementyna Tańska, namely, Narcyza Żmichowska (1819–1876), author of a controversial essay “Słowo przedwstępne do dzieł dydaktycznych Pani Hoffmanowej” [“Preliminary Commentary to the Work of Teaching of Mrs. Hoffmanowa”] (1876). Opinions and reflections left by students of Klementyna Tańska-Hoffmanowa are varied. They include so-called “ego-documents”, such as biographies (Pruszakowa), but also articles, critical-literary essays (Żmichowska) and novels (Papi).

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W służbie edukacji kobiet. Działalność Felicji Boberskiej z Wasilewskich (1825–1889)

Author(s): Joanna Falkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The main goal of this work is to show the content concerning upbringing and education of women proposed in her writing by a columnist and a teacher Felicja Boberska, educator of women and writer, born in Lviv. She takes up a distinguished position among women meritorious for the scientific, educational and cultural life of the second half of the 19th century. Increased activity of women in the scope of efforts for equality in access to education was noted. Boberska was not only a writer and pedagogue but also ran a modern school for girls, actively participated in social and literary life of Lviv as a member of Pedagogical Society, senior teacher in the women’s teacher’s college, cooperator of Women Teachers Association and Lviv Women’s Work Association. She was also an author of pedagogical, historical and literary works. Throughout her life she was guided by the idea of sacrifice and work for others. While analysing the life and pedagogical work of Boberska two aspects of her activity for education of women should be especially noted, these are professional work and effort put into the education of a generation of Polish women and her writing with special focus on presentation of the role of women in scientific, educational and political life. Moreover the work points to a certain pattern in the image of a woman of the end of the 19th century that was propagated by this pedagogic writer.

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Ponowoczesny romantyzm jako nurt ideowy określający horyzonty współczesnego człowieczeństwa

Author(s): Magdalena Zdun / Language(s): Polish Issue: 53/2021

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The goal of this analysis is to provide conceptual descriptions of future humanity models. The article will also reflect on the contemporary human condition in the cultural context of postmodernism. For the purposes of this paper, that context will be referred to as postmodern romanticism. RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: At the core of this study is a model of humanity developed on the basis of ‘axiological present-day antinomies’. Based on these antinomies, postmodern culture can be compared to the models typical of 19th century romanticism. As a result, humanity can be described through internal conflicts between such notions as transience vs immortality, selfactualisation vs sacrifice, consumption vs work, and vita activa vs vita contemplativa. This paper is a sociological theoretical analysis. It relies on postmodern research methodology. And as such, it uses metaphor and archetype to ultimately describe the horizons of humanity. PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: This study has three parts. The first introduces the labyrinth metaphor as the primary exploration and assessment tool. It helps identify the basic tensions in humans and find the leading narrative that underlies contemporary humanity. This narrative is postmodern romanticism. Stage two identifies the types and characteristics of the postmodern romantic narrative. This lays the groundwork for the third part, which employs the category of archetype. This concept serves to explore the models of humanity fostered by the postmodern romantic narrative. RESEARCH RESULTS: The primary results of this analysis are the postmodern models of humanity embodied by the Prometheus, Orpheus, Icarus, and Narcissus archetypes. A detailed assessment of these helps identify such fundamental movements in humanity development as transhumanism, individualism, and imaginarism. In addition, each model is examined to identify its limitations and the related risks. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The final conclusions and recommendations follow from the analysis of postmodern romanticism. That philosophy can be perceived as having two forms, ideological and vulgarised, or processed by the popular culture. The former describes the opportunities offered by the model that builds on it, while the latter focuses on the related risks.

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Gospodarcze horyzonty duchowości: duchowość jako stymulator aktywności ekonomicznej

Author(s): Magdalena Zdun / Language(s): Polish Issue: 58/2022

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to define the “economic horizons” of spirituality, which means looking for an answer to the question of how much of the incentives to “make progress in your spirituality” known from the Middle Ages gain relevance in the context of the economic challenges of the contemporary world. THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND METHODS: The research problem breaks down the indicating connections between economic activity and various forms of spiritual life. The article is theoretical, therefore the method of analysis is the discussion of concepts and positions, with particular emphasis on the classics of sociological theory. The main analytical category is the concept of spirituality. THE PROCESSES OF ARGUMENTATION: The article is theoretical and consists of several parts. The first stage presents the economy as a participatory process that requires real involvement of social actors. In the second stage it is proved that this involvement may be conditioned in a non-material, including religious and, consequently, spiritual way. The last stage involves the categories of new spirituality in the subject matter. RESEARCH RESULTS: The result of the analysis is to show the relationship between spirituality and entrepreneurship and other forms of economic activity. The potential of a new spirituality and the risks associated with it are discovered. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS: As a result, the new spirituality can be seen as an opportunity for the modern economy. However, its proper modeling requires appropriate formation and pedagogy.

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Tułacze drogi polskich dzieci. Artykuł recenzyjny

Author(s): Witold Chmielewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 58/2022

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the review article is to refer to the facts concerning the saving of Polish children in the period of the Bolshevik revolution after the First World War in Syberia and Manchuria, as shown in W. Theiss’s book, and comparing them with the situation of Polish children living in exile on a few continents during the Second World War in the context of preserving their Polish identity. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The article is to present some similarities of the situation of Polish children living out of the homeland in the period of the Bolshevik Revolution in Syberia and Manchuria, and their wandering plight in Mexico, Africa and New Zealand, as well as. The analysis concerned mainly facts gained from archival sources, appropriate for the methodology of research within the scope of the history of education. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The argumentation consists of two basic parts. In the first one – through the prism of the reviewed book, the author shows the children evacuation from the Soviet Far East to the homeland. In the second one, the author shows the situation of children in exile during the Second World War and their return to the homeland, which was a complex problem due to political reasons. RESEARCH RESULTS: A complete analysis showed the likeness of the plight of the Polish children living in exile and the concern to save them from being uprooted and the differences referring to their return to Poland. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The idea of return to homeland is timeless and still relevant. Its realization is in the emotional and deeply patriotic dimension, enriching the Polish nation and state, regardless of the historical period.

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PRINCIPLES OF CHRISTIAN FAITH IN THE ODES OF SOLOMON, PRAYERS FROM THE 1ST AND 2ND CENTURIES

Author(s): Ioan Valentin Istrati / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2023

The Odes of Solomon, a collection of Christian prayers from a Syriac or Hebraic environment, are an extremely valuable document, able to portrait the first century theology of Christian communities around Holy Land. Dated around the end of the first century until the middle of the second century A.D., the Odes of Solomon were in the first millennium in the Canon of the Scripture, cited by the Holy Fathers, containing the most important doctrines of the Church and, above all, a beautiful poetry of devotion that is the foundation of mystical theology of the Church of Christ.

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THE FEMININE NARRATIVE OF THE EXILE: OLGA CRISTOLOVEANU

Author(s): Mona Momescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2023

The article presents how the Romanian feminine identity was „written”, negotiated and performed by the Romanian emigres to the United States in the first half of the 20th century, taking as an example the case of soprano Olga Cristoloveanu. Almost unknown today, she created a double-articulated persona, that of the “allegoric Romania/woman clad in peasant attire”, and that of the modern, Romanian-American New Yorker, with extensive social skills for balancing the perception of her public persona, and, consequently, of the Romanian woman. Her activity as a self-appointed educator of the U.S. audience in Romanian traditional music and culture also reflects the way in which the representation of Romania was negotiated in the U.S. at the time.

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ROBESPIERRE'S ROLE IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

Author(s): Vasile-Virgil Coman / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2023

Europe at that time was horrified by the cruelty and vileness of the French revolution, it is afraid of losing its comfort. Those who were in Robespierre's entourage were also accused. The French Revolution triumphed as long as it was carried out for man, it failed as soon as it was about the people, it was human in every sense of the word until Robespierre took its leadership, made it inhuman and virtuous. The influential ideas of liberalism that spring from the French revolution and permeate modern civilization are not the work of Robespierre, whose dictatorship rather represents an interruption of the liberal era. What today, some call the legacy of the French revolution, does not come from Robespierre nor from Saint-Just, his only disciple, but was established after the careful elimination of any ideological and political contribution of Robespierre. For his predecessors, terror was only an element of national defense, for Robespierre it was the counterpart of public virtue, inseparable from it. From a defensive weapon, the guillotine became a political tool. Those French who proudly declare themselves descendants of the Jacobins and heirs of the revolution, do not think of the democratic mystique of Robespierre, but of the always seductive humanity of Danton. For Robespierre, Terror is not a simple means of struggle, it is a principle, he rises menacingly not only against those who plan attacks against the revolutionary government, but also against those who are indifferent. His effort to legalize the Terror compels him to constantly make new laws and relentlessly pursue the nation's determination of punishment. This task becomes all the more difficult as Robespierre tends more and more to recognize the guilty, not according to their deeds, but according to their mentality. The motto "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity", the true manifestation of faith and hope at the beginning of the revolution, soon only served to cover with a legal justification the feelings of jealousy, hatred, towards the superiors - true engines of the crowds on which no rule keeps them in check. For the Jacobins of that period, the entity called the people represents a superior personality, which holds the privilege, characteristic of divinities, of not giving an account for its acts and of never being wrong. Never was a sovereign in a more difficult situation than Louis XVI at the time of his flight. The Queen, especially, had the most bizarre illusions about the possible help of Austria, France's rival for centuries. If Austria reluctantly agreed to come to the king's aid, it did so only in the hope of a substantial reward.

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OVIDIU BÎRLEA – A HISTORIAN OF THE ROMANIAN FOLKLORE

Author(s): Mihaela Hură / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2023

Tracking the way in which Romanian folklore research has evolved is one of the most important concerns of Ovidiu Bîrlea. He sees in the popular creation an essential part, a root of the national culture, a manifestation with artistic character, but also a documentary, which highlights both the specificity of the nation, and cultural similarities between different nations. That is why its research is a necessity, and the work of researchers must be known and critically appreciated to ensure the progress of this essential and quite young science. Knowing very well the research activity of folklore in our country, Ovidiu Bîrlea analyzes it rigorously, severely criticizes the poorly done work and enthusiastically praises the achievements. Through his truly professional activity in this direction, the Romanian research of folklore knows a development that synchronizes it with European research.

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BEHIND THE WIRES: GISELLA PERL’S STORY

Author(s): Catinca Oncescu / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2023

The article takes into discussion Gisella Perl’s account of her experience in Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen. Born in Transylvania and deported by the Hungarian government, as in 1944 Transylvania still belonged to Hungary, following the Dictate of Vienna of 1940, Perl’s memoire written three years after her liberation becomes one of the first woman’s voice that speaks about the destruction of the European Jews. Her story can be said to be part of a Transylvanian trilogy together with Eva Heyman and Ana Novac’s diaries, the three Transylvanian women offering a very different, yet complementary view of the tragedy of Jewish people in the former Romanian province. Their styles differ, yet they are somehow connected through the world tragedy they speak about. Written as a means of confession, of escape or from the position of a spokesperson for those who cannot speak for themselves, Perl’s story becomes an important historical and literary testimony of the darkest hour of human history.

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DISCOURSIVE VALENCES. THE YOUNG LENINIST

Author(s): Valentina Andreea Popovici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2023

Censorship has acted brutally on the writings intended for youth, at the metaphysical level, changing reality with what was in accordance with the generalities proposed at the central level, and at the literary level, making a rough sorting of everything that meant writings, publication or even thought, which could not refer to the individual anymore, but to the common and national welfare.

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ROLA NAOCZNI (WIZJI LOKALNEJ) W PROCESIE O GRANICĘ POLSKO-WĘGIERSKĄ PRZY MORSKIM OKU. W 120. ROCZNICĘ PROCESU

Author(s): Jacek Matuszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2022

The 19th-century dispute over the Austro-Hungarian border in the Polish Tatra Mountains ended with an international arbitration award in 1902 in Graz. It is widely regarded as a success for the defenders of integrity of the Polish lands under partitions. Th e article examines the indications that the conciliation tribunal did not resolve the dispute on its own, but issued a judgment merely implementing a confi dential agreement between the Austrian and Hungarian governments on this matter.

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POSTĘPY CZESKIEJ TEGUMENTOLOGII, CZYLI O NAJNOWSZEJ KSIĄŻCE PETRA VOITA

Author(s): Arkadiusz Wagner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2022

W 2020 roku ukazała się w Pradze publikacja tegumentologiczna Petra Voita1 , znanego międzynarodowemu kręgowi badaczy i miłośników książek m.in. jako autor Encyklopedie knihy z 2006 roku. Ostatnie dzieło czeskiego uczonego jest efektem prac zrealizowanych na Wydziale Filozofi cznym Uniwersytetu Karola w Pradze w ramach projektu badawczego poświęconego najstarszym zasobom bibliotecznym klasztoru premonstratensów na Strahovie w sąsiedztwie Hradczan, który w 2019 roku obchodził dziewięćsetną rocznicę założenia. Z myślą o rozpropagowaniu informacji o zbiorach konwentu książkę wydano także w angielskiej (ISBN 978-80-88009-19-1) i czeskiej (ISNB 978-80-88009-18-4) wersji językowej.

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KU PRZYPOMNIENIU, ŻE KANCLERZ MIKOŁAJ GÓRKA ZBUDOWAŁ W LATACH 1419–1437 MUROWANY, A NIE DREWNIANY ZAMEK W KÓRNIKU

Author(s): Róża Kąsinowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2022

W „Pamiętniku Biblioteki Kórnickiej” z 2021 roku (zeszyt 38) na stronach 75– 90 ukazał się artykuł Korneliusza Kaczora pt. Kontrakt na budowę zamku w Kórniku z 1426 roku. Po obszernym wstępie autor zamieścił łaciński tekst kontraktu i jego nowy przekład na język polski. Jako pierwszy tekst kontraktu opublikował w 1885 roku Ignacy Zakrzewski („Sprawozdania Komisji do badania historii sztuki w Polsce”, t. III, z. II, s. 64–65, 1885, wyd. Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie), a 21 lat później Maciej Moraczewski, korzystając z tego wydania, dokonał pierwszego polskiego przekładu (M. Moraczewski, Ugoda o budowę zamku w Kurniku, „Architekt” 1906, z. 5, s. 103–108). Ówczesny stan wiedzy o średniowiecznym budownictwie w Polsce nie pozwolił na zgodne z meritum odczytanie umowy z 1426 roku jako kontraktu na wykonanie prac ciesielskich (w tym postawienie dachów) na murach dwóch zamkowych skrzydeł zamku kanclerza Mikołaja.

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Počátky občanského fóra v prachaticích

Author(s): František Kotěšovec / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2014

The study deals with the difficult beginnings of the Civic Forum in November and December in a local district town called Prachatice. Based upon contemporary resources it shows the way of work as well as political confrontation with the Communist Party leaders of that time.

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Jan de Ruiter a spol. Jeden z posledních převaděčských případů konce studené války na jihu čech

Author(s): Libor Svoboda / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2014

The article is about one of the last unsuccessful attempts to cross the border to Austria illegally. The main characters of the story are the Romanian couple named Mocanu and their friend, a Dutchman named de Ruiter, who had procured false travel documents for them and organized their attempt to escape from the Iron Curtain. All of them were caught and sentenced to long-lasting imprisonment before they could have been expelled from Czechoslovakia.

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Au pays de la révolution de « velours » le racisme arrive

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Au pays de la révolution de « velours » le racisme arrive

Author(s): Ilia RUNES / Language(s): French Issue: 01/1991

« Je n’aime pas les racistes, les Tsiganes et les juifs » — la boutade populaire parcourt le pays de la révolution de « velours » et le virus du rejet s’étend. Un phénomène, dont l’existence fut solennellement niée au cours de quarante années de communisme, fait aujourd’hui une entrée fracassante : le racisme tchèque.

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